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Reform proposals related to work requirements for public assistance programs

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• Index of articles
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•Medicaid work requirements
• Public housing work requirements
• SNAP work requirements
• Child care subsidy work requirements
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This page includes a selection of reform proposals related to work requirements for public assistance programs. These reform proposals come from state and federal legislative proposals, model legislative proposals, policy white papers, and scholarly articles.

The reform proposals on this page relate to Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), public housing, and child care subsidy programs. Ballotpedia has tracked four types of reform proposals related to Medicaid work requirements, three types of reform proposals related to SNAP work requirements, seven types of reform proposals related to public housing work requirements, and two types of reform proposals related to child care subsidy work requirements.

Click on a link in the list below to learn more about each type of reform proposal:

Reform proposals related to Medicaid work requirements

Reform proposals related to SNAP work requirements

Reform proposals related to public housing work requirements

Reform proposals related to child care subsidy work requirements

For more information about the main areas of inquiry and disagreement related to work requirements for public assistance programs, click here.

Reform proposals related to Medicaid work requirements

See also: Medicaid work requirements

Medicaid is a nationwide program that provides health coverage for qualifying individuals and is jointly funded by the federal government and the states. The states manage Medicaid eligibility, benefits, and administration within federal guidelines. States can apply to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for a Section 1115 waiver. The waiver allows the state to implement an experimental, pilot, or demonstration project, which includes the establishment of work requirements.

Medicaid work requirements are proposed mandated work-related activities that Medicaid recipients must complete to qualify for benefits, such as applying for a job, interviewing for a job, or participating in job training or volunteer activities. State-based work requirement policies for Medicaid were approved for 13 states during the Trump administration. All 13 states' Section 1115 waivers were revoked under the Biden administration.[1][2]

Georgia was the only state with Medicaid work requirements in place as of November 2024. Click here for more information on Georgia's Medicaid work requirements.

The following sections feature reform proposals related to Medicaid work requirements, such as instituting work requirements for able-bodied adults and providing certain accommodations and exceptions.

Require able-bodied adults receiving Medicaid benefits to work

This legislative proposal would require able-bodied adults to work, volunteer, or participate in a work program for a minimum number of hours to qualify for Medicaid.

Require able-bodied adults receiving Medicaid benefits to work at the federal level

  • The 2025 budget reconciliation bill introduced what the bill called community engagement requirements for certain individuals, which states will be required to implement beginning January 1, 2027, as outlined in Section 71119 of the Act.[3] Applicable individuals must demonstrate at least 80 hours per month of community engagement, which can include:
  • Work
  • Community service
  • Participation in a work program
  • Half-time enrollment in an educational program
  • A combination of the above activities
  • Monthly income at least 80 times the federal hourly minimum wage.
  • U.S. House Bill 1079, introduced on February 17, 2023, by Representative Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), would require Medicaid recipients to work 120 hours per month. "Work requirements for able-bodied adults promote community engagement and a transition to self-sufficiency," argued Gaetz.[4][5]
  • The Limit, Save, Grow Act of 2023, which passed the U.S. House in April 2023 but did not become law, proposed that "the community engagement requirement is for individuals ages 19 through 55 to work, engage in community service, or participate in a work program (or a combination of these) for at least 80 hours per month. The section prohibits federal payments for, and allows state Medicaid programs to disenroll, individuals who do not meet these requirements for three or more months in a year."[6]

Require able-bodied adults receiving Medicaid benefits to work at the state level

  • Georgia became the only state to have a Medicaid work requirement in place when Georgia Pathways took effect on July 1, 2023. The new work eligibility requirement states that "In order to be eligible for coverage under Georgia Pathways, an individual must meet an hours and activities threshold of 80 hours per month of engagement in a qualifying activity (or combination of activities ) such as employment, community services, or education and have an income up to 100% of the FPL."[7]
  • A ballot measure was passed in South Dakota during the November 2024 election that proposed amending the South Dakota constitution to provide that the state may impose work requirements for Medicaid. The amendment did not impose any requirements; it allowed the state to consider applying for a Section 1115 waiver and impose work requirements for Medicaid going forward.

Allow reasonable accommodations and exceptions to Medicaid work requirements

This proposal would allow for reasonable accommodations or exemptions to Medicaid work requirements for individuals with certain health limitations.

  • Health policy professors Hefei Wen, Brendan Saloner, and Janet Cummings stated in a 2019 Health Affairs article that “people who may be subject to the requirements have an elevated prevalence of behavioral and other chronic health conditions. If work requirements are to be a continued piece of Medicaid policy, policy changes must also be adopted to ensure that Medicaid covers a full continuum of evidence-based behavioral health services and that Medicaid enrollees with work-limiting conditions are given reasonable accommodations and exemptions.”[8]
  • Academics Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied in a 2018 article argued for certain mental health medical exemptions, stating that “[s]tates with waivers seeking to implement a medical frailty exemption will need to establish a definition of frailty that considers mental and substance use disorders."[9]

Require cost-benefit analyses as part of any proposal for new Medicaid work requirements

This proposal would require that any Medicaid work requirements should be grounded in data, specifically analyzing the costs and benefits of new policies.

  • Professor and pediatrician Aaron E. Carroll wrote in a 2018 article that “any change in policy be grounded in evidence and thoughtful in implementation… At this time, it’s not clear whether creating new work requirements would yield large savings, given how few beneficiaries qualify as 'able bodied' and unemployed. It’s not clear how many deserving beneficiaries might lose coverage and suffer losses because of complexities in the program. It’s not clear how much it would cost to implement such a program and whether that cost might exceed the savings. It’s not even clear whether this program would achieve even the most basic rationale of incentivizing more able-bodied beneficiaries to work. Given that, it’s not clear why so many states are eager to rush to implement work requirements for Medicaid recipients without having answers for these questions.”[10]

Expand administrative budgets, community outreach, and reporting efforts along with Medicaid work requirements

This reform proposal would accompany any new Medicaid work requirements with additional administrative and community support.

  • The Urban Institute's 2019 research report, "Lessons from Launching Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas," stated, “Though the federal courts have yet to determine the fundamental legality of Medicaid work requirements, key informants and focus group participants identified several lessons learned and potential strategies to address the challenges surrounding Arkansas’s Medicaid work requirements— strategies that could reduce coverage losses and promote individuals’ ability to work—including expanding the scope, depth, and intensity of community-based outreach and education efforts; expanding and simplifying the means and methods available for reporting work and community engagement activities; and increasing funding for work support agencies and infrastructure so they have the expanded capacity to help Medicaid enrollees gain employment. However, many stakeholders we spoke with believed that beneficiaries would face barriers to compliance even if these strategies were implemented. The Arkansas experience provides a cautionary tale for other states considering adoption and implementation of Medicaid work requirements.”[11]

Expand eligible work activities for Medicaid

This reform proposal would broaden the types of activities that satisfy Medicaid work requirements in order to expand program access.

  • The 2025 House budget reconciliation bill, which was signed into law on July 4 2025, proposed federal Medicaid work requirements. The reconciliation bill provisions institute a work requirement similar to Georgia's, which requires recipients to work or complete other approved activities for 80 hours a month to remain eligible for benefits. Unlike Georgia, the budget reconciliation bill also allows individuals to maintain eligibility if they can prove they receive a monthly income of 80 times the federal hourly minimum wage.[12]
    • Click here for a more comprehensive overview of work requirements policies in the 2025 House budget reconciliation bill.

Reform proposals related to SNAP work requirements

See also: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program work requirements

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) work requirements are mandated work-related activities that recipients of SNAP—formerly known as food stamps—must complete in order to qualify for benefits, such as working at least 30 hours a week, participating in SNAP Employment and Training (E&T) programs, and taking a suitable job if it is offered. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) promulgates rules and develops federal SNAP program guidelines. State-level agencies administer their SNAP programs following federal requirements, including work requirements.[13]

SNAP has two types of work requirements: general work requirements and able-bodied adult without dependents (ABAWD) work requirements. States can apply for waivers that suspend ABAWD work requirements when unemployment rates are above 10% or there are otherwise insufficient jobs. These ABAWD work requirements mandate that individuals aged 18 to 54 without children must work, volunteer, or participate in a federal, state, or local work program for at least 80 hours a month (20 hours a week) in order to receive SNAP benefits for more than three months within a period of three years.[14]

The following sections feature reform proposals related to SNAP work requirements, such as requiring able-bodied adults to work or allowing for certain waivers.

Limit state waivers to SNAP work requirements

This reform proposal would limit state waivers that allow SNAP work requirement exemptions for able-bodied adults under certain conditions.

Limit state waivers to SNAP work requirements at the federal level

This reform proposal would limit state waivers that allow SNAP work requirement exemptions for able-bodied adults under certain conditions.

  • The Foundation for Government Accountability (FGA) argued in a 2019 white paper that the Trump "administration should prohibit waivers in jurisdictions where there are sufficient jobs within commuting distance.”[15]
  • The Heritage Foundation released a 2016 report examining Maine's 2014 decision to end the SNAP work requirement waiver for able-bodied adults. The report stated, “In keeping with the success of both the 1990s welfare reform and Maine’s recent food stamp work requirement, the U.S. government should require constructive behavior from able-bodied recipients in exchange for benefits. Specifically, able-bodied adult food stamp recipients without dependents should be required to take a job, prepare for work, perform community service, or at a minimum search for employment in exchange for aid and assistance at the taxpayers’ expense. This reform would save taxpayers $9.7 billion per year.”[16]

Limit state waivers to SNAP work requirements at the state level

  • In 2024, Louisiana passed Senate Bill 195 which proposed that the Department of Children and Family Services shall not seek, apply for, accept, or renew any waiver of work requirements established by the SNAP program unless expressly required by federal law. Louisiana's law, effective May 28, 2024, provides that the Department of Children and Family Services shall not exercise the state's option to provide any exemptions from the work requirement.[17]

Allow work requirement waivers to respond to economic conditions

This proposal would allow for automatic waivers from SNAP work requirements under certain economic circumstances.

Allow work requirement waivers to respond to economic conditions at the federal level

  • In a 2020 economic analysis for The Hamilton Project, Lauren Bauer, Jana Parsons, and Jay Shambaugh wrote, “In addition to using its discretion to enact work requirement waivers, Congress should consider making additions to the ‘lack of sufficient jobs’ evidence:
  • National: A nationwide work requirement suspension would go into effect (or maintain an enacted waiver) when the Sahm recession indicator (Sahm 2019) triggers on. This waiver would sunset a year after the Sahm recession indicator turns on or when the three-month moving average of the national unemployment rate falls to within 2 percentage points of the prerecession level, whichever comes later.[18]

Allow work requirement waivers to respond to economic conditions at the state level

  • In a 2020 economic analysis for The Hamilton Project, Lauren Bauer, Jana Parsons, and Jay Shambaugh wrote, “In addition to using its discretion to enact work requirement waivers, Congress should consider making additions to the ‘lack of sufficient jobs’ evidence:
  • State: State-wide work requirement waivers would go into effect when Congress authorizes [emergency unemployment compensation (EUC)] and would sunset two years past the final date in which EUC is effective in the state. The link to [unemployment insurance extended benefits] (that was removed from the proposed rule to the final rule) should be maintained for statewide waiver eligibility.”[18]

Increase the age to meet work requirements

This proposal would raise the age for able-bodied adult SNAP recipients to meet work requirements.

Increase the age to meet work requirements at the federal level

  • The One Big Beautiful Bill Act, signed into law on July 4, 2025, changed the age range for able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWD) to meet SNAP work requirements from 18 - 55 years of age to 18 - 65 years of age.[19]
  • The Let's Get to Work Act of 2023, introduced on January 24, 2023, by U.S. Senator Rick Scott (R-Fla.), proposed raising the age for able-bodied adults to meet SNAP work requirements from age 50 to age 60. "For our country to thrive, we need every American who can work to do so," said Scott in a statement. "I believe that any able-bodied, working-age adult who receives government benefits ought to work. This requirement means that those who receive benefits paid for with taxpayer dollars contribute to our economy."[20][21]

Increase the age to meet work requirements at the state level

  • On June 13, 2024, Governor Ron DeSantis (R) signed House Bill 1267, which raised the age at which individuals age out of the ABAWD SNAP work requirements. The ABAWD category was expanded by the federal Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 to include people ages 18 to 54 as of October 1, 2024. HB 1267 increased this category to include people ages 53 to 59 in the state of Florida.[22][23]

Reform proposals related to public housing work requirements

See also: Public housing work requirements

Public housing work requirements are mandated work-related activities that public housing recipients must complete to maintain eligibility for housing assistance administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), such as applying for a job, interviewing for a job, or participating in job training or volunteer activities. The federally required work-related activity is eight hours of community service per month for adult residents of public housing who are not elderly, disabled, or already working.

Other public housing work requirements are allowed if the public housing authority (PHA) is part of HUD's Moving to Work (MTW) Demonstration Program, which allows PHAs to design strategies to increase public housing efficiency. Of the 124 MTW agencies, 17 had work requirements as of January 2024.[24][25][26][27]

The following sections feature a selection of reform proposals related to public housing work requirements, such as lowering the maximum age and allowing more options for work-related activities.

Require able-bodied adults to meet public housing work requirements

This reform proposal would require all able-bodied adults to meet work requirements to ensure that public housing is available for those who need it most.

Require able-bodied adults to meet public housing work requirements at the federal level

  • A 2020 research paper from the Foundation for Government Accountability (FGA) stated, “Now is the time to implement work requirements for able-bodied individuals receiving housing benefits. The federal government can do more to signal an end to Obama-era barriers to work requirements through guidance and regulation. States can require PHAs to pursue work requirements just as PHAs can begin implementing work requirements themselves.”[28]

Require able-bodied adults to meet public housing work requirements at the state level

  • Arkansas lawmakers passed House Bill 1196 on February 27, 2023, which requires local public housing authorities (PHAs) to seek approval from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) by January 1, 2025, to implement public housing work requirements. The proposed work requirements would mandate that able-bodied adults work, volunteer, or participate in a workforce training program for at least 20 hours per week.[29]
  • Kansas House Bill 2255 was introduced on February 1, 2023. The bill proposed that any "municipality or housing authority shall require all able-bodied adults applying to the municipality or authority for housing assistance or federal funds distributed by the municipality or housing authority" to work, volunteer, or participate in a work training program for at least 20 hours per week.[30]

Decrease the maximum age for work requirements

This reform proposal would reduce the age to meet work requirements for public housing to align with the eligibility age for senior living.

  • A 2019 research paper by the Urban Institute on the Chicago Housing Authority stated, “A few modifications to the work requirement policy have been proposed and implemented since 2009. The first was decreasing the maximum age of those subject to the requirement from 61 to 54. This change was made to align the policy with the age of entry into senior-specific housing developments, ensuring that residents of those developments would be exempt from the work requirements.”[31]

Allow education and job training to satisfy work requirements

This reform proposal would allow more work-related activities to satisfy public housing work requirements.

  • Professors Kirstin Frescoln, Mai Thi Nguyen, William M. Rohe, and Michael D. Webb argued in a 2019 article entitled "Work requirements and well-being in public housing" that “one of the most significant barriers to employment was low education levels and a lack of job skills. PHAs considering implementing a work requirement should allow those subject to the policy to meet it through completion of education and job training. Partnerships with community agencies, including Workforce Investment Boards, could help residents develop employment skills and obtain marketable licensures.”[32]

Require more research before expanding public housing work requirements

This reform proposal suggests that further research is needed beyond the Move to Work (MTW) program before expanding work requirements in public housing.

  • Frescoln, Nguyen, Rohe, and Webb further stated, “Only MTW agencies currently have the authority to impose work requirements. Given the limitations of this study and lack of other studies examining work requirements in public housing, we caution against expanding such policies without additional study. HUD should require any PHA proposing a work requirement to collect additional data, including changes in health and well-being for all those living in the household.”[32]

Allow greater work flexibility

This reform proposal would allow for flexible work requirements in public housing to meet unique resident needs.

  • Frescoln, Nguyen, Rohe, and Webb stated that the Chicago Housing Authority's "policy reflects recognition of barriers many work-able public housing residents encounter in finding and maintaining employment. Other PHAs should consider a similar policy that begins with a low employment threshold (15 to 20 hours), case management for all affected households or those that are noncompliant, and provision for engagement in 'work-related activities' in lieu of wage employment. These policies have provided a safety net for residents who make good faith efforts to find employment and protection from immediate eviction for noncompliance.”[32]

Use work requirements as a mechanism expanding employment

This reform proposes that work requirements for public housing should focus on expanding employment and work training.

  • The Urban Insitute's 2019 paper stated that the Chicago Housing Authority "views the work requirement policy as a mechanism for expanding employment and education rather than a tool for eviction or for residents to increase income enough to move from housing assistance to market-rate housing. Instead, noncompliant households may be placed in safe harbor and referred to a participating service provider.”[31]

Increase the time allowed to find employment

This reform proposal would allow public housing benefit recipients more time to meet work requirements.

  • The Urban Institute's 2019 paper further stated, “For the time frame for safe harbor, three months was often not enough time to seek additional employment. And that is really where we are focused. If they were trying to find a job, we were finding that they would continue to go to the property manager, and with the volume of responsibilities the property manager has in addition to this, we found that it was an inefficient use of time. Putting it at 180 days achieved both things. It took a little bit of administrative burden off of our property managers, and it allowed ample time for somebody to have a plan.” [31]

Reform proposals related to child care subsidy work requirements

See also: Child care subsidy work requirements

Child care subsidies are funded by the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), a federal program administered by the states that provides funds to assist low-income families in obtaining child care. Federal law requires that parents receiving CCDF child care subsidies work or complete work-related activities. States are responsible for defining the activities that qualify a family for assistance through CCDF, including work requirements, education participation, and community service. State agencies have flexibility in determining eligibility for CCDF subsidies, according to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations. Employment is an approved activity for CCDF funding in every state and some states also approve subsidies for parents participating in education and training activities.[33][34][35]

The following reform proposals focus on work requirements for child care subsidies.

Expand eligible work activities

This reform proposal would broaden the types of activities that satisfy CCDF work requirements in order to expand program access.

Expand eligible work activities at the federal level

  • The Child Care for Working Families Act of 2023 was introduced by Senator Patty Murray (D-Wa.) and Representative Bobby Scott (D-Va.) on April 27, 2023. The bill would establish federal-level CCDF work requirements, referred to as eligible activities, including "full-time or part-time employment; self-employment; job search activities; job training; classes, a course of study at an institution of higher education, classes towards an equivalent of a high school diploma recognized by State law, or English as a second language classes; health treatment (including mental health and substance use treatment) for a condition that prevents the parent from participating in other eligible activities; activities to prevent child abuse and neglect, or family violence prevention or intervention activities; employment and training activities under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA); and taking leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (or equivalent provisions for Federal employees), a State or local paid or unpaid leave law, or a program of employer-provided leave.”[36][37]

Expand eligible work activities at the state level

  • House Bill 2124 modified child care subsidy work requirements in the state of Washington by requiring the Department of Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF) to recognize participation in the Birth to Three Early Childhood Education and Assistance Program (ECEAP) or the Early Head Start program as approved activities to meet work requirements. The inclusion of these programs, which both require parent involvement, increased eligibility for benefits from Working Connections Child Care (WCCC), which is Washington’s child care subsidy program. This bill was passed in the Washington Senate on February 28, 2024 with 39 votes in favor and 8 against. The bill then passed in the Washington House of Representatives on March 5, 2024 with 86 votes in favor and seven against. The bill was signed by Governor Jay Inslee on March 26. This bill went into effect November 1, 2024.[38]

Increase work requirements for eligibility

This reform proposal would increase the number of hours individuals are required to work per week in order to receive child care subsidy benefits.

  • Iowa House File 707 (2023) raised the work requirements from 28 to 32 hours per week for those seeking child care subsidy benefits. The law also raised the eligibility threshold to qualify for assistance from 145% of the federal poverty level to 160%, meaning that there is an upper limit of $39,776 for a family of three, or $48,000 for a family of four. A family with earnings lower than or equivalent to these levels qualifies for assistance in Iowa if the guardian of the children is working at least an average of 32 hours a week. The law has different provisions for families with children who require special needs care. If the child is a special needs child, the family is eligible for assistance if they are earning up to 200% of the federal poverty level and the guardian of the child is working at least an average of 28 hours a week. This bill passed the Senate with 48 votes in favor and none against and passed the House with 92 votes in favor and one against before being signed into law by Governor Kim Reynolds (R) on May 18, 2023.[39]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Kaiser Family Foundation, Overview of Medicaid Work Requirements, accessed May 5, 2023
  2. ↑ JD Supra, Supreme Court Cancels Arguments on Medicaid Work Requirements, accessed May 25, 2023
  3. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act ", July 1, 2025
  4. ↑ "Congress.gov," "Medicaid Work Requirements Act," accessed December 19, 2023
  5. ↑ "Matt Gaetz," "Matt Gaetz Leads 5 Lawmakers in Calling for President Biden to Enact Work Requirements to Cut Spending as Debt Crisis Looms," accessed December 21, 2023
  6. ↑ "Congress.gov," "accessed December 19, 2023
  7. ↑ "Medicaid.gov," "Georgia Section 1115 Demonstration waiver application," accessed January 19, 2024
  8. ↑ "Health Affairs," "Behavioral And Other ChronicConditions Among Adult Medicaid Enrollees: Implications For WorkRequirements," accessed December 12, 2023
  9. ↑ "Psychiatric Services," "Psychiatric Services," accessed December 12, 2023
  10. ↑ "JAMA," "The Problem With Work Requirements for Medicaid," accessed December 12, 2023
  11. ↑ "Urgan Institute," "Lessons from Launching Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas," accessed December 12, 2023
  12. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill Act," May 22, 2025
  13. ↑ Every CRS Report, A concise history of the Food Stamp Program, accessed May 25, 2023
  14. ↑ USDA Food and Nutrition Service, "SNAP Work Requirements", accessed October 11, 2024
  15. ↑ "FGA," "Waivers Gone Wild: How States Are Still Fostering Dependency," April 16, 2019
  16. ↑ "The Heritage Foundation," "Maine Food Stamp Work Requirement Cuts Non-Parent Caseload by 80 Percent," February 8, 2016
  17. ↑ Louisiana State Legislature, "ACT No. 308", accessed October 11, 2024
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Hamilton Project," "Who Stands to Lose If the Final SNAP Work Requirement Rule Takes Effect?" accessed December 12, 2023
  19. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - 119th Congress (2025 - 2026)," accessed July 14, 2025
  20. ↑ "Congress.gov," "S.39 - Let's Get to Work Act of 2023," accessed December 20, 2023
  21. ↑ Rick Scott, "Sen. Rick Scott Reintroduces Bill to Get Americans Back to Work," January 24, 2023
  22. ↑ Florida Department of Children and Families, "Able-Bodied Adults Without Dependents and Mandatory Work Participants FAQ", accessed October 11, 2024
  23. ↑ The Florida Senate, "CS/CS/HB 1267, Engrossed 1", accessed October 11, 2024
  24. ↑ HUD, Moving to Work frequently asked questions, accessed May 23, 2023
  25. ↑ MTW Collaborative, MTW agencies, accessed May 30, 2023
  26. ↑ "HUD," "Summary of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998," accessed October 5, 2023
  27. ↑ Ballotpedia performed research in 2023-2024 on MTW programs with work requirements.
  28. ↑ "FGA," “Room to Grow: Work Requirements in Public Housing Will Increase Independence and Preserve Resources for the Truly Needy,” accessed March 9, 2020
  29. ↑ "Arkansas Legislature," "House bill 1196," accessed October 31, 2023"
  30. ↑ "Kansas Legislature," "HB 2255," accessed December 20, 2023
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Urban Institute," “Public Housing Work Requirements: Case Study on the Chicago Housing Authority,” accessed December 12, 2023
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "JSTOR," “Work Requirements and Well-Being in Public Housing,” accessed December 12, 2023
  33. ↑ Urban Institute, Child care subsidies, accessed May 31, 2023
  34. ↑ HHS Child care, parental activities and reason for care, accessed May 31, 2023
  35. ↑ Child care aware, child care and development block grant, accessed May 31, 2023
  36. ↑ "Ed & Workforce Democrats," The Child Care for Working Families Act,” accessed January 9, 2024
  37. ↑ “Congress.gov,” “S.1354 - Child Care for Working Families Act,” accessed January 9, 2024
  38. ↑ Washington Legislature, "Certification of Enrollment: Second Substitute House Bill 2124," accessed November 3, 2024
  39. ↑ Iowa Legislature, "HF 707," accessed October 4, 2024
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