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What happens if Joe Biden drops out or is replaced as the 2024 Democratic Party presidential nominee

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2024 Presidential Election
Date: November 5, 2024
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This page was last updated on July 21, 2024, the day Joe Biden (D) withdrew from the presidential race. Click here to read more about Biden's withdrawal.

Biden withdrew from the presidential race on July 21, 2024. In a statement, Biden said, "My fellow Democrats, I have decided not to accept the nomination and to focus all my energies on my duties as President for the remainder of my term. My very first decision as the party nominee in 2020 was to pick Kamala Harris as my Vice President. And it’s been the best decision I’ve made. Today I want to offer my full support and endorsement for Kamala to be the nominee of our party this year. Democrats — it’s time to come together and beat Trump. Let’s do this."[1]

Following the first 2024 presidential debate, a number of U.S. House members, U.S. senators, and commentators publicly said President Joe Biden (D) should withdraw from the 2024 presidential race. Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas) was the first incumbent U.S. House representative to do so on July 2, saying, "While much of [Biden's] work has been transformational, he pledged to be transitional. He has the opportunity to encourage a new generation of leaders from whom a nominee can be chosen to unite our country through an open, democratic process."[2][3] Sen. Peter Welch (D-Vt.) became the first U.S. senator to say Biden should suspend his campaign on July 10, when he published an op-ed saying, "I understand why President Biden wants to run. He saved us from Donald Trump once and wants to do it again. But he needs to reassess whether he is the best candidate to do so. In my view, he is not. For the good of the country, I’m calling on President Biden to withdraw from the race."[4] Click here to read more statements from Democratic Party officials on Biden's campaign.

Biden initially responded to the calls for him to withdraw in a letter to House Democrats on July 8, where he wrote, "Now that you have returned from the July 4th recess, I want you to know that despite all the speculation in the press and elsewhere, I am firmly committed to staying in this race, to running this race to the end, and to beating Donald Trump. [...] The question of how to move forward has been well-aired for over a week now. And it’s time for it to end. We have one job. And that is to beat Donald Trump. We have 42 days to the Democratic Convention and 119 days to the general election. Any weakening of resolve or lack of clarity about the task ahead only helps Trump and hurts us."[5]

Biden became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee on March 12, 2024, when he was projected to receive the majority of delegates necessary to win at the Democratic National Convention. The Democratic nomination would not have become official until delegates cast their votes at a national roll call. The roll call typically takes place at a party's national convention, but the Democratic National Committee said they might hold a virtual roll call vote ahead of the August 19-22, 2024, Democratic National Convention. Click here to read more about when the Democratic nomination will become official.

This page provides answers to frequently asked questions surrounding the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination. Click the links below to learn more about:

What happens now that Biden has withdrawn from the race?

Biden withdrew from the race on July 21, 2024. In a statement, Biden said, "My fellow Democrats, I have decided not to accept the nomination and to focus all my energies on my duties as President for the remainder of my term. My very first decision as the party nominee in 2020 was to pick Kamala Harris as my Vice President. And it’s been the best decision I’ve made. Today I want to offer my full support and endorsement for Kamala to be the nominee of our party this year. Democrats — it’s time to come together and beat Trump. Let’s do this."[6]

Leading up to the release of his statement, Biden maintained that he would continue running following the June 27 debate. Democratic Party leaders cannot force Biden to resign from the ticket.[7] Biden is still the incumbent U.S. president through the end of his current term.

Democrats will have an open convention. Delegates will participate in rounds of voting until a new candidate receives a majority of convention delegate votes.[8] The Democratic Party's 2024 Delegate Selection Rules do not provide specific guidance for how delegates should vote if their candidate withdraws. The rules say the following about how a delegate should vote:

“ No delegate at any level of the delegate selection process shall be mandated by law or Party rule to vote contrary to that person’s presidential choice as expressed at the time the delegate is elected.[9] ”
—Rule 13.I (p. 15)[10]
“ Delegates elected to the national convention pledged to a presidential candidate shall in all good conscience reflect the sentiments of those who elected them.[9] ”
—Rule 13.J (p. 15)[10]

Fourteen states have laws binding presidential convention delegates to vote according to how they were allocated after the state's primary, but 12 of those states allow delegates to be released when a candidate withdraws or after a specific number of rounds of voting at the national convention. Click here to read more.

If the voting proceeds to a second round, automatic delegates, often referred to as superdelegates, will be allowed to cast votes. Automatic delegates are unpledged, meaning they can support any presidential candidate of their choosing. In 2024, there are an estimated 747 automatic delegates, and 3,949 pledged delegates.[11]

Could delegates have selected someone other than Biden at the convention if he had not withdrawn?

As of July 8, 2024, 95% of Democratic convention delegates were bound to vote for Biden based on their state's primary results.[11] Under current party rules, these delegates would not have been able to vote for someone other than Biden at the convention if Biden had chosen to stay in the race.[12]

Since the Democratic National Committee (DNC) sets the rules for the convention, it was possible the DNC could have changed the rules. The Associated Press's Will Weissert wrote, "The Democratic National Committee could convene before the convention opens on Aug. 19 and change how things will work, but that isn’t likely as long as Biden wants to continue seeking reelection."[12]

Had a party ever replaced its presidential nominee before this year?

No. In October 2016, Republican officeholders called on former President Donald Trump (R) to withdraw as the Republican presidential nominee following the release of the Access Hollywood audio tape. Trump did not withdraw, and went on to win the 2016 presidential election.

The last time an individual on a major party presidential ticket was replaced was in 1972, when Democratic vice presidential nominee Thomas Eagleton withdrew two weeks after the Democratic National Convention when details about his mental health treatment were publicized.[13] Democratic presidential nominee George McGovern (D) selected a new running mate, who was then certified at a meeting of the Democratic National Committee.[14]

A president-elect has never withdrawn, died, or become incapacitated between the general election and the presidential inauguration. In 1872, Horace Greeley, who lost to Ulysses S. Grant in the general election, died between the election and the counting of electoral votes. Electors initially allocated to Greeley voted for a variety of candidates, including Greeley.[15]

What is a brokered convention?

A brokered convention is a national convention where a party's nominee is not selected by a majority of delegates in the first round of voting.[16] Most delegates are then permitted to vote for whichever candidate they choose, allowing for input from party leadership and political maneuvering. Additional votes are taken until a majority is reached. For this reason, brokered conventions are also known as multiple ballot or multi-ballot conventions.[17]

The term brokered convention is sometimes used interchangeably with contested convention. The latter refers to a nominating convention that opens without one candidate having captured a majority of delegates. A contested convention may be resolved on the first ballot once uncommitted delegates are factored in.[18][19][20]

There have been 15 multi-ballot Democratic National Conventions, with six of those resulting in a nominee that went on to win the general election. The last time Democrats had a multi-ballot convention was in 1952 when the party nominated Adlai Stevenson after three rounds of voting. The longest multi-ballot convention across both Democratic and Republican conventions occurred in 1924 when the Democrats took 103 ballots to nominate diplomat John Davis.

How does the Democratic Party select convention delegates and superdelegates?

Delegates are selected in two ways. In the first, registered Democratic voters select delegates at primaries, caucuses, or local party conventions. The Democratic Party can also select delegates based on their positions as elected representatives or members of the party leadership.[21]

Each state has its own method for selecting delegates that may occur at the county, district, and/or state level. In some states, a voter directly votes for a presidential candidate in the presidential preference primary and party members separately select delegates at party conventions.[22] In other states, a voter indirectly votes for a presidential candidate by supporting a delegate or delegates committed to him or her.[23]

Regular pledged delegates are typically party activists, local political leaders, or early supporters of a particular presidential candidate. Superdelegates are typically noteworthy figures in the Democratic Party, like members of the Democratic National Committee, Democratic members of Congress, Democratic governors, or distinguished party leaders, including former presidents and vice presidents.

When will Democrats officially select their presidential nominee in 2024?

Presidential nominations typically become official when convention delegates participate in a roll call vote at the party's national convention.

On May 28, 2024, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) said it planned to hold a virtual delegate roll call to certify its presidential and vice presidential nominees ahead of the in-person Democratic National Convention, which took place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois, and ahead of Ohio's presidential ballot certification deadline on August 7. On June 2, 2024, Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine (R) signed a bill into law moving the state's filing deadline to September 1, 2024.[24] On June 4, the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee passed a rule allowing the Democratic convention committee to schedule a virtual roll call vote ahead of the convention. The committee said it was doing so due to uncertainty around whether the bill passed in Ohio would take effect in time.[25][26] The Ohio Secretary of State issued an advisory on June 3 saying the bill would take effect ahead of the new September 1 deadline.[27]

What is a virtual roll call?

Typically, the roll call votes that make a candidate's presidential nomination official take place in person at a party's national convention. A virtual roll call vote functions similarly, but takes place through a video conference. The Democratic Party has held one virtual roll call vote to determine a presidential nomination before 2024. In 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the presidential nomination roll call was conducted remotely.[28] Click here to view a video of the 2020 virtual roll call vote.

Since Biden withdrew from the race, who becomes the nominee?

Unlike the presidency itself, there is no formal line of succession for a presidential nominee. Vice President Kamala Harris (D) does not automatically assume the role.

The Associated Press' Will Weissert wrote, "In addition to the vice president, others that had endorsed Biden in 2024 while harboring their own presidential aspirations for future cycles include California Gov. Gavin Newsom, Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro, Illinois Gov. J. B. Pritzker and California Rep. Ro Khanna. Still others who Biden bested during the party’s 2020 presidential primary could also try again, including Sens. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota, as well as Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg."[12]

Click here to view a list of possible 2024 Democratic presidential candidates Ballotpedia identified earlier in the 2024 presidential cycle.

What happens to the money Biden has raised?

According to the Federal Election Commission, Biden had a total of $91.6 million in cash on hand as of May 31, 2024. If Biden were to withdraw, the only replacement candidate who would have direct access to the funds without the need to transfer them would be Vice President Kamala Harris (D) since she is currently listed as one of the committee's candidates.[29]

If a candidate other than Harris replaced Biden, FEC rules would allow the campaign to transfer all of its funds to the Democratic National Committee. The DNC's subsequent spending, however, would be limited by FEC spending limits for national party committees. Biden could also transition his principal campaign committee into a political action committee, which would impose a $5,000 limit on contributions to campaign committees. The PAC could make unlimited independent expenditures in accordance with the rules governing such spending, including the ban on coordinating spending with a candidate's campaign. For example, the PAC could pay to air television ads supporting a new Democratic presidential candidate, but the PAC would not be allowed to discuss what message those ads should feature or which states those ads should be televised in with the new presidential candidate or his or her campaign.[30]

What did Democratic Party officials say about Biden withdrawing from the race before Biden withdrew?

See also: Democratic Party officials on Joe Biden's 2024 presidential election campaign

A number of incumbent federal officeholders publicly called on Biden to withdraw from the race. See the section below for a selection of statements from before Biden withdrew from the race.

President Joe Biden (D)

“ Now that you have returned from the July 4th recess, I want you to know that despite all the speculation in the press and elsewhere, I am firmly committed to staying in this race, to running this race to the end, and to beating Donald Trump. I have had extensive conversations with the leadership of the party, elected officials, rank and file members, and most importantly, Democratic voters over these past 10 days or so. I have heard the concerns that people have — their good faith fears and worries about what is at stake in this election. I am not blind to them. Believe me, I know better than anyone the responsibility and the burden the nominee of our party carries. I carried it in 2020 when the fate of our nation was at stake. I also know these concerns come from a place of real respect for my lifetime of public service and my record as President, and I have been moved by the expressions of affection for me from so many who have known me well and supported me over the course of my public life. I’ve been grateful for the rock-solid, steadfast support from so many elected Democrats in Congress and all across the country and taken great strength from the resolve and determination I’ve seen from so many voters and grassroots supporters even in the hardest of weeks. I can respond to all this by saying clearly and unequivocally: I wouldn’t be running again if I did not absolutely believe I was the best person to beat Donald Trump in 2024.[31][9] ”
—President Joe Biden (D) on July 8, 2024

U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas)

“ President Biden has continued to run substantially behind Democratic senators in key states and in most polls has trailed Donald Trump. I had hoped that the debate would provide some momentum to change that. It did not. Instead of reassuring voters, the President failed to effectively defend his many accomplishments and expose Trump's many lies. [...] I represent the heart of a congressional district once represented by Lyndon Johnson. Under very different circumstances, he made the painful decision to withdraw. President Biden should do the same. While much of his work has been transformational, he pledged to be transitional. He has the opportunity to encourage a new generation of leaders from whom a nominee can be chosen to unite our country through an open, democratic process. My decision to make these strong reservations public is not done lightly nor does it in any way diminish my respect for all that President Biden has achieved, recognizing that, unlike Trump, President Biden's first commitment has always been to our country, not himself, I am hopeful that he will make the painful and difficult decision to withdraw.[32][33][9] ”
—U.S. Rep. Lloyd Doggett (D-Texas) on July 2, 2024

U.S. House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y.)

“ I’ve been very clear that it was an underwhelming performance on Thursday, during the debate, as President Biden and his campaign have acknowledged. It certainly was a setback. But of course, I believe a setback is nothing more than a setup for a comeback.[34][9] ”
—U.S. Rep. Hakeem Jeffries on June 30, 2024

U.S. Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-Ariz.)

“ If he’s the candidate, I’m going to support him, but I think that this is an opportunity to look elsewhere. What he needs to do is shoulder the responsibility for keeping that seat — and part of that responsibility is to get out of this race.[35][9] ”
—U.S. Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-Ariz.) on July 3, 2024

U.S. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.)

“ I’m with Joe Biden. We’ve worked hard together for four years and delivered a lot for America and for central New York, I’m for Biden.[36][9] ”
—U.S. Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) on July 2, 2024

U.S. Rep. Mike Quigley (D-Ill.)

“ I would say, 'Mr. President, your legacy is set. We owe you the greatest debt of gratitude. The only thing that you can do now to cement that for all time and prevent utter catastrophe is to step down and let someone else do this.' Because, I think, day one, we're back in a dogfight.[37][9] ”
—U.S. Rep. Mike Quigley (D-Ill.) on July 5, 2024

How does the Democratic Party typically select its nominees?

Democratic presidential nominations typically begin with a series of presidential primaries and caucuses that states, territories, and Democrats Abroad use to allocate convention delegates. Each state is assigned a number of delegates based on the state's popular vote for the Democratic nominee in the previous three elections, the state's electoral votes, and when the state's primary is held.[38] Delegates are allocated proportionally based on the outcome of each state's primary or caucus.[39] In 2024, Biden was allocated 95% of the delegates after the primaries and caucuses.[11]

The nomination is typically formalized at the Democratic National Convention, where pledged delegates cast their votes. In 2024, the Democratic National Committee has said it plans to hold a virtual roll call vote ahead of the August 19-22, 2024, Democratic National Convention, but no date has been announced.[40]

Historically, the first-ever presidential primaries took place in the early 1900s. However, most delegates were not allocated according to the results of these primaries. Instead, candidates made direct appeals to party leaders and delegates at the national convention.[41] The Democratic Party instituted new rules following the 1968 presidential primary, where then-Vice President Hubert Humphrey (D) won the nomination without formally participating in any of the 17 primaries held that cycle.[42] In her book Primary Politics: How Presidential Candidates Have Shaped the Modern Nominating System, Elaine C. Kamarck wrote, "The cumulative effect of the McGovern-Fraser reforms was to transform the modern nominating system into a system where mass persuasion replaced elite persuasion. Two developments played a central role in this process: the transformation of party caucuses from closed to open events and the related increase in the number of binding presidential primaries."[43] According to the National Constitution Center, in 1968, 38% of convention delegates were allocated by voters in primaries, while in 1976, that number rose to 73%.[41]

Could members of Biden’s Cabinet have used the 25th Amendment to remove Biden from the race?

Section 4 of the 25th Amendment would allow members of Biden's Cabinet to request that Congress vote to transfer official presidential duties to Vice President Kamala Harris (D). If Harris and a majority of the Cabinet declared him unfit to serve, Harris would become acting president. If Biden declared that he was capable of serving, the Cabinet and Harris would have to respond within four days. If this latter group held that Biden was still unfit to serve, Congress would have to vote on whether to reinstate Biden. Biden would be reinstated unless a two-thirds majority of both chambers voted against this.[44]

This process does not directly apply to the Democratic presidential nomination. However, the Democratic Delegate Selection Rules say that a Democratic presidential nominee must meet "the requirements set forth by the United States Constitution and any law of the United States."[10]

Will a new candidate be able to appear on state ballots?

Ballot access deadlines for major party candidates vary from state to state. Nearly half of the states have a deadline in August, and most require certification or identification of a candidate to fill a vacancy no later than September 6. Click here to view a full list of deadlines.

It is possible for parties and election authorities to change or work around these deadlines. For instance, in 2020, the Republican National Convention took place after the deadlines in Alabama and Ohio. In Ohio, the state legislature passed a law to change the deadline that cycle so it took place after the Republican National Convention, and in Alabama, the state's election authority accepted a placeholder letter from the RNC that said the party would certify a nominee once the official nomination took place.

It is also possible that changing the Democratic nominee could draw lawsuits related to ballot access. On June 21, 2024, the Heritage Foundation said it would file lawsuits in Georgia, Nevada, and Wisconsin if Democrats nominated someone other than Biden.[45]

What happens if there is a nominee vacancy after the convention and before the election?

Under Article 2 of The Bylaws of the Democratic Party, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) has the responsibility to fill vacancies in presidential and vice presidential nominations between national conventions.[46]

In the event of a vacancy on the national ticket, the chairperson would call a special meeting. Under Article 2 § 8(d), questions before the DNC, with some exceptions otherwise outlined in the charter and bylaws, are determined by a majority vote of the DNC members who are present and voting by proxy. The bylaws also state that voting to fill a vacancy on the national ticket must proceed in accordance with procedural rules adopted by the Rules and Bylaws Committee and approved by the DNC.[46]

What happens if there is a president-elect vacancy after the election and before the inauguration?

There is no established process to replace a nominee between a presidential election and the meeting of the Electoral College. A party could ask presidential electors to vote for an alternate candidate at the December 17, 2024, meeting of electors. However, as of October 2022, 33 states had laws requiring electors to vote for the candidate he or she was pledged to according to general election results. USA Today's Rachel Looker wrote, "In some states, laws require electors to vote for the winning candidate. If the declared winner drops out before the electoral college meets, these legislatures may have to change the rules so the electors' votes bound to the winner would still count for another candidate."[47]

The Twentieth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution governs what happens if the president-elect dies before taking office. In that case, the vice president-elect becomes the president-elect. It is an open legal question whether a candidate becomes the president-elect after winning a majority of the vote in the Electoral College or only after Congress counts the vote.[48] The Electoral College is scheduled to vote on December 17, 2024, and Congress is scheduled to count the vote on January 6, 2025.[49]

See also

Additional reading




Footnotes

  1. ↑ X, "Joe Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
  2. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Democratic Congressman Lloyd Doggett calls on Biden to withdraw from presidential race," July 2, 2024
  3. ↑ X, "Matthew Choi on July 2, 2024," accessed July 2, 2024
  4. ↑ The Washington Post, "Opinion: Democratic Sen. Peter Welch: Biden should withdraw for the good of the country," July 10, 2024
  5. ↑ Associated Press, "Read the letter President Biden sent to House Democrats telling them to support him in the election,"July 8, 2024
  6. ↑ X, "Joe Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
  7. ↑ Associated Press, "Here’s why it would be tough for Democrats to replace Joe Biden on the presidential ticket," June 28, 2024
  8. ↑ BBC, "Can Biden be replaced as nominee? Not so easily," July 7, 2024
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Democratic National Committee, "2024 Delegate Selection Rules," accessed July 8, 2024
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 The Green Papers, "Democratic Convention," accessed July 8, 2024
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Associated Press, "Here’s why it would be tough for Democrats to replace Joe Biden on the presidential ticket," June 28, 2024
  13. ↑ NPR, "The Thomas Eagleton Affair Haunts Candidates Today," August 4, 2012
  14. ↑ CQ Almanac, "Shriver Replaced Eagleton as Democratic VP Candidate," accessed July 8, 2024
  15. ↑ National Archives, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed March 6, 2024
  16. ↑ Financial Times, "Definition of brokered convention," accessed January 28, 2016
  17. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Presidential Nominating Process and the National Party Conventions, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions," December 30, 2015
  18. ↑ CNN, "What is a 'brokered convention'? Here is a (kind of) simple explanation," December 11, 2015
  19. ↑ USA Today, "A contested GOP convention — political junkie's dream, politico's nightmare," January 20, 2016
  20. ↑ CNN, "Ford Is Close, but Watch Those Trojan Horses," August 2, 1976
  21. ↑ Council on Foreign Relations, "The Role of Delegates in the U.S. Presidential Nominating Process," February 9, 2016
  22. ↑ Vote Citrus, "Sample Ballot," accessed July 8, 2024
  23. ↑ Columbia County, "Sample Primary Ballot," accessed July 8, 2024
  24. ↑ 13 Action News, "Gov. DeWine signs bill to allow President Biden to appear on Ohio’s fall ballot," June 2, 2024
  25. ↑ ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
  26. ↑ YouTube, "DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee Meeting - June 4, 2024," June 4, 2024
  27. ↑ Ohio Secretary of State, "H.B. 2, Presidential Candidates (135th General Assembly – Special Session)," June 3, 2024
  28. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Exclusive: DNC moves ahead on all-virtual roll call for Biden presidential nomination," June 22, 2024
  29. ↑ FEC, "STATEMENT OF ORGANIZATION," accessed July 8, 2024
  30. ↑ CNN, "Here's what would happen to Biden's campaign cash if he were to withdraw from the race," July 3, 2024
  31. ↑ Associated Press, "Read the letter President Biden sent to House Democrats telling them to support him in the election," July 8, 2024
  32. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Democratic Congressman Lloyd Doggett calls on Biden to withdraw from presidential race," July 2, 2024
  33. ↑ X, "Matthew Choi on July 2, 2024," accessed July 2, 2024
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nbcjune30
  35. ↑ The New York Times, "Election Updates: Biden Met With Democratic Governors to Calm Fears; Poll Shows Slipping Support," July 3, 2024
  36. ↑ X, "Frank Thorp V on July 2, 2024," accessed July 3, 2024
  37. ↑ X, "All In with Chris Hayes on July 5, 2024," accessed July 5, 2024
  38. ↑ The Green Papers, "The Math Behind the Democratic Delegate Allocation - 2024," accessed July 8, 2024
  39. ↑ Delegate Selection Rules, "Democratic National Committee, "accessed July 8, 2024
  40. ↑ ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Constitution Center, "A brief history of presidential primaries," March 1, 2024
  42. ↑ The Center for Politics, "The Modern History of the Democratic Presidential Primary, 1972-2008," February 4, 2016
  43. ↑ Google Books, "Primary Politics: How Presidential Candidates Have Shaped the Modern Nominating System," December 1, 2009
  44. ↑ Constitutioncenter.org, "The Twenty-Fifth Amendment," accessed March 4, 2024
  45. ↑ X, "Heritage Foundation Oversight Project on June 21, 2024," accessed July 8, 2024
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Democratic National Committee, "The Charter & The Bylaws of the Democratic Party of the United States," March 12, 2022
  47. ↑ USA Today, "What happens if Biden, Trump drop 2024 presidential bids? Here's how it could play out," February 15, 2024
  48. ↑ Politifact, "What happens if Joe Biden or Donald Trump leaves his party’s ticket?" February 20, 2024
  49. ↑ National Archives, "Key Dates and Events for State Officials and Points of Contact," accessed March 4, 2024
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