Historical Wyoming environmental information, 1971-2016

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State environmental policy
U.S. environmental policy
Endangered species policy
State endangered species
Federal land policy
Environmental terms

The historical environmental information below applies to prior years. For more current information regarding environmental policy in Wyoming, see this article.

Land ownership

See also: Federal land policy and Federal land ownership by state

The federal government owned between 635 million and 640 million acres of land in 2012 (about 28 percent) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Around 52 percent of federally owned acres were in 12 Western states—including Alaska, 61 percent of which was federally owned. In contrast, the federal government owned 4 percent of land in the other 38 states. Federal land policy is designed to manage minerals, oil and gas resources, timber, wildlife and fish, and other natural resources found on federal land. Land management policies are highly debated for their economic, environmental and social impacts. Additionally, the size of the federal estate and the acquisition of more federal land are major issues.

According to the Congressional Research Service, Wyoming spans 62.34 million acres. Of that total, 48.19 percent, or 30.04 million acres, belonged to the federal government as of 2012. More than 32 million acres in Wyoming are not owned by the federal government, or 55.43 non-federal acres per capita. From 1990 to 2010, the federal government's land ownership in Wyoming decreased by 89,608 acres.

The table below shows federal land ownership in Wyoming compared to its neighbor, Montana, and a northeastern state, Connecticut, as a comparison. More than 61 percent of federal land in Wyoming, or 18.3 million acres, was owned by U.S. Bureau of Land Management. In contrast, the Bureau of Land Management owned 29.6 percent of federal land in Montana and zero percent of federal land in Connecticut. The U.S. National Park Service owned more than 9.2 million acres in Wyoming and 17 million acres in Montana, but only 5,719 acres in Connecticut.

Federal land ownership in Wyoming and other states by agency
State
Agency	Wyoming		Montana		Connecticut
	Acres owned	Percentage owned	Acres owned	Percentage owned	Acres owned	Percentage owned
U.S. Forest Service	9,241,610	30.76%	17,082,821	63.45%	24	0.28%
U.S. National Park Service	2,344,852	7.80%	1,214,184	4.51%	5,719	66.83%
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	70,674	0.24%	635,066	2.36%	1,206	14.09%
U.S. Bureau of Land Management	18,370,351	61.15%	7,981,452	29.65%	0	0.00%
U.S. Department of Defense	16,025	0.05%	8,338	0.03%	1,608	18.79%
Total federal land	30,043,512	100%	26,921,861	100%	8,557	100.00%
Source: Congressional Research Service, "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"

Land usage

Recreation

National parks in Wyoming

Wyoming has seven National Park Service units, two national monuments, five national forests, 15 wilderness areas, one national recreation area, one national historic sites and four national historic trails. A study by the U.S. National Park Service found that 6.07 million visitors attended Wyoming's national parks and monuments and generated $723.3 million in visitor spending in 2013.

Federal lands and Indian reservations in Wyoming by government agency (click the image to enlarge).

State recreation lands

Wyoming's state parks are managed by the Wyoming Department of Parks and Recreation. To access a complete list of public access properties operated by the department, click here.

Economic activity on federal lands

Oil and gas activity

See also: BLM oil and gas leases by state

Private mining companies, including oil and natural gas companies, can apply for leases from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to explore and produce energy on federal land. The company seeking a lease must nominate the land for oil and gas exploration to the BLM, which evaluates and approves the lease. The BLM state offices make leasing decisions based on its land use plans, which contain information on the land's resources and the potential environmental impact of oil or gas exploration. If federal lands are approved for leasing, the BLM requires an application containing information on how the exploration, drilling and production will be conducted by the company. Afterward, the BLM will produce an environmental analysis and a list of requirements before energy exploration can begin. The agency also inspects the companies' drilling and producing on the leased lands.

In 2013, there were 47,427 active leases covering 36.09 million acres of federal land nationwide. Of that total, 16,209 leases (34.18 percent of all leases) covering 11.23 million acres (31.12 percent of all leased land in 2013) were in Wyoming. In 2013, out of 3,770 new drilling leases approved nationwide by the BLM for oil and gas exploration, 1,001 leases (26.5 percent) were in Wyoming.

The table below shows how Wyoming compared to neighboring states in oil and gas permits on BLM-managed lands in 2013. Wyoming had the most active leases compared to neighboring states.

Oil and gas leasing on BLM lands by state
State	Active permits on BLM lands (FY 2013)	Total acres under lease (FY 2013)	State percentage of total permits	State percentage of total acres
Wyoming	16,209	11,232,643	34.18%	31.12%
Idaho	4	7,355	0.01%	0.02%
Montana	3,488	2,728,738	7.35%	7.56%
Utah	3,574	3,821,792	7.54%	10.59%
Total United States	47,427 permits	36,092,482 acres	-	-
Source: U.S. Bureau of Land Management, "Oil and Gas Statistics"

Payments in lieu of taxes

See also: Payments in lieu of taxes

Since local governments cannot collect taxes on federally owned property, the U.S. Department of the Interior issues payments to local governments to replace lost property tax revenue from federal land. The payments, known as "Payments in Lieu of Taxes" (PILTs), are typically used for funding services such as fire departments, police protection, school construction and roads.

The table below shows PILTs for Wyoming compared to neighboring states between 2011 and 2013. Wyoming received $25.3 million in PILTs in 2013, which was less than neighboring states.

Total PILTs for Wyoming and neighboring states
State	FY 2011	FY 2012	FY 2013	State's percentage of 2013 total
Wyoming	$25,656,797	$25,315,295	$25,340,612	6.31%
Idaho	$25,592,241	$26,560,218	$26,326,163	6.55%
Montana	$24,717,269	$26,151,999	$26,497,071	6.60%
Utah	$34,659,277	$36,038,626	$35,391,052	8.81%
Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, "PILT"

Legislation and regulation

Federal laws

Clean Air Act

The federal Clean Air Act requires each state to meet federal standards for air pollution. Under the act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency oversees national air quality standards aimed at limiting pollutants from chemical plants, steel mills, utilities, and industrial factories. Individual states can enact stricter air standards if they choose, though each state must adhere to the EPA's minimum pollution standards. States implement federal air standards through a state implementation plan (SIP), which must be approved by the EPA.

Clean Water Act

The federal Clean Water Act is meant to address and maintain the physical, chemical, and biological status of the waters of the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates water pollution sources and provides financial assistance to states and municipalities for water quality programs.

According to research done by The New York Times using annual averages from 2004 to 2007, Wyoming had 1,627.5 facilities that were regulated annually by the Clean Water Act. An average of 6.3 facilities violated the act annually from 2004 to 2007 in Wyoming, and the EPA enforced the act an average of 27 times a year in the state. This information, published by the Times in 2009, was the most recent information on the subject as of October 2014.

The table below shows how Wyoming compared to neighboring states in The New York Times study, including the number of facilities regulated, facility violations, and the annual average enforcement actions against these facilities between 2004 and 2007. Wyoming had the most facilities regulated under the Clean Water Act compared to neighboring states.

The New York Times Clean Water Act study (2004-2007)
State	Number of facilities regulated	Facility violations	Annual average enforcement actions
Wyoming	1,627.50	6.30	27.00
Idaho	214.5	126.3	4.2
Montana	195.30	127.70	1.30
Utah	119.80	53.50	3.30
Source: The New York Times, "Clean Water Act Violations: The Enforcement Record"

Endangered Species Act

The federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 provides for the identification, listing, and protection of both threatened and endangered species and their habitats. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the law was designed to prevent the extinction of vulnerable plant and animal species through the development of recovery plans and the protection of critical habitats. ESA administration and enforcement are the responsibility of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service.

Federally listed species in Wyoming

There were 11 endangered and threatened animal and plant species believed to or known to occur in Wyoming as of July 2015.

The table below lists the seven endangered and threatened animal species believed to or known to occur in the state. When an animal species has the word "Entire" after its name, that species will be found all throughout the state.

Endangered animal species in Wyoming
Status	Species
Threatened	Bear, grizzly lower 48 States, except where listed as an experimental population or delisted (Ursus arctos horribilis)
Threatened	Cuckoo, yellow-billed Western U.S. DPS (Coccyzus americanus)
Endangered	Dace, Kendall Warm Springs Entire (Rhinichthys osculus thermalis)
Endangered	Ferret, black-footed entire population, except where EXPN (Mustela nigripes)
Threatened	Lynx, Canada (Contiguous U.S. DPS) (Lynx canadensis)
Threatened	Mouse, Preble's meadow jumping U.S.A. (CO, WY) (Zapus hudsonius preblei)
Endangered	Toad, Wyoming Entire (Anaxyrus baxteri)
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Wyoming"

The table below lists the four endangered and threatened plant species believed to or known to occur in the state.

Endangered plant species in Wyoming
Status	Species
Threatened	Butterfly plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis)
Threatened	Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis)
Endangered	Penstemon, blowout (Penstemon haydenii)
Threatened	Yellowhead, desert (Yermo xanthocephalus)
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in Wyoming"

Enforcement

See also: Enforcement at the EPA

Wyoming is part of the EPA's Region 8, which includes South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, Utah and Montana.

The EPA enforces federal standards for air, water and hazardous chemicals. The EPA takes administrative action against violators of environmental laws, or brings civil and/or criminal lawsuits, often with the goal of collecting penalties/fines and demanding compliance with laws like the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. In 2013, the EPA estimated that 9.2 million pounds of pollution, which includes air pollution, water contaminants, and hazardous chemicals, were "reduced, treated or eliminated" and 7.04 million cubic yards of soil and water were treated in Region 8. Additionally, 152 enforcement cases were initiated, and 161 enforcement cases were concluded in fiscal year 2013 in Region 8. In fiscal year 2012, the EPA collected $252 million in criminal fines and civil penalties from the private sector nationwide. In fiscal year 2013, the EPA collected $1.1 billion in criminal fines and civil penalties from the private sector nationwide, primarily due to the $1 billion settlement from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill along the Gulf Coast in 2010. The EPA only publishes nationwide data and does not provide state or region-specific information on the fines and penalties it collects each fiscal year.

Mercury and air toxics standards

See also: Mercury and air toxics standards

The EPA on mercury capture systems

The EPA enforces mercury and air toxics standards (MATS), which are national limits on mercury, chromium, nickel, arsenic and acidic gases from coal- and oil-fired power plants. Power plants are required to have certain technologies to limit these pollutants. In December 2011, the EPA issued greater restrictions on the amount of mercury and other toxic pollutants produced by power plants. As of 2014, approximately 580 power plants, including 1,400 oil- and coal-fired electric-generating units, fell under the federal rule. The EPA has claimed that power plants account for 50 percent of mercury emissions, 75 percent of acidic gases and around 20 to 60 percent of toxic metal emissions in the United States. All coal- and oil-fired power plants with a capacity of 25 megawatts or greater are subject to the standards. The EPA has claimed that the standards will "prevent up to 6 premature deaths in Wyoming while creating up to $49 million in health benefits in 2016."

In 2014, the EPA released a study examining the economic, environmental, and health impacts of the MATS standards nationwide. Other organizations have released their own analyses about the effects of the MATS standards. Below is a summary of the studies on MATS and their effects as of November 2014.

EPA study
In 2014, the EPA reported that its MATS rule would prevent roughly 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 asthma attacks nationwide. The agency also anticipated between $37 billion and $90 billion in "improved air quality benefits" annually. For the rule's cost, the EPA estimated that annual compliance fees for coal- and oil-fired power plants would reach $9.6 billion.

NERA study
A 2012 study published by NERA Economic Consulting, a global consultancy group, reported that annual compliance costs in the electricity sector would total $10 billion in 2015 and nearly $100 billion cumulatively up through 2034. The same study found that the net impact of the MATS rule in 2015 would be the income equivalent of 180,000 fewer jobs. This net impact took into account the job gains associated with the building and refitting of power plants with new technology.

Superfund sites

The EPA established the Superfund program as part of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980.The Superfund program focuses on uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites nationwide. The EPA inspects waste sites and establishes cleanup plans for them. The federal government can compel the private entities responsible for a waste site to clean the site or face penalties. If the federal government cleans a waste site, it can force the responsible party to reimburse the EPA or other federal agencies for the cleanup's cost. Superfund sites include oil refineries, smelting facilities, mines and other industrial areas. As of October 2014, there were 1,322 Superfund sites nationwide. A total of 54 Superfund sites reside in Region 8, with an average of nine sites per state. There were two Superfund sites in Wyoming as of October 2014.

Economic impact

EPA studies
The Environmental Protection Agency publishes studies to evaluate the impact and benefits of its policies. Other studies may dispute the agency's findings or state the costs of its policies.

According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), an independent federal agency, the Superfund program received an average of almost $1.2 billion annually in appropriated funds between the years 1981 and 2009, adjusted for inflation. The GAO estimated that the trust fund of the Superfund program decreased from $5 billion in 1997 to $137 million in 2009. The Superfund program received an additional $600 million in federal funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, also known as the stimulus bill.

In March 2011, the EPA claimed that the agency's Superfund program produced economic benefits nationwide. Because Superfund sites are added and removed from a prioritized list on a regular basis, the total number of Superfund sites since the program's inception in 1980 is unknown. Based on a selective study of 373 Superfund sites cleaned up since the program's inception, the EPA estimated these economic benefits include the creation of 2,240 private businesses, $32.6 billion in annual sales from new businesses, 70,144 jobs and $4.9 billion in annual employment income.

Other studies were published detailing the costs associated with the Superfund program. According to the Property and Environment Research Center, a free market-oriented policy group based in Montana, the EPA spent over $35 billion on the Superfund program between 1980 and 2005.

Environmental impact

In March 2011, the EPA claimed that the Superfund program resulted in healthier environments surrounding former waste sites. An agency study analyzed the program's health and ecological benefits and focused on former landfills, mining areas, and abandoned dumps that were cleaned up and renovated. As of January 2009, out of the approximately 500 former Superfund sites used for the study, roughly 10 percent became recreational or commercial sites. Other former Superfund sites in the study became wetlands, meadows, streams, scenic trails, parks, and habitats for plants and animals.

Carbon emissions

See also: Climate change, Greenhouse gas and Greenhouse gas emissions by state

In 2011, Wyoming ranked 32nd in total carbon emissions nationwide. Emissions peaked in the state in 2008 at 67 million metric tons of CO₂. In 2011, Wyoming's electric power sector accounted for the vast majority of carbon emissions (64.4 percent) followed by the industrial sector (20.4 percent) and the transportation sector (11.9 percent). The commercial and residential sectors accounted for the remainder.

Carbon dioxide emissions in Wyoming (in million metric tons). Data was compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Carbon dioxide emissions in Wyoming by sector

Pollution from energy use

Pollution from energy use includes three common air pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. These and other pollutants are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, which are federal standards limiting pollutants that can harm human health in significant concentrations. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is also regulated by the EPA, but it is excluded here since it is not one of the pollutants originally regulated under the Clean Air Act for its harm to human health.

Industries and motor vehicles emit carbon monoxide directly when they use energy. Nitrogen dioxide forms from the emissions of automobiles, power plants and other sources. Ground level ozone (also known as tropospheric ozone) is not emitted but is the product of chemical reactions between nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic chemicals. The EPA tracks these and other pollutants from monitoring sites across the United States. The data below shows nationwide and regional trends for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone between 2000 and 2014. States with consistent climates and weather patterns were grouped together by the EPA to make up each region.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas produced from combustion processes, e.g., when gasoline reacts rapidly with oxygen and releases exhaust; the majority of national CO emissions come from mobile sources like automobiles. CO can reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and at very high levels can cause death. CO concentrations are measured in parts per million (ppm). Since 1994, federal law prohibits CO concentrations from exceeding 9 ppm during an eight-hour period more than once per year.

The chart below compares the annual average concentration of carbon monoxide in the Northern Rockies/Plains and Northwestern regions of the United States between 2000 and 2014. States with consistent climates and weather patterns are grouped together by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which collects these data, to make up each region. Each line represents the annual average of all the data collected from pollution monitoring sites in each region. In the Northwest, there were three monitoring sites throughout three states, compared to one monitoring site for five states in the Northern Rockies/Plains. In 2000, the average concentration of carbon monoxide was 3.93 ppm in the Northwest, compared to 5.5 ppm in the Northern Rockies/Plains. In 2014, the average concentration of carbon monoxide was 1.73 ppm in the Northwest, a decrease of 55.9 percent from 2000, compared to 2.6 ppm in the Northern Rockies/Plains, a decrease of 52.7 percent from 2000.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)

Note: Annual data on nitrogen dioxide levels in the Northwest between 2000 and 2014 are unavailable.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one of a group of gasses known as nitrogen oxides (NO_x). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) measures NO₂ as a representative for the larger group of nitrogen oxides. NO₂ forms from the emissions of cars, buses, trucks, power plants, and off-road equipment. It helps form ground-level ozone and fine particle pollution, and has been linked to respiratory problems. Since 1971, federal law prohibits NO₂ concentrations from exceeding a daily one-hour average of 100 parts per billion (ppb) and an annual average of 53 parts per billion (ppb).

The chart below compares the annual one-hour average concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in the Northern Rockies/Plains and Southwestern regions of the United States between 2000 and 2014. In the Northern Rockies/Plains, there were five monitoring sites throughout five states, compared to 10 monitoring sites throughout four states in the Southwest. In 2000, the one-hour daily average concentration of NO₂ was 28.2 ppb in the Northern Rockies/Plains, compared to 71.5 ppb in the Southwest. In 2014, the one-hour daily average concentration of NO₂ was 23.56 ppb in the Northern Rockies/Plains, a decrease of 16.4 percent from 2000, compared to 49.35 ppb in the Southwest, a decrease of 30.9 percent from 2000.

Ground-level ozone

Ground-level ozone is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in sunlight. Major sources of NO_x and VOCs include industrial facilities, electric utilities, automobiles, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents. Ground-level ozone can produce health problems for children, the elderly, and asthmatics. Since 2008, federal law has prohibited ozone concentrations from exceeding a daily eight-hour average of 75 parts per billion (ppb). Beginning in 2025, federal law will prohibit ground-level ozone concentrations from exceeding a daily eight-hour average of 70 ppb.

The chart below compares the daily eight-hour average concentration of ground-level ozone in the Northern Rockies/Plains and Northwestern regions of the United States between 2000 and 2014. In the chart below, ozone concentrations are measured in parts per million (ppm), which can be converted to parts per billion (ppb). In the Northern Rockies/Plains, there were 12 monitoring sites throughout five states, compared to 17 monitoring sites throughout three states in the Northwest. In 2000, the daily eight-hour average concentration of ozone was 0.0598 ppm, or 59.8 ppb in the Northern Rockies/Plains, compared to 0.0599 ppm, or 59.9 ppb in the Northwest. In 2014, the daily eight-hour average concentration of ozone was 0.0578 ppm, or 57.8 ppb in the Northern Rockies/Plains, a decrease of 3.3 percent from 2000, compared to 0.059 ppm, or 56.9 ppb in the Northwest, a decrease of 5 percent from 2000.

State laws

Wyoming's major environmental laws and provisions are published by the Wyoming State Legislature under Title 35, Chapter 11 of the Wyoming Code and can be found here.

Enforcement

The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality is responsible for cleanups, compliance and enforcement, education, outreach and financial assistance, monitoring and data analysis, permitting, planning, policy development, and pollution control. It is composed of five major environmental divisions:

• The Air Quality Division is responsible for air quality in Wyoming. The division evaluates pollution sources, investigates violations of air pollution laws, issues permits, operates the state's vehicle emissions standards program and develops air quality rules.
• The Industrial Siting Division is responsible for evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of companies that plan major industrial expansions. The division assists the companies in the expansion process and operates permit programs related to power plants, transmission lines, landfills, wind farms, waste incinerators and more.
• The Land Quality Division is responsible for maintaining land quality in response to mining. The divisions oversees surface mining and underground mine facilities.
• The Solid and Hazardous Waste Division is responsible for the handling, processing, recycling and disposing of solid and hazardous wastes. The division enforces state standards on waste management, investigates the release of hazardous wastes at contaminated sites, monitors solid waste facilities, and provides grants and loans for the construction of waste management facilities.
• The Water Quality Division is responsible for water quality standards for waterways, surface waters and groundwater sources. The division provides permits for industrial and municipal sources that deal with wastewater and stormwater and monitors water networks throughout the state.

Historical budget information

The table below shows state budget figures for Wyoming's environmental and natural resource departments compared to neighboring states.

Total state natural resource expenditures by state
State	Departments/Divisions	FY 2013	FY 2012	FY 2011
Wyoming*	Natural Resources; Environmental Quality; Game and Fish; State Lands; Wildlife and Natural Resources Board	$535,628,226*	$480,519,507*
Idaho	Environmental Quality; Fish and Game; Lands; Parks and Recreation; Water Resources	$254,231,700	$236,704,800	$240,448,300
Montana	Environmental Quality	$58,222,952	$58,226,820	$59,201,557
Utah	Environmental Quality; Natural Resources; School Trust Lands	$242,464,000	$257,089,400	$256,874,300
Sources: Wyoming State Legislature, Idaho Division of Financial Management, Montana Office of Budget and Program Planning, Utah Governor's Office of Management and Budget *This denotes a biennium state budget.

Major groups

Below is a list of environmental advocacy organizations in Wyoming. A complete list of environmental groups by state can be accessed on the website Eco-USA.

• Greater Yellowstone Coalition
• Nature Conservancy of Wyoming
• Sierra Club, Wyoming Chapter
• Wyoming Outdoor Council

Ballot measures

Voting on the Environment
Ballot Measures
By state
By year
Not on ballot
Local Local environment Local GMO Local fracking

Below is a list of ballot measures relating to environmental issues in Wyoming.

Natural resources

Ballotpedia staff have tracked no ballot measures relating to natural resources in Wyoming.

Environment

• Wyoming Permanent Mineral Trust, Amendment A (2006)

Water

Ballotpedia staff have tracked no ballot measures relating to water resources in Wyoming.

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Wyoming environmental policy. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Historical Wyoming environmental information, 1971-2016 - Google News

See also

• 

  Environmental policy in the U.S.

• 

  Energy policy in the U.S.

• 

  Endangered species policy in the U.S.

• Endangered species in Wyoming
• Energy policy in Wyoming
• Federal land policy
• Federal land ownership by state
• BLM oil and gas leases by state
• Payments in lieu of taxes

External links

• Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
• Wyoming Game and Fish Department
• Wyoming Office of State Lands
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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