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School choice in Vermont
 in Vermont |
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School choice in the U.S. |
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School choice is a term that refers to programs offering alternatives to assigned local public school options. Public school choice options include open enrollment policies, magnet schools, and charter schools. Other options include school vouchers, scholarship tax credits, and education savings accounts (ESAs).[1][2]
Proponents argue that school choice programs improve educational outcomes by expanding opportunity and access for historically disadvantaged students. In addition, advocates claim that school choice programs empower parents and improve traditional public schools through competition. Critics contend that these programs divert funds from traditional public schools, thereby generating unequal outcomes for students. In addition, some critics argue that school voucher programs wrongly direct tax dollars to religious organizations, which operate many private schools.
Educational choice options
Charter schools
- See also: Charter schools in Vermont
Charter schools are public schools operated independently of the public school system, either by nonprofit or for-profit organizations. Although they are publicly funded, charter schools are exempt from many of the requirements imposed by state and local boards of education regarding hiring and curriculum. As public schools, charter schools cannot charge tuition or impose special entrance requirements; students are typically admitted through a lottery process if demand exceeds the number of spaces available in a school. Generally speaking, charter schools receive a percentage of per-pupil funds, which is how much is spent per student, from state and local boards of education for operational costs based on enrollment. In most states, they do not receive funds for facilities or start-up costs; therefore, they must rely to some extent on private donations. The federal government also provides revenues through special grants.[3][4][5]
As of June 2016, Vermont had not approved legislation authorizing the creation of charter schools. The table below presents charter school prevalence and participation data for surrounding states.[6]
| Charter schools, 2015-2016 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| State | Total number of charter schools | Estimated enrollment | Percentage of total public school enrollment |
| Vermont | 0 | 0 | 0.00% |
| Maine | 7 | 1,500 | 0.84% |
| Massachusetts | 81 | 40,300 | 4.28% |
| New Hampshire | 26 | 3,200 | 1.76% |
| United States total | 6,824 | 2,930,600 | 5.85% |
| Note: The percentages in the column labeled "Percentage of total public school enrollment" were calculated by taking the estimated number of charter school students in a given state and dividing by the total estimated number of public school students in that state in 2015. Total public school enrollment estimates came from the National Center for Education Statistics. Source: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, "A Closer Look at the Charter School Movement," February 3, 2016 | |||
Magnet schools
- See also: Magnet school participation statistics
Magnet schools, or theme-based schools, are public schools of choice that utilize specialized subject areas or innovative learning approaches to attract students from more diverse backgrounds. Magnet schools were first formed to desegregate public schools through choice rather than force. Magnet schools can reach beyond the boundaries of school districts, but they are still managed and funded publicly by local districts even though they are centered around specialized themes and subjects.[7][8]
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there were 3,254 magnet schools in the United States in the 2013-2014 school year, two of which were in Vermont. According to Public School Review, those two magnet schools served 521 students in Vermont, 53 percent of whom were racial/ethnic minorities. The average student-teacher ratio in Vermont's magnet schools was 11:1. The table below presents this information for Vermont and surrounding states.[9][10]
| Magnet schools, 2013-2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Number of magnet schools | Total enrollment | Minority enrollment percentage | Student-teacher ratio |
| Vermont | 2 | 521 | 53% | 11:1 |
| Maine | 1 | 129 | 17% | N/A |
| Massachusetts | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| New Hampshire | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| United States total | 3,254 | 2,549,825 | N/A | N/A |
| Note: "N/A" indicates that information was not available, either because the state does not have magnet schools or because the data were not reported. Source: Public School Review, "Find Public Schools," accessed May 24, 2016 | ||||
Open enrollment policies
According to the Education Commission of the States, there are two primary types of open enrollment policies:[11]
- Under intra-district enrollment policies, students may transfer to schools within their home districts.
- Under inter-district enrollment policies, students may transfer to schools outside of their home districts.
Open enrollment policies may be either mandatory or voluntary. Under mandatory programs, districts must allow for open enrollment. Under voluntary programs, districts may choose whether to allow for open enrollment.[11]
Vermont enforces mandatory intra-district and inter-district open enrollment policies for high schools.[11]
Private schools
Private schools are operated by private organizations as opposed to government entities. Private schools typically rely on tuition, private grants, and donations for funding. Because private schools are not operated or funded directly by government entities, they may operate under different personnel and curricular standards. Private schools are often associated with religious institutions. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there were 5,395,740 students enrolled in 33,620 private schools nationwide in fall 2013. This accounted for approximately 10 percent of the total school-age population.[12][13]
In Vermont, there were 8,890 students enrolled in 110 private schools in fall 2013, accounting for roughly 9.56 percent of the state's total school-age population. The table below presents this information for Vermont and surrounding states.
| Private schools, fall 2013 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Number of private schools | Enrollment | Enrollment as a percentage of total school-age population | |
| Vermont | 110 | 8,890 | 9.56% | |
| Maine | 190 | 18,380 | 9.33% | |
| Massachusetts | 800 | 134,560 | 13.04% | |
| New Hampshire | 280 | 26,700 | 12.96% | |
| United States total | 33,620 | 5,395,740 | 10.04% | |
| Note: The column labeled "Enrollment as a percentage of total school-age population" was calculated by taking the total private school enrollment in a given state and dividing by the total school-age population of that state. Figures for total school-age population were obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics. Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 101.40. Estimated total and school-age resident populations, by state: Selected years, 1970 through 2014," accessed May 24, 2016 National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 205.80. Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school graduates, by state: Selected years, 2003 through 2013," accessed May 24, 2016 | ||||
Homeschooling
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, there were approximately 1.7 million homeschooled students in the United States as of 2012. This accounted for roughly 3.4 percent of the total school-age population.[14][15]
According to the Home School Legal Defense Association, a parent or guardian must do the following in order to homeschool a child in Vermont:[16]
- File a written enrollment notice annually with the commissioner of education (this form must be accompanied by a narrative report describing the planned curriculum for the year)
- Teach the requisite subjects, which are detailed here
- Conduct annual assessments of the child's progress (this can take the form of a report written by the parents or a teacher; alternatively, the child can take standardized tests)
Online learning
- See also: Blended learning
According to the Evergreen Education Group, 24 states operated state virtual schools in the 2014-2015 school year. Public virtual schools are third-party organizations created by the state that provide online courses for students in traditional public schools. State virtual schools are created by legislative or state agency action and are "usually funded in part or entirely by a state appropriation or grant." As of the 2014-2015 school year, Vermont did have a state virtual school, the Vermont Virtual Learning Cooperative. There were 1,693 course enrollments in the Vermont Virtual Learning Cooperative in the 2014-2015 school year, up 80.11 percent from the 940 course enrollments logged in the 2012-2013 school year.[17]
Financial assistance
School vouchers
- See also: School vouchers
School vouchers are government-funded scholarships that allow public school students to attend private schools. Vouchers redirect state per-pupil education funding, giving it directly to individual families instead of school districts. Families can then apply those funds to tuition costs at the private school of their choice. As of April 2016, 13 states and the District of Columbia had implemented school voucher programs.[18]
Under Vermont's Town Tuitioning Program, students in towns that do not operate public high schools and/or elementary schools are eligible for vouchers to pay tuition at any public or approved private (non-religious) school inside or outside Vermont. Most "tuitioning towns" (those towns without public schools) allow parents to choose the schools to which they will send their students, but some towns send all students to one school.[19]
Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)
On June 30, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, which concerned whether the government can exclude religious institutions from student-aid programs. The case related to Article X, Section 6 of the Montana Constitution, also known as Montana’s Blaine Amendment.[20]
In its 5-4 opinion, the court held that the application of Article X, Section 6 violated the free exercise clause of the U.S. Constitution. The majority held Article X, Section 6 barred religious schools and parents who wished to send their children to those schools from receiving public benefits because of the religious character of the school.[21]
The case addressed the tension between the free exercise and Establishment clauses of the U.S. Constitution—where one guarantees the right of individuals' free exercise of religion and the other guarantees that the state won't establish a religion—and the intersections of state constitutions with state law and with the U.S. Constitution.
Vermont is not one of the states with a Blaine Amendment.
Studies and reports
Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice
In January 2016, the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice released a report ranking school choice programs across the nation by participation. Vermont's Town Tuitioning Program ranked 29th nationwide, with 3,585 participating students. For the full report, visit this website.[22]
That same month, the Friedman Foundation released the 2016 edition of "The ABCs of School Choice," a comprehensive report detailing and commenting upon every school choice program in the nation. To access the full report, click here.
School choice ballot measures
- See also: School choice on the ballot and List of Vermont ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked no statewide ballot measures relating to school choice in Vermont.
School choice legislation
The following is a list of recent charter school bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Vermont state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.
Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.
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Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Vermont education choice. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
- Public education in Vermont
- Charter schools in Vermont
- List of school districts in Vermont
- School choice
- Charter schools
- Magnet schools
- School vouchers
External links
- National Alliance for Public Charter Schools
- Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice
- Home School Legal Defense Association
Footnotes
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "School Choice and Charters," accessed June 18, 2014
- ↑ Friedman Foundation for School Choice, "What is School Choice?" accessed June 18, 2014
- ↑ National Charter School Resource Center, "Understanding Charter Schools," accessed April 29, 2104
- ↑ Uncommon Schools, "Frequently Asked Questions About Public, Charter Schools," accessed April 30, 2014
- ↑ The Center for Education Reform, "Just the FAQs--Charter Schools," accessed April 30, 2014
- ↑ National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, "A Closer Look at the Charter School Movement," February 3, 2016
- ↑ Public School Review, "What is a magnet school?" accessed December 9, 2014
- ↑ Magnet Schools of America, "What are magnet schools?" accessed December 9, 2014
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 3. Number of operating public elementary and secondary schools, by school type, charter, magnet, Title I, and Title I schoolwide status, and state or jurisdiction: School year 2013–14," accessed May 24, 2016
- ↑ Public School Review, "Find Public Schools," accessed May 24, 2016
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Education Commission of the States, "Open Enrollment 50-State Report," updated November 2015
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 205.80. Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school graduates, by state: Selected years, 2003 through 2013," accessed May 24, 2016
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 101.40. Estimated total and school-age resident populations, by state: Selected years, 1970 through 2014," accessed May 24, 2016
- ↑ Coalition for Responsible Home Education, "Homeschooling Numbers," accessed May 25, 2016
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 206.10. Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and household characteristics: 2003, 2007, and 2012," accessed May 25, 2016
- ↑ Home School Legal Defense Association, "Vermont," accessed May 25, 2016
- ↑ Evergreen Education Group, "Keeping Pace with K-12 Digital Learning, 2015," accessed May 25, 2016
- ↑ School Choices, "School Vouchers: Issues and Arguments," accessed May 26, 2016
- ↑ The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, "Vermont - Town Tuitioning Program," accessed June 2, 2016
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue: "Petition for a writ of certiorari," accessed July 3, 2019
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, decided June 30, 2020
- ↑ Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, "America's School Choice Programs Ranked by Participation, 2016 Edition," January 27, 2016
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