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Government responses to and political effects of the coronavirus pandemic, 2020 (Michigan)

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Responses by state

Ballotpedia’s coverage of COVID-19 includes how federal, state, and local governments are responding, and how those responses are influencing election rules and operations, political campaigns, the economy, schools, and more.

This article contains coverage of eight kinds of state government responses to the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The article tracks developments in these areas that took place between the start of the pandemic in March 2020 through Dec. 4, 2020. The government responses covered here include:

Additionally, the article includes:

To view current coverage areas, including mask requirements, school responses, travel restrictions, and much more, click a state in the map below.

Documenting_STATE%27s_path_to_recovery_from_the_coronavirus_(COVID-19)_pandemic,_2020-2021


Changes to election dates and procedures, March 16 through November 19

See also: Changes to election dates, procedures, and administration in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020


General election changes

Michigan modified its absentee/mail-in voting procedures for the November 3, 2020, general election as follows:

  • Absentee/mail-in voting: Absentee ballot applications were sent to all registered voters in the general election.

For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.

Primary election changes

Michigan modified its primary election process as follows:

  • Candidate filing procedures: The petition signature requirements for select primary candidates was reduced to 50 percent of their statutory requirements. The filing deadline was extended from April 21 to May 8.
  • Voting procedures: Absentee ballot applications sent automatically to all registered voters in the primary election.
  • Political party events: The Democratic Party of Michigan canceled its state convention, originally scheduled for March 21, 2020.

For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.

Click the gray bar below for more detailed information.


Statewide stay-at-home order, March 23 through December 4

See also: States with lockdown and stay-at-home orders in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020

On March 23, Gov. Gretchen Whitmer (D) issued Executive Order No. 2020-21, which directed individuals in the state to stay at home unless performing essential activities and placed restrictions on non-essential businesses.[18] The order was originally set to expire on April 13. The order was subsequently extended, first through April 30, then through May 28.[19]

On April 25, Whitmer announced she was extending the state's stay-at-home order through May 15. She subsequently extended it further, first through May 28, and then through June 12.[20][21][22][23]

On June 1, Whitmer announced that the stay-at-home order was lifted effective immediately.[24]

The order included a list of essential businesses and industries that would be permitted to remain open. The list of businesses and industries can be read below.

“

8. For purposes of this order, critical infrastructure workers are those workers described by the Director of the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency in his guidance of March 19, 2020 on the COVID-19 response (available here). Such workers include some workers in each of the following sectors:

(a) Health care and public health.

(b) Law enforcement, public safety, and first responders.

(c) Food and agriculture.

(d) Energy.

(e) Water and wastewater.

(f) Transportation and logistics.

(g) Public works.

(h) Communications and information technology, including news media.

(i) Other community-based government operations and essential functions.

6

(j) Critical manufacturing.

(k) Hazardous materials.

(l) Financial services.

(m) Chemical supply chains and safety.

(n) Defense industrial base.

9. For purposes of this order, critical infrastructure workers also include:

(a) Child care workers (including workers at disaster relief child care centers), but only to the extent necessary to serve the children or dependents of critical infrastructure workers as defined in this order. This category includes individuals (whether licensed or not) who have arranged to care for the children or dependents of critical infrastructure workers.

(b) Workers at designated suppliers and distribution centers, as described below.

(1) A business or operation that employs critical infrastructure workers may designate suppliers, distribution centers, or service providers whose continued operation is necessary to enable, support, or facilitate the work of its critical infrastructure workers.

(2) Such suppliers, distribution centers, or service providers may designate workers as critical infrastructure workers only to the extent those workers are necessary to enable, support, or facilitate the work of the original operation’s or business’s critical infrastructure workers.

(3) Designated suppliers, distribution centers, and service providers may in turn designate additional suppliers, distribution centers, and service providers whose continued operation is necessary to enable, support, or facilitate the work of their critical infrastructure workers.

(4) Such additional suppliers, distribution centers, and service providers may designate workers as critical infrastructure workers only to the extent that those workers are necessary to enable, support, or facilitate the work of the critical infrastructure workers at the supplier, distribution center, or service provider that has designated them.

(5) Businesses, operations, suppliers, distribution centers, and service providers must make all designations in writing to the entities they are designating, whether by electronic message, public website, or other appropriate means. Such designations may be made orally until March 31, 2020 at 11:59 pm.

(6) Businesses, operations, suppliers, distribution centers, and service providers that abuse their designation authority shall be subject to sanctions to the fullest extent of the law.

(c) Workers in the insurance industry, but only to the extent that their work cannot be done by telephone or remotely.

(d) Workers and volunteers for businesses or operations (including both and religious and secular nonprofit organizations) that provide food, shelter, and other necessities of life for economically disadvantaged or otherwise needy individuals, individuals who need assistance as a result of this emergency, and people with disabilities.

(e) Workers who perform critical labor union functions, including those who administer health and welfare funds and those who monitor the well-being and safety of union members who are critical infrastructure workers, provided that any administration or monitoring should be done by telephone or remotely where possible.


[16]

”

Executive orders, March 30 through June 29

See also: Executive orders issued by governors and state agencies in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020

Rescission of Executive Order 2020-23]

during the COVID-19 pandemic Rescission of Executive Order 2020-95]


Court closures, March 17 through November 4

See also: State court closures in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
  • September 25, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court released updated guidance for resuming jury trials. As part of its "Return to Full Capacity" plan, the Court has said that each court must submit a reopening plans to its respective State Court Administrative Office for approval before resuming trials. Courts that have not started the plan or are on phase one cannot resume jury trials.[25]
  • June 1, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court issued guidance to state courts on conducting remote hearings with self-represented litigants.[26]
  • May 6, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court released their “Return to Full Capacity Guide” and video to assist courts in the development of plans and response cycles that were driven by health data and trends for returning to full capacity on the local level.[27]
  • May 1, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court issued a Full Capacity Toolkit to help courts in the state plan to return to full operation following the coronavirus pandemic.[28]
  • April 29, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court extended restrictions on in-person proceedings until further notice. In a prior April 23 order, the court suspended jury trials through June 22. The court issued an order which authorized courts to collect contact information from any party or witness to a case to facilitate scheduling and participation in remote hearings or to facilitate case processing.[29][30]
  • April 23, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court extended the suspension of jury trials through June 22. However, their order did not specify if in-person proceedings were included as well.[31]
  • April 10, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court extended restrictions on in-person proceedings and suspension of jury trials through April 30.[32]
  • April 7, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court authorized judicial officers to conduct procedures remotely, either in the courtroom or some other location, using technology such as video conferences.[33]
  • March 26, 2020: In a joint statement by Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Bridget McCormack and the Executive Director of the Michigan Sheriff’s Association, judges, law enforcement and prosecutors are encouraged to coordinate the expanded use of appearance citations and summons, when appropriate and legally permissible, rather than custodial arrests and arrest warrants to proactively reduce the risk posed by the coronavirus pandemic.[34]
  • March 16, 2020: The Michigan Supreme Court ordered that as many trials as possible be adjourned through April 3.[35]

Proposed and enacted legislation, March 25 through August 19

See also: State laws in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020

See below for a complete list of bills related to the coronavirus pandemic in Michigan. To learn more about a particular bill, click its title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Legislative session changes, March 20 through October 1

See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020

No modifications to state legislative activity in Michigan were made.

Rent, mortgage, eviction, and foreclosure policies, April 9 through November 24

See also: Changes to rent, mortgage, eviction, and foreclosure policies in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020


  • July 16, 2020: The state's moratorium on evictions expired.[36]
  • June 11, 2020: Gov. Gretchen Whitmer (D) extended the state’s eviction moratorium through June 30.[37]
  • April 17, 2020: Gov. Gretchen Whitmer (D) extended her March 20 executive order temporarily suspending evictions for nonpayment through May 15.[38]
  • March 20, 2020: Gov. Gretchen Whitmer (D) issued an executive order which temporarily suspended evictions for nonpayment through April 17, that allowed residents to stay in their homes and allowed courts to delay eviction related proceedings. The order also extended the deadline for tax foreclosures.[39]


Prison inmate release responses, March 30 through July 1

See also: State and local governments that released prison inmates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
  • June 9, 2020: According to the Prison Policy Initiative, the number of inmates paroled from Michigan state prisons reportedly increased by about 1,000 people per month to curb the spread of coronavirus. The Michigan Department of Corrections reported June 5 that the overall inmate population has been reduced five percent since March 20.[40]
  • April 14, 2020: The Michigan Department of Corrections reported that 13 percent of the state prison population is eligible for parole and that the officials are looking to first release inmates who are nonviolent and over the age of 60 with health issues. However, according to the agency, no offenses are off-limits. According to the Prison Policy Initiative, the number of inmates paroled in the state reportedly increased by about 1,000 people per month due to the coronavirus pandemic.[41]
  • March 30, 2020: Gov. Gretchen Whitmer signed an executive order which suspended provisions of the "Jail Overcrowding Emergency Act" to allow local officials to release vulnerable populations who pose no risk to the public.[42]


Debate in Michigan over responses to the coronavirus

See also: Debate in Michigan over responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020

Ballotpedia is covering the debate over continuing restrictions and closures in Michigan in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Click on the links below to read more about these debates.

Status of industries, May 15 through July 31

Between May 15 and July 31, we conducted detailed tracking of industries and activities in each state daily.

  • "Yes" means an activity was allowed or an industry was permitted to open. "No" means an activity was not allowed or an industry was not permitted to reopen.
  • Some rules were applied regionally rather than statewide. Each cell shows the loosest restriction in place at the time, or the broadest level of an activity permitted in the state, even if that activity was only permitted regionally. Where applicable, we indicated that an activity was only permitted regionally, and provided details in a cell note. For example, if gyms were permitted to open in half of a state, the spreadsheet would say "Yes (regionally)," and differences between the regions would be explained in a note.
  • A lack of detail in a note or parentheses does not necessarily mean that an activity or industry was "back to normal." We did our best to capture caveats, exceptions, and modifications to activities. We acknowledge, though, that states put forth a large number of requirements for many industries and activities.

Initial reopening plan from March and April 2020 closures

Michigan released an initial reopening plan from March and April 2020 closures on May 7, 2020. An analysis of this plan appeared in our Documenting America's Path to Recovery newsletter on May 11. The sections below include an analysis of the plan, the details of the plan, and reactions from officials to the plan.

Summary from Documenting America's Path to Recovery

See also: Documenting America's Path to Recovery: May 11, 2020

Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer's (D) six-phase "MI Safe Start" plan is broken down by phases of disease spread and allows for eight different regions of the state to progress through phases at different times.

Whitmer said the whole state is currently in Phase 3. She modified the state's stay-at-home order May 7 allowing certain businesses to reopen, including manufacturing and construction under safety measures. The order is in effect until May 28.

The Safe Start plan does not contain target dates:

"New transmission can take some time to become visible, and we need to understand any impact of previous re-engagement activities on new disease spread before evaluating a transition to the next stage. As we move into later phases, or if our progress stalls out, it may take longer to move from one phase to another."

The plan also states that moving to a previous stage is possible.

Moving from one phase to the next, and implementing the regional approach, will depend on answers to the following:

  • "Is the epidemic growing, flattening, or declining?"
    • Measured by: New cases per million, trends in new daily cases, percentage of positive tests
  • "Does our health system have the capacity to address current needs as well as a potential increase, should new cases emerge?"
    • Measured by: Hospital capacity, personal protective equipment availability
  • "Are our testing and tracing efforts sufficient to monitor the epidemic and control its spread?"
    • Measured by: Testing capacity, tracing/containment effectiveness

The plan says of the regional approach:

"That inquiry, too, must be holistic: a region with a low rate of infection may have limited hospital capacity, for example, which puts it at relatively greater risk if an outbreak occurs. Where appropriate, however, regional tailoring makes sense for a state as large and diverse as ours."

Restrictions and allowances on businesses and individuals throughout the plan's six phases are discussed in detail below. The plan also contains 22 best practices workplaces should follow divided into five categories:

  • identifying possible virus introductions
  • social distancing
  • sanitation and hygiene
  • personal protective equipment
  • contact tracing and isolation

Whitmer developed the plan with the guidance of the Michigan Economic Recovery Council, consisting of a healthcare advisory group and a business advisory group. Members include health experts, company CEOs, labor and union leaders, and state department heads.

Context

  • As of May 10, Michigan had 47,138 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 4,551 reported deaths. As of July 2019, Michigan had an estimated population of 10 million residents. Michigan had 472 confirmed cases per 100,000 residents and 45.6 reported deaths per 100,000 residents as of May 10. As of last week, Michigan had the highest COVID-19 fatality rate (deaths divided by cases) of any state at 9.5%. Connecticut had the second-highest fatality rate at 8.8%.
  • Michigan has a divided government, with a Democratic governor and Republican majorities in both chambers of the state legislature.
  • Whitmer's stay-at-home order took effect March 24, directing individuals to remain at home (with exceptions made for carrying out essential activities) and placing restrictions on nonessential businesses. The original order was set to expire April 13. Whitmer has extended the order three times. It now expires on May 28. Modifications to the extended order on April 24 and May 7 allowed some businesses to reopen, including landscaping, retail for curbside pickup, and manufacturing.
  • Whitmer declared a state of emergency on March 10, originally set to expire April 7. Emergency declarations allow the governor to issue stay-at-home orders and other directives. On April 1, Whitmer replaced the previous order with an expanded order declaring a state of emergency and state of disaster, and she requested the state legislature grant a 70-day extension of the declaration. The legislature granted a 23-day extension and denied Whitmer's second request to extend the order further. On April 30, Whitmer issued two executive orders extending the state of emergency until May 28, one invoking the Emergency Powers of the Governor Act of 1945 and the other invoking the Emergency Management Act of 1976.
  • Michigan Senate Majority Leader Mike Shirkey (R) and House Speaker Lee Chatfield (R) are suing Whitmer, arguing that the 1976 law requires the state Legislature's approval for emergency declarations beyond 28 days. Whitmer says the 1945 law grants the governor authority to declare states of emergency without that limit and is not superseded by the 1976 law. The legislators' lawsuit argues the 1945 law only applies to local emergencies.

Plan details

800px X 473px

Restrictions in place throughout first 5 phases * Vulnerable individuals must shelter in place

  • Social distancing—maintaining six feet of distance from others when in public and outdoors
  • Isolation and quarantine: "Individuals who have confirmed or suspected COVID-19 must isolate, and any individual with a known exposure must quarantine, according to CDC and public health guidance"
  • Face coverings are required in enclosed public spaces through Phase 4 and required "wherever possible" in Phase 5

Below, the state's former Phase 1 restrictions and allowances are described, followed by details on what changed or will change in subsequent phases.

Phase 1: Uncontrolled Spread Definition: "Increasing number of new cases every day, likely to overwhelm the health system."

Businesses:

  • "Only work that is necessary to protect or sustain life will be permitted"
    • Critical retail (such as grocery stores)
    • Public transportation
    • Restaurants/bars for takeout, delivery, and drive-through only
    • Critical manufacturing
    • Critical construction
    • Food and agriculture
    • Offices open only for critical workers
    • Childcare for critical workers

Individual/social:

  • Walking, hiking, biking permitted
  • Gathering prohibited

Phase 2: Persistent Spread Definition: "Continue to see high case levels with concern about health system capacity. Only critical infrastructure remains open, with lower-risk recreational activities allowed."

New allowances:

Businesses:

  • Curbside or delivery for nonessential retail

Individuals:

  • Golfing and motorboating

Phase 3: Flattening Definition: "Epidemic is no longer increasing and health system capacity is sufficient for current needs. Specified lower-risk businesses can reopen given adherence to strict safety measures."

New allowances:

  • Manufacturing with safety guidelines (See executive order 2020-77 for guidelines)
  • Construction with safety guidelines (See executive order 2020-77 for guidelines)
  • Outdoor work with safety guidelines (See executive order 2020-70 for guidelines)
  • Real estate viewings by appointment, no more than four people on-premises at a time
  • Childcare for anyone resuming work

Phase 4: Improving Definition: "Epidemic clearly decreasing and health system capacity is strong with robust testing and contact tracing. Additional businesses can reopen given adherence to strict safety measures."

New allowances:

Businesses: "Most business and organizations will be open throughout this phase under strict safety measures."

  • Retail with safety guidelines (such as limited capacity)
  • Offices may open, but remote work still required where feasible
  • Summer educational programs in small groups

Individual/social:

  • Small group gatherings with social distancing permitted

Phase 5: Containing Definition: "Epidemic levels are extremely low and outbreaks can be quickly contained. Health system capacity is strong with robust testing and tracing. Most businesses can reopen given adherence to strict safety measures."

New allowances:

Businesses:

  • Restaurants and bars for dine-in with safety guidelines
  • Offices open with safety guidelines
  • Live educational instruction (K-12 and higher education)

Individual/social:

  • Face coverings wherever possible
  • Increase in gathering size limit, maintain social distancing
  • All outdoor recreation allowed

Phase 6: Post-pandemic Definition: "Community spread is not expected to return (e.g., because of a vaccine) and the economy is fully reopened." The plan further says, "Reaching this phase would mean that community spread is not expected to return, because of sufficient community immunity and availability of treatment."

Businesses:

  • "All businesses and organizations open with some lasting safety requirements"

Individual/social:

  • "Minimal to no lasting limitations on personal and/or social activities"

Reactions

  • State Rep. Sara Cambensy (D) said on May 8, "All of us as (Upper Peninsula) legislators were surprised to see that we didn't have that regional approach or that talk from the governor yesterday. … We're going to do it safely, but we feel we're further along and ready to reopen based off of what the governor gave us yesterday with that one-blanket approach where we're all at level three still."
  • Joneigh Khaldun, Chief Medical Executive and Chief Deputy Director at Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, is a member of the Michigan Economic Recovery Council. On May 3, NBC's Chuck Todd asked Khaldun why the state was not ready to move to a regional approach yet. She said, "We are still seeing, for example, on the western side of the state that there are actually increases in the rate of rise of cases. … We also know again in some of our rural areas the number of hospital beds is actually not what it should be. Many of our hospitals in our rural areas are actually at capacity."
  • Michigan House Speaker Lee Chatfield (R) tweeted on May 7, "At first, the shutdown was to 'flatten the curve' so hospitals could manage COVID patients. We’ve done that. Governor today: 'All the decisions we’ve made are to lower the possibility of that second wave.' Unemployment still broken. Livelihoods destroyed. Goalposts moved."
  • Glenn Stevens Jr., vice president of Automotive and Mobility Initiatives for the Detroit Regional Chamber, said of Whitmer's May 7 order, "MICHauto and the Detroit Regional Chamber applaud the Governor for her continued steps to safely re-open our economy. Automotive and manufacturing is not only the backbone of our regional and state economy, it is essential to the functioning of the global supply chain."

Coronavirus resources

Click the links below to explore official resources related to the coronavirus outbreak.

State resources

Twitter feeds for government officials and agencies appear below.

Federal resources

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Detroit News, "Court of Appeals upholds halt to Benson's open carry ban at Michigan's polls," October 29, 2020
  2. ↑ The Detroit Free Press, "Michigan Court of Appeals denies Benson appeal, says open carry at polls is legal," October 29, 2020
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michigan Court of Claims, "Davis v. Benson: Opinion and Order," October 27, 2020
  4. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Benson announces ban of open carry of a firearm at voting locations," October 16, 2020
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Detroit News, "Michigan judge halts Benson's ban on open carry of guns at polling places," October 27, 2020
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Michigan Court of Appeals, "Michigan Alliance for Retired Americans v. Benson: Order," October 16, 2020
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Michigan Court of Claims, "Michigan Alliance for Retired Americans v. Benson: Opinion and Order," September 18, 2020
  8. ↑ The Detroit News, "Appeals court rejects counting Michigan's late ballots," October 16, 2020
  9. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Benson: All voters receiving applications to vote by mail," May 19, 2020
  10. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, "Esshaki v. Whitmer: Order," May 5, 2020
  11. ↑ M Live, "Federal judge can’t set specific signature requirements for Michigan elections, appeals court rules," May 5, 2020
  12. ↑ M Live, "Signatures required to run for some offices in Michigan reduced," May 8, 2020
  13. ↑ United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, "Esshaki v. Whitmer: Order Granting Motion for Preliminary Injunction," April 20, 2020
  14. ↑ Michigan Radio, "Judge denies state request to stay ruling extending filing deadline for August primary," April 25, 2020
  15. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Secretary of State to mail absent voter ballot applications to all May 5 voters," March 23, 2020
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  17. ↑ Michigan Democratic Party, "MDP Chair Lavora Barnes Statement on Party Legacy Dinner Fundraiser and Endorsement Convention," March 11, 2020
  18. ↑ [1]
  19. ↑ Office of the Governor of Michigan, "After GOP Legislature Declares 'Mission Accomplished' on COVID-19, Governor Whitmer Signs New Executive Orders to Save Lives, Protect Michiganders," April 30, 2020
  20. ↑ Fox 17, "Gov. Whitmer extends stay-at-home order," April 9, 2020
  21. ↑ The Hill, "Whitmer extends Michigan's stay-at-home order until May 15," April 24, 2020
  22. ↑ Office of the Governor of Michigan, "Governor Whitmer Extends Stay Home, Stay Safe Order, Reopens Manufacturing as Part of her MI Safe Start Plan," May 7, 2020
  23. ↑ Office of the Governor of Michigan, "Executive Order No. 2020-100," May 22, 2020
  24. ↑ The Hill, "Michigan Gov. Whitmer lifts stay-at-home order," June 1, 2020
  25. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "Michigan Supreme Court outlines the return to jury trials," September 29, 2020
  26. ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Coronavirus and the Courts, June 4, 2020
  27. ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Coronavirus and the Courts," May 6, 2020
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named May4
  29. ↑ Michigan Supreme Court, "Administrative Order No. 2020-12," accessed April 29, 2020
  30. ↑ Michigan Supreme Court, "Administrative Order No. 2020-13," April 29, 2020
  31. ↑ Michigan Supreme Court, "Administrative Order No. 2020-10, Delay of Jury Trials," April 23, 2020
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Apr13courts
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Apr7courts
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mar27courts
  35. ↑ MLive, "Michigan courts urged to adjourn trials, take other emergency measures because of coronavirus," March 16, 2020
  36. ↑ Fox 2 Detroit, "Michigan's moratorium on evictions ends tonight," July 15, 2020
  37. ↑ Office of Governor Gretchen Whitmer, "Temporary prohibition against entry to premises for the purpose of removing or excluding a tenant or mobile homeowner from their home, Rescission of Executive Order 2020-85," June 11, 2020
  38. ↑ Office of Governor Gretchen Whitmer, "Governor Whitmer Extends Executive Orders Temporarily Suspending Evictions & Imposing Restrictions on Price Gouging," April 17, 2020
  39. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EvictMA
  40. ↑ The Prison Policy Initiative, "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic," June 9, 2020
  41. ↑ Prison Policy Initiative, "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic," April 15, 2020
  42. ↑ WXTZ, March 29, 2020
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Political responses to the coronavirus pandemic, 2020-2021
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