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Iowa's 1st Congressional District
Iowa's 1st Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives is represented by Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R).
As of the 2020 Census, Iowa representatives represented an average of 798,102 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 763,447 residents.
Elections
2024
See also: Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2024
Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2024 (June 4 Republican primary)
Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2024 (June 4 Democratic primary)
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Mariannette Miller-Meeks defeated Christina Bohannan and Nicholas Gluba in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) | 50.0 | 206,955 |
 | Christina Bohannan (D) | 49.8 | 206,156 | |
 | Nicholas Gluba (L) (Write-in)  | 0.0 | 0 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 967 | ||
| Total votes: 414,078 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Christina Bohannan advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 4, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Christina Bohannan | 99.3 | 13,870 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.7 | 92 | ||
| Total votes: 13,962 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Mariannette Miller-Meeks defeated David Pautsch in the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 4, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 55.9 | 16,529 |
 | David Pautsch | 43.9 | 12,981 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 60 | ||
| Total votes: 29,570 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2022
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Mariannette Miller-Meeks defeated Christina Bohannan in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R) | 53.4 | 162,947 |
| Christina Bohannan (D) | 46.6 | 142,173 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 260 | ||
| Total votes: 305,380 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Christina Bohannan advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 7, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Christina Bohannan | 99.7 | 37,475 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.3 | 110 | ||
| Total votes: 37,585 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Mariannette Miller-Meeks advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 7, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Mariannette Miller-Meeks | 98.7 | 41,260 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.3 | 546 | ||
| Total votes: 41,806 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Kyle Kuehl (R)
2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Ashley Hinson defeated incumbent Abby Finkenauer in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Ashley Hinson (R) | 51.2 | 212,088 |
 | Abby Finkenauer (D) | 48.6 | 201,347 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 434 | ||
| Total votes: 413,869 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Abby Finkenauer advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abby Finkenauer | 99.3 | 72,474 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.7 | 482 | ||
| Total votes: 72,956 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Ashley Hinson defeated Thomas Hansen in the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Ashley Hinson | 77.8 | 38,552 |
 | Thomas Hansen | 21.9 | 10,845 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.3 | 152 | ||
| Total votes: 49,549 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Darren White (R)
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Abby Finkenauer defeated incumbent Rod Blum and Troy Hageman in the general election for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abby Finkenauer (D) | 51.0 | 170,342 |
 | Rod Blum (R) | 45.9 | 153,442 | |
 | Troy Hageman (L) | 3.1 | 10,285 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 174 | ||
| Total votes: 334,243 (100.00% precincts reporting) | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Henry Gaff (G)
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Abby Finkenauer defeated Thomas Heckroth, Courtney Rowe, and George Ramsey in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abby Finkenauer | 66.9 | 29,745 |
 | Thomas Heckroth | 19.1 | 8,516 | |
 | Courtney Rowe | 7.6 | 3,381 | |
 | George Ramsey | 6.4 | 2,837 | |
| Total votes: 44,479 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1
Incumbent Rod Blum advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Iowa District 1 on June 5, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Rod Blum | 100.0 | 14,737 |
| Total votes: 14,737 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2016
Iowa's 1st Congressional District was a battleground district in 2016. Incumbent Rod Blum (R) won re-election to his second term, defeating Monica Vernon (D) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Vernon defeated Patrick Murphy in the Democratic primary, while Blum faced no primary challenger. The primary elections took place on June 7, 2016.[1][2][3][4]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican |  Rod Blum Incumbent |
53.7% | 206,903 | |
| Democratic | Monica Vernon | 46.1% | 177,403 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.2% | 671 | |
| Total Votes | 384,977 | |||
| Source: Iowa Secretary of State | ||||
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Monica Vernon |
67.6% | 21,032 | ||
| Patrick Murphy | 32.4% | 10,090 | ||
| Total Votes | 31,122 | |||
| Source: Iowa Secretary of State |
||||
2014
The 1st Congressional District of Iowa held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Rod Blum (R) defeated Pat Murphy (D) in the general election.
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Pat Murphy | 48.8% | 141,145 | |
| Republican | Rod Blum |
51.1% | 147,762 | |
| Write-in | Other | 0.1% | 399 | |
| Total Votes | 289,306 | |||
| Source: Iowa Secretary of State Official Results | ||||
General election candidates
June 3, 2014, primary results
|
|
|
Rumored candidates
Jeff Danielson - State Sen. District 10[15]- Steve Sodders - State Sen. District 36[16]
- William Dotzler - State Sen. District 31[15]
- Pam Jochum - President of the Iowa State Senate[15]
- Tyler Olson - State Rep. District 65[15]
Paul Pate - Former Iowa Secretary of State and two-term mayor of Cedar Rapids[17]
Withdrew from race
- Walt Rogers - State Rep. District 60[18][19][20]
Declined to run
- Liz Mathis - State Sen. District 24[15][21]
- Kraig Paulsen - Speaker of the state house[22][23][24]
- Ben Lange - 2012 candidate for the 1st District[25]
- Jason Welch - John Deere Employee and 2010 candidate[6][26]
2012
The 1st Congressional District of Iowa held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Incumbent Bruce Braley won re-election in the district.[27]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Bruce Braley Incumbent |
56.9% | 222,422 | |
| Republican | Ben Lange | 41.6% | 162,465 | |
| Independent | Gregory Hughes | 1.2% | 4,772 | |
| Independent | George Todd Krail II | 0.2% | 931 | |
| Total Votes | 390,590 | |||
| Source: Iowa Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election" | ||||
2010
On November 2, 2010, Bruce Braley won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Benjamin M. Lange (R), Rob J. Petsche (L) and Jason A. Faulkner (I) in the general election.[28]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2010 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic | Bruce Braley incumbent |
49.5% | 104,428 | |
| Republican | Benjamin M. Lange | 47.5% | 100,219 | |
| Libertarian | Rob J. Petsche | 1.9% | 4,087 | |
| Independent | Jason A. Faulkner | 1% | 2,092 | |
| N/A | Write-In | 0% | 76 | |
| Total Votes | 210,902 | |||
2008
On November 4, 2008, Bruce Braley won re-election to the United States House. He defeated David Hartsuch (R) in the general election.[29]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2008 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic | Bruce Braley incumbent |
64.6% | 186,991 | |
| Republican | David Hartsuch | 35.4% | 102,439 | |
| Total Votes | 289,430 | |||
2006
On November 7, 2006, Bruce Braley won election to the United States House. He defeated Mike Whalen (R), James F. Hill (Pirate) and Albert W. Shoeman (Nominated by Petition) in the general election.[30]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2006 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic | Bruce Braley |
55.1% | 114,322 | |
| Republican | Mike Whalen | 43.2% | 89,729 | |
| Pirate | James F. Hill | 1.1% | 2,201 | |
| Nominated by Petition | Albert W. Shoeman | 0.6% | 1,226 | |
| Total Votes | 207,478 | |||
2004
On November 2, 2004, Jim Nussle won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Bill Gluba (D), Mark Nelson (L) and Denny Heath (Nominated by Petition) in the general election.[31]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2004 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican | Jim Nussle incumbent |
55.2% | 159,993 | |
| Democratic | Bill Gluba | 43.3% | 125,490 | |
| Libertarian | Mark Nelson | 0.9% | 2,727 | |
| Nominated by Petition | Denny Heath | 0.6% | 1,756 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0% | 88 | |
| Total Votes | 290,054 | |||
2002
On November 5, 2002, Jim Nussle won election to the United States House. He defeated Ann Hutchinson (D) in the general election.[32]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2002 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican | Jim Nussle |
57.2% | 112,280 | |
| Democratic | Ann Hutchinson | 42.6% | 83,779 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.2% | 396 | |
| Total Votes | 196,455 | |||
2000
On November 7, 2000, James A. Leach won re-election to the United States House. He defeated Bob Simpson (D) and Russ Madden (L) in the general election.[33]
| U.S. House, Iowa District 1 General Election, 2000 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican | James A. Leach incumbent |
61.8% | 164,972 | |
| Democratic | Bob Simpson | 36.1% | 96,283 | |
| Libertarian | Russ Madden | 2.1% | 5,564 | |
| Scattering | 0.1% | 171 | ||
| Total Votes | 266,990 | |||
District map
Redistricting
2020-2021
On November 4, 2021, Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds (R) signed new congressional and state legislative maps into law after the state's Legislative Services Agency had proposed them on October 21, 2021. The Iowa legislature approved the maps on October 28, 2021, by a vote of 48-1 in the state Senate and 93-2 in the state House.[34] The legislature could only vote to approve or reject the maps and could not make any amendments. These maps took effect for Iowa's 2022 congressional and legislative elections.
How does redistricting in Iowa work? The Legislative Services Agency prepares redistricting plans for approval by the Iowa State Legislature. According to All About Redistricting, the Legislative Services Agency (LSA) consists of "civil servants committed to nonpartisanship and otherwise charged with tasks like legal and fiscal analysis of state legislation and state government oversight." The LSA is assisted by a commission, which consists of the following members:[35]
- one member selected by the majority leader of the Iowa State Senate
- one member selected by the majority leader of the Iowa House of Representatives
- one member selected by the minority leader of the Iowa State Senate
- one member selected by the minority leader of the Iowa House of Representatives
- one member selected by the first four members
The members of this commission cannot "hold partisan public office or an office in a political party, and none may be a relative or employee of a federal or state legislator (or the legislature as a whole)."[35]
Working with this commission, the LSA drafts congressional and state legislative district lines. The maps are presented as a single bill to the state legislature, which may approve or reject the bill without altering it (the legislature can provide feedback). If the legislature rejects the plan, the LSA must draft a second proposal. If the legislature rejects the second proposal, the LSA must draft a third, and final, set of maps. If the legislature rejects this plan, it may then approve its own maps. Since the implementation of this process in 1980, the state legislature has never chosen not to approve an LSA proposal. Redistricting plans are also subject to gubernatorial veto. In addition, the legislature may repeal or revise the maps at any time, though it has never done so.[35]
State law establishes the following criteria for both congressional and state legislative districts:[35]
- Districts must be "convenient and contiguous."
- Districts must "preserve the integrity of political subdivisions like counties and cities."
- Districts must "to the extent consistent with other requirements, [be] reasonably compact–defined in terms of regular polygons, comparisons of length and width, and overall boundary perimeter."
In addition, state House districts are required to be contained within state Senate districts "where possible, and where not in conflict with the criteria above." It is explicit in state law that district lines cannot be drawn "to favor a political party, incumbent, or other person or group."[35]
Iowa District 1
until January 2, 2023
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Iowa District 1
starting January 3, 2023
Click a district to compare boundaries.
2010-2011
In 2011, the Iowa State Legislature re-drew the congressional districts based on updated population information from the 2010 census.
District analysis
- See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index
- See also: FiveThirtyEight's elasticity scores
2026
Heading into the 2026 elections, based on results from the 2024 and 2020 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district is R+4. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 4 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Iowa's 1st the 198th most Republican district nationally.[36]
2024
Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+3. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 3 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Iowa's 1st the 203rd most Republican district nationally.[37]
Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Donald Trump (R) would have defeated Joe Biden (D) 50.5%-47.6%.[38]
2022
Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+3. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 3 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Iowa's 1st the 200th most Republican district nationally.[39]
Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 47.6% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 50.5%.[40]
2018
Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+1. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 1 percentage point more Democratic than the national average. This made Iowa's 1st Congressional District the 190th most Democratic nationally.[41]
FiveThirtyEight's September 2018 elasticity score for states and congressional districts measured "how sensitive it is to changes in the national political environment." This district's elasticity score was 1.06. This means that for every 1 point the national political mood moved toward a party, the district was expected to move 1.06 points toward that party.[42]
See also
- Redistricting in Iowa
- Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2024
- Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2022
- Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2020
- Iowa's 1st Congressional District election, 2018
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ The Des Moines Register, "Former SNL cast member running for Congress in Iowa," April 7, 2015
- ↑ KWWL.com, "Pat Murphy announces Congressional bid," July 23, 2015
- ↑ Iowa Secretary of State, "Candidate Listing by Office," accessed March 19, 2016
- ↑ The New York Times "Iowa Caucus Results," June 7, 2016
- ↑ Marion Patch "Rod Blum Enters First Congressional District Race" accessed March 28, 2013 (dead link)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Politics1 "Iowa's 1st Congressional District" accessed April 22, 2013
- ↑ Gail Boliver for Congress, "Home," accessed January 13, 2014
- ↑ Des Moines Register "Democrat Dave O’Brien running for Congress" accessed July 10, 2013
- ↑ TH Herald, "Pat Murphy to run for Congress," February 13, 2013
- ↑ Bleeding Heartland "IA-01: Democrat Monica Vernon is in" accessed June 5, 2013
- ↑ Marion Patch "A Return to Election Politics for Swati Dandekar?" accessed May 22, 2013
- ↑ Des Moines Register "Dandekar joins race for congressional seat" accessed July 26, 2013
- ↑ KWWL "State Rep. Anesa Kajtazovic explores run for U.S. House" accessed July 9, 2013
- ↑ The Gazette, "Anesa Kajtazovic formally entering Iowa 1st District Democratic race," accessed August 20, 2013
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 The DesMoines Register, "Pat Murphy to run for Congress," February 13, 2013
- ↑ WCFCourier.com, "Iowa state senator announces plans to run for Braley's House seat," March 9, 2013
- ↑ Sioux City Journal, "Iowa's U.S. House 1st District GOP field doubles; Pate, Rogers join race," accessed September 16, 2013
- ↑ CT post, "State Rep. Walt Rogers of Iowa quits US House race," accessed March 1, 2014
- ↑ WCF Courier, "Cedar Falls State Rep. Walt Rogers forms group to probe run for Congress," accessed September 16, 2013
- ↑ Daily Iowan, "Rep. Walt Rogers throws his hat in the ring," accessed September 27, 2013
- ↑ Des Moines Register "Handful of Democrats eyeing Braley seat in northeast Iowa" accessed May 22, 2013
- ↑ The Gazette "Paulsen confirms he’s considering 2014 U.S. House 1st District race" accessed May 29, 2013
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "Iowa House Speaker Kraig Paulsen will not run for Congress," accessed August 9, 2013
- ↑ Dubuque Telegraph Herald, "Iowa House Speaker Paulsen will not run for 1st District seat," accessed August 9, 2013
- ↑ TH Online, "Lange says he will not run for Congress in 2014," accessed June 24, 2013.
- ↑ Iowa Republican "First Congressional Race" accessed April 22,2 013
- ↑ Politico, "2012 Election Map, Iowa"
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "Iowa lawmakers accept second redistricting plan, setting up next decade of politics," October 28, 2021
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 All About Redistricting, "Iowa," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)," accessed July 1, 2025
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index," April 7, 2017
- ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Election Update: The Most (And Least) Elastic States And Districts," September 6, 2018
