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School board authority in Michigan
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Michigan state law makes school boards responsible for governing and managing public school districts in the state. This article details the powers and duties Michigan law grants to school boards for governing school districts and the constraints on that authority with regard to certain topics.
Types of legal and contractual constraints on school board authority
This page presents the results from Ballotpedia research on school board authority and constraints on that authority in all 50 states as of 2024. School board authority comes from state constitutions and state statutes and can be interpreted or specified by state regulations or court decisions. In addition to authority over district budgets, the selection of a superintendent, and administrative responsibilities, school boards have varying levels of authority over district policy on other topics depending on the state and district.
There are several sources of legal and contractual constraints on school board policy-making authority which also vary by state or by district.
- State laws commonly restrict or mandate school board policies on certain topics.
- Parents' Bills of Rights, which at least 26 states have in statute to some degree, limit the policies school boards are allowed to pass.
- State rules, guidance, and funding incentives can constrain, mandate, or influence school board policies. These include regulation from state education commissions and superintendents, executive orders from governors, or grant conditions.
- Federal and state court rulings can dictate whether or not school district policies are compatible with state law or federal law.
- The federal government, largely through its Department of Education, can promulgate regulations or guidance that influence district policy or make funding contingent on certain policies.
- Collective bargaining agreements between school districts and teacher unions can create contractual constraints on the policies school boards can pass.
- State school board associations can influence school board policy or, in some cases. enter into contracts with school boards that can limit school board policy.
This page features the following sections:
- Michigan law on school boards' authority over district policy. This section features the statutes in Michigan law that establish, enable, or define local school district boards.
- Constraints on Michigan school boards' authority. This section provides an overview of constraints on the school boards' authority in Michigan. It contains information on the constraints by the following topics:
- Collective bargaining agreements
- Parents' bill of rights
- How does Michigan compare to other states?
- Noteworthy Events. This section tracks noteworthy events related to school boards' authority in Michigan.
School board authority over district policy in Michigan
Enabling or authorizing statute for the boards of school districts in Michigan
- See also: Enabling statute
Michigan operates multiple types of school districts, including general powers school districts and first class school districts. First class school districts govern school districts with over 100,000 students, while general powers school districts encompass all other boards.[1][2]Michigan Statute § 380.11a and § 380.401 create school district boards and give them authority to operate according to state law:[3][4]
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Michigan school boards' powers and duties
Michigan public school boards of directors are given over 60 specific duties or powers to administer the public schools in Michigan. In addition to budget-related and fiscal duties, school property and facilities management, and administrative responsibilities, the specific powers and duties include:
- creating a curriculum for the district
- allowing teachers of seven consecutive years to take a paid sabbatical
The list of powers and duties school district boards are charged with appears in Michigan Statutes § 380.11a, § 380.401a, and § 380.1201- § 380.1347(a) and includes the following provisions:[6][7][8][9]
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Section 380.11a - General powers school district (3) A general powers school district has all of the rights, powers, and duties expressly stated in this act; may exercise a power implied or incident to a power expressly stated in this act; and, except as otherwise provided by law, may exercise a power incidental or appropriate to the performance of a function related to operation of a public school and the provision of public education services in the interests of public elementary and secondary education in the school district, including, but not limited to, all of the following: (a) Educating pupils. In addition to educating pupils in grades K-12, this function may include operation of preschool, lifelong education, adult education, community education, training, enrichment, and recreation programs for other persons. A school district may do either or both of the following: (i) Educate pupils by directly operating 1 or more public schools on its own. (ii) Cause public education services to be provided for pupils of the school district through an agreement, contract, or other cooperative agreement with another public entity, including, but not limited to, another school district or an intermediate school district. (b) Providing for the safety and welfare of pupils while at school or a school sponsored activity or while en route to or from school or a school sponsored activity. (c) Except as otherwise provided in this section, acquiring, constructing, maintaining, repairing, renovating, disposing of, or conveying school property, facilities, equipment, technology, or furnishings. (d) Hiring, contracting for, scheduling, supervising, or terminating employees, independent contractors, and others, including, but not limited to, another school district or an intermediate school district, to carry out school district powers. A school district may indemnify its employees. (e) Receiving, accounting for, investing, or expending public school money; borrowing money and pledging public school funds for repayment; and qualifying for state school aid and other public or private money from local, regional, state, or federal sources. (4) A general powers school district may enter into agreements, contracts, or other cooperative arrangements with other entities, public or private, including, but not limited to, another school district or an intermediate school district, or join organizations as part of performing the functions of the school district. An agreement, contract, or other cooperative arrangement that is entered into under this act is not required to comply with the provisions of the urban cooperation act of 1967, 1967 (Ex Sess) PA 7, MCL 124.501 to 124.512, as provided under section 503 of that act, MCL 124.503. (5) A general powers school district is a body corporate and shall be governed by a school board. An act of a school board is not valid unless approved, at a meeting of the school board, by a majority vote of the members lawfully serving on the board. (6) The board of a general powers school district shall adopt bylaws. These bylaws may establish or change board procedures, the number of board officers, titles and duties of board officers, and any other matter related to effective and efficient functioning of the board. Regular meetings of the board shall be held at least once each month, at the time and place fixed by the bylaws. Special meetings may be called and held in the manner and for the purposes specified in the bylaws. Board procedures, bylaws, and policies in effect on the effective date of this section shall continue in effect until changed by action of the board. (7) The board of a school district shall be elected as provided under this act and the Michigan election law. The number of members of the board of a general powers school district shall remain the same as for that school district before July 1, 1996 unless changed by the school electors of the school district at a regular or special school election. A ballot question for changing the number of board members may be placed on the ballot by action of the board or by petition submitted by school electors as provided under chapter XIV of the Michigan election law, MCL 168.301 to 168.316. (8) Members of the board of a general powers school district shall be elected by the school electors for terms of 4 or 6 years, as provided by the school district's bylaws. At each regular school election, members of the board shall be elected to fill the positions of those whose terms will expire. A term of office begins as provided in section 302 of the Michigan election law, MCL 168.302, and continues until a successor is elected and qualified. (9) Except as provided under part 5b, a community district shall be organized and conducted in the same manner as a general powers school district. As provided under part 5b, a community district has all of the powers of a general powers school district under section 11a and has all additional powers granted by law to a community district or the school board of a community district. The members of the board of a community district shall be elected by the school electors in the manner and for the terms as provided under part 5b and the Michigan election law. (10) The board of a general powers school district may submit to the school electors of the school district a question that is within the scope of the powers of the school electors and that the board considers proper for the management of the school system or the advancement of education in the school district. Upon the adoption of a question by the board, the board shall submit the question to the school electors by complying with section 312 of the Michigan election law, MCL 168.312. (11) A special election may be called by the board of a general powers school district as provided under chapter XIV of the Michigan election law, MCL 168.301 to 168.316. (12) Unless expressly provided in 1995 PA 289, the powers of a school board or school district are not diminished by this section or by 1995 PA 289. (13) A school district operating a public library, public museum, or community recreational facility as of July 1, 1996 may continue to operate the public library, public museum, or community recreational facility. (14) A school district may establish and administer scholarships for its students or graduates to support their attendance at a postsecondary educational institution from funds the school district receives as a result of a compact entered into between this state and a federally recognized Indian tribe pursuant to the Indian gaming regulatory act, Public Law 100-497. A school district that establishes a scholarship program funded under this subsection shall ensure that the scholarship program provides for all of the following: (a) That a student or graduate is not eligible to be awarded a scholarship unless the student or graduate is enrolled in the school district for all of grades 9 to 12 and meets 1 of the following: (i) Is a resident of the school district for all of grades 9 to 12. (ii) Was enrolled in the school district for the 2009-2010 school year but was not a resident of the school district for that school year, and is enrolled in the school district continuously after that school year until graduation. (b) That the amount of a scholarship awarded to a student or graduate who was not enrolled in and a continuous resident of the school district for all of grades K to 12 shall be adjusted based on length of enrollment and continuous residency or, for a student or graduate described in subdivision (a)(ii), based on length of enrollment. Section 380.401a - First class school district; powers (1) Except as provided by law, a first class school district has all of the powers granted to a general powers school district in section 11a and has all additional powers granted by law to a first class school district or the board of a first class school district. (2) Unless expressly provided in the amendatory act that added this section, the powers of a first class school district are not diminished by this section or by the amendatory act that added this section. [5] |
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To view the entirety of Part 16 of § 380— entitled Boards of Education; Powers and Duties Generally— click here.
Constraints on Michigan school boards' authority
This section tracks constraints on school boards specific to Michigan as of September 2024. It features constraints on school boards' authority from state law, collective bargaining agreements, and Parents' Bills of Rights.
Constraint on Michigan school boards' authority by topic
This section features constraints on Michigan school boards' authority on policies related to the following topics:
Curriculum requirements
Michigan requires the following specific topics to be included in each district's curriculum, among others:
- genocide, including, the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide[10]
- physiology and hygiene, including the abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs[11]
- health education, which parents are authorized to opt their students out of[11]
Michigan state law encourages, but does not require, school districts to instruct students on gun safety and suicide, among other curricular topics.[12]
Curriculum restrictions
Ballotpedia could not identify any curricular content prohibited by state statutes, regulations, case law, or collective bargaining agreements.
Book bans, removals, and restrictions
Michigan school boards have the authority to remove books from school libraries. Though there is no clear state law authorizing school boards to remove books, school boards are authorized to select curricular materials for the schools in their district.[14]
Case law:
The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed local school boards' authority to remove school books in Island Trees Sch. Dist. v. Pico by Pico in 1982 but held that school library books are distinct from curricular books, which school boards have more authority to regulate. The ruling held that school boards are charged with inculcating community values and may make curricular decisions accordingly. In Zykan v. Warsaw Community School Corp. in 1980, the Supreme Court held that school boards had discretionary power over curriculum, textbooks, and other educational matters but could not impose religious creeds or "permanently the student’s ability to investigate matters that arise in the natural course of intellectual inquiry,” according to the opinion.[15][16][17]
Parental notification
Michigan requires parental notification in the following circumstances, among others:
- Their child is set to receive instruction regarding family planning or reproductive health. Parents are authorized to review the content and opt their student out of such instruction.[19]
- Their child is involved in a bullying incident.[20]
- Their child exhibits a pattern of behavior that poses a substantial risk of creating an emergency situation in the future.[20]
Case law: The United States Supreme Court ruled in Mahmoud v. Taylor on June 27, 2025, that Montgomery County Board of Education's introduction of LGBTQ+ related storybooks, along with its decision to withhold opt outs, placed an unconstitutional burden on the parents’ rights to the free exercise of their religion.[21]
Discipline
Michigan is one of 47 states that gives school boards authority over district disciplinary policy.
The text of Michigan Statutes § 380.472 authorizing first class districts to create disciplinary policy is as follows:[22]
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General powers school districts are authorized to establish disciplinary policy as well. Several sections of state statute give school boards authority to develop district policy regarding specific student behaviors following guidelines of state law:[23]
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School board elections
- See also: Rules governing school board election dates and timing in Michigan, How does Michigan compare to other states on school board authority over election timing?
Michigan is one of 42 states in which school boards do not have authority over the timing of school board elections because state or municipal laws determine school board election dates.
Click here to read about the laws governing school board elections in Michigan.
Public school choice and open enrollment
- See also: School choice in Michigan
School boards in Michigan are authorized to decide if they will accept applications for both inter- and intradistrict open enrollment, meaning they accept applications from students residing in their district and outside of their district to attend a school they are not residentially zoned to attend. However, if a school has been unaccredited for three consecutive years, the Michigan Superintendent of Public Instruction may require the district to allow students to enroll in a different school within the district.[25][26]
The text of Michigan Statutes 388.1705 and 380.1280 are as follows:[27]
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388.1705 (2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a district shall determine whether or not it will accept applications for enrollment by nonresident applicants residing within the same intermediate district for the next school year. If the district determines to accept applications for enrollment of a number of nonresidents, beyond those entitled to preference under this section, the district shall use the following procedures for accepting applications from and enrolling nonresidents:
380.1280 (13) A school that has been unaccredited for 3 consecutive years is subject to 1 or more of the following measures, as determined by the superintendent of public instruction:
... [5] |
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Charter schools
- See also: Charter schools in Michigan, How does Michigan compare to other states on school board authority over charter schools?
Michigan is one of 36 states that grant school boards at least some authority over whether charter schools are issued in their district.
Called public school academies, charter schools in Michigan can be authorized to run in a district by local school boards, intermediate school boards, community college boards, the governing board of a college or university, or two or more public agencies.[28]
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Cellphone bans
Michigan is one of 16 states that do not have statewide laws or policies regarding cellphone use in K-12 classrooms.
Collective bargaining agreements
Teacher union collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) can constrain school board authority. Teacher CBAs are agreements between a school district and a teachers’ union to establish rights and other contract details for public school employees. CBAs do not have the force of law, but are contractually binding for a set period of time. Within the time set out in the agreement, the school board must comply with the stipulations that were agreed to in the contract. In this way, CBAs can constrain school board authority by giving teachers authority over curriculum, prohibiting school boards from banning books, and establishing certain student or parental rights. They can also determine rights and protections for educators, and conditions for students (such as required recess periods or the amount of standardized testing), among other provisions.
CBAs vary greatly within and across states in size, topics covered, and constraints they put on school boards. Not all states allow teachers to bargain collectively. As of January 2022, 35 states and the District of Columbia guaranteed K-12 teachers some right to bargain collectively, and six states prohibited public-sector employee collective bargaining by law, which includes public school teachers. The other nine states have no statewide bargaining framework, but local jurisdictions within these states can grant bargaining rights if they choose.[29][30]
Michigan school boards are authorized to engage in collective bargaining agreements with school employees, which can constrain their authority over certain district policies.
For example, the collective bargaining agreement between the Hopkins Education Association and the Hopkins Public Schools District stipulates that the board shall immediately notify a teacher regarding a request under the Freedom of Information Act if the requested record is in a teacher's central personnel file or a teacher's lesson plans. The board shall also delay granting the request, constraining school boards' authority over FOIA requests and specific curricular documents.[31]
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Parents' bill of rights
Michigan is one of 26 states that has a Parents' Bill of Rights.
The statute holds that parents can observe instructional activity, among other provisions. The text is as follows:[32]
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The Michigan Supreme Court denied a parent's appeal on September 25, 2024, after the Michigan Court of Appeals held that Michigan parents could not request some school curricula under public record acts. The ruling decided that only records possessed by a public body itself, and not its employees, are subject to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).[33]
How does Michigan compare to other states?
This section compares Michigan's school board authority and constraints with those of other states on select topics. These topics include authority over discipline policy, school board election timing, charter schools, cellphone use policy, as well as constraints on school boards' authority from Parents' Bills of Rights.
Book bans, removals, and restrictions
Twenty-two (22) states have no laws regulating the curation of school library books. Twenty-eight (28) states, however, have passed laws restricting school board authority over school library book curation. These laws typically fall into one of the following categories:
- Twelve states require school boards to develop a policy for the removal of books, including creating a way for the public to challenge school library books.
- Ten states prohibit school boards from removing books on the grounds that they represent specific ideologies or perspectives.
- Six states prohibit books if they contain specific material, including sexual content or anything deemed harmful to minors.
- Five states require school boards to establish local boards to review challenges to library books.
- Two states require school boards to allow parents to view a catalogue of books.
Some states have adopted multiple types of these policies.
Discipline
- School boards in 47 states have authority over disciplinary policy in their district.
- School boards in two states have authority over disciplinary policy for specific circumstances, such as suspension, expulsion, or bullying.
- Individual schools in one state create their own disciplinary policy.
School board elections
School boards' authority over the timing of school board elections varies by state.
- School boards in 42 states do not have authority over election timing;
- School boards in five states can choose from limited options when to hold school board elections;
- School boards in two states can choose from a date range when to hold school board elections;
- The school board in Hawaii is not elected.
The map below shows the types of authority school boards in the states have to determine the timing of school board elections.
Charter schools
- See also: Charter schools in the United States
Some school boards in the U.S. are authorized to approve or deny applications for charter schools in their district, while state boards of education hold the authority in other states. In some states, school boards can authorize charter schools, but there are other entities besides school boards that can also authorize charter schools or to which a school board decision can be appealed.
- 10 states do not authorize school boards to make decisions on whether to approve new charter schools in their districts.
- 36 states do authorize school boards to approve new charter schools in their districts, deny approval to new charter schools, or both.
- 3 states do not have laws governing charter school authorization.
- 1 state allows school districts to apply to the state board of education to be a charter school district.
State cellphone laws
In most states, school boards or superintendents often set policies on cellphones in public schools. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), around 76% of schools said they banned the non-academic use of cellphones or smartphones during school hours during the 2021-22 school year, down from 91% in 2010.[34]
Beginning with Florida in 2023, some states enacted laws or policies to regulate student cellphone usage in public schools. Twenty-six (26) states had statewide laws or policies restricting cellphone use in K-12 classrooms or schools as of June 2025. Four states had requirements for all school district boards to adopt a policy on cellphones but without specific requirements for those policies. Four other states had policies encouraging school districts to establish restrictions on cellphone use in the classroom.
Parents' Bill of Rights
- See also: Parents' Bill of Rights in education
If state law explicitly provides certain rights to parents, it can constrain the policy-making authority of school boards. These sections of statute are often referred to within statute and are categorized here as Parents' Bills of Rights. In some states, they are education-specific, regarding the rights a parent has to be involved in their child's public education. Common examples include notification requirements, opt-out rights, and records access. Other Parents' Bills of Rights are more general, commonly affording parents a right to direct the upbringing of their child.
- 26 states have enacted a statewide Parents' Bill of Rights
- 24 states have not enacted a Parents' Bill of Rights.
Noteworthy events
- Michigan Court of Appeals dismissed lawsuit against books alleged to be sexually explicit (2025): The Michigan Court of Appeals dismissed a lawsuit on April 14, 2025, that sought to remove 14 books from Rockford Public Schools' libraries. The court, in keeping with a lower court ruling, ruled that the plaintiffs could not prove they were detrimentally affected by the books.[35]
- Democratic lawmakers introduce bill to amend Michigan sexual education curriculum (2024): Michigan State Rep. Rachel Hood (D) on November 12, 2024, introduced a bill in the Michigan House of Representatives that would amend the state's sexual education curriculum. The state content standards require schools to provide instruction on HIV and AIDS, but leave the rest of the curriculum up to school district discretion. The proposed curriculum would still offer some discretion to individual school boards, but would require schools to teach "age-appropriate, medically accurate, and objective sex education." The bill would also remove certain curriculum restrictions on topics such as abortion. Legislators did not act on the legislation before the session ended and the bill died.[36][37]
- Michigan Supreme Court upholds decision that parents cannot request curricula held by teachers under FOIA (2024): The Michigan Supreme Court denied a parent's appeal on September 25, 2024, after the Michigan Court of Appeals held that Michigan parents could not request some school curricula under public record acts. The ruling decided that only records possessed by a public body itself, and not its employees, are subject to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).[38]
- Michigan parents sue school district, alleging child's social gender transition was kept from them (2024): Dan and Jennifer Mead sued the Rockford School District in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan on December 18, 2023, alleging that the school district policy that kept counselors from notifying them of their child's social gender transition, as opposed to medical transition, violated their 14th Amendment right under the Due Process Clause to direct the upbringing, education, and healthcare of their child. The lawsuit was ongoing as of April 2024.[39]
- Coalition of attorneys general files amicus brief in support of incorporating LGBTQ+ books in curriculum (2023): A coalition of 19 attorneys general filed an amicus brief on October 31, 2023, in support of Maryland's Montgomery County Board of Education’s policy to allow LGBTQ+ books to be incorporated into the curriculum. Montgomery County Public Schools faced legal challenges from a group of parents after implementing a policy in the 2022-2023 school year to incorporate LGBTQ+ books into their curriculum. The coalition included attorneys general from California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia.[40]
See also
- Local school board authority across the 50 states
- K-12 curriculum authority, requirements, and statutes in the states
- State policies on cellphone use in K-12 public schools
- Rules governing school board election dates and timing
- Charter schools
- School choice
- Parents' Bill of Rights in education
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Footnotes
- ↑ This excludes community district school boards, which are distinct from first class and general powers districts because they serve not just students, but general education across their districts.
- ↑ Michigan Capitol Confidential, "'First Class' Schools?" Accessed March 19, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.401 - Provisions governing school districts of first class; name of school district; jurisdiction of board; board as body corporate; suits," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.11a - General powers school district," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Casetext, "Part 16 - Boards of Education; Powers and Duties Generally," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.1201 - Board; business to be conducted at public meetings; validity of board actions; closed sessions; legal meetings; notice of meetings; signing of minutes; vice-president to act in absence of president," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetet, "Section 380.11a - General powers school district," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.401a - First class school district; powers," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.1168," accessed March 4, 2025
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Casetext, "Section 380.1170 - Physiology and hygiene; instruction; development of comprehensive health education programs; conflict with religious beliefs," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.1163 - Gun safety instruction for elementary school pupils; model program," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ The White House, "Ending Radical Indoctrination in K-12 Schooling," accessed March 14, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "380.1278 Core academic curriculum." Accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ Education Law Center, Pennsylvania, "Challenging book bans: What can you do," September 18, 2024
- ↑ Law.Justia.com, "Island Trees Sch. Dist. v. Pico by Pico, 457 U.S. 853 (1982)," September 18, 2024
- ↑ Law.Justia.com, "Zykan v. Warsaw Community School Corp., 631 F.2d 1300 (7th Cir. 1980)," October 11, 2024
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education, "U.S. Department of Education Ends Biden’s Book Ban Hoax," accessed January 28, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "380.1507 Instruction in sex education; instructors, facilities, and equipment; stressing abstinence from sex; elective class; notice to parent or guardian; request to excuse pupil from attendance; qualifications of teacher; sex education advisory board; public hearing; distribution of family planning drug or device prohibited; “family planning,”“class,” and “course” defined." Accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 National Cetner for Safe Supportive Learning Environments, "Michigan School Discipline Laws & Regulations: Parental Notification," accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ The United States Supreme Court, "Mahmoud et al. v. Taylor et al." Accessed July 7, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.472 - School for confinement, discipline, instruction, and maintenance of children," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ National Center for Sqafe Supportive Learning Environments, "Michigan Compilation of School Discipline Laws and Regulations," accessed March 19, 2025
- ↑ The White House, "Reinstating Common Sense School Discipline Policies," April 30, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "380.1280 Accreditation." Accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "388.1705 Counting nonresident pupils in membership; application for enrollment; procedures." Accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "388.1705 Counting nonresident pupils in membership; application for enrollment; procedures." Accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ Casetext, "Mich. Comp. Laws § 380.501," accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ National Education Association, "Collective Bargaining: What it is and How it Works", accessed October 3, 2024.
- ↑ National Education Association, "The Benefits of Collective Bargaining in Education", accessed October 3, 2024
- ↑ [https://www.mackinac.org/archives/epi/contracts/03/03070_2024-06-30_MEA_E.pdf Mackinac Center for Public Policy, "Labor Agreement between Hopkins Public Schools and Hopkins Education Association 2021-2024," accessed March 12, 2025]
- ↑ Casetext, "Section 380.1137 - Powers of parents and legal guardians; policies or guidelines," accessed March 5, 2025
- ↑ The Michigan Captiol Confidential, "School curricula to stay hidden from parents, high court rules," accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures: Selected school years, 1999-2000 through 2021-22," accessed August 8, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Live, "Book ban lawsuit against West Michigan school district dismissed by appeals court," accessed April 17, 2025
- ↑ WZZM 13, "Democrats seek to change out sexual education is taught in Michigan public schools," November 14, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "House Bill 6068 of 2024," accessed November 18, 2024
- ↑ The Michigan Captiol Confidential, "School curricula to stay hidden from parents, high court rules," accessed March 12, 2025
- ↑ Alliance Defending Freedom, "Mead v. Rockford Public School District," September 23, 2024
- ↑ Rob Bonta Attorney General, "Attorney General Bonta Joins Multistate Coalition in Effort to Support Curriculum Inclusivity for Transgender Students," October 31, 2023
