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Tennessee Supreme Court

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Tennessee Supreme Court
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Court Information
Justices: 5
Founded: 1870
Location: Jackson, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee
Salary
Associates: $228,132[1]
Judicial Selection
Method: Assisted appointment
Term: 8 years
Active justices
Jeff Bivins, Sarah Campbell, Holly Kirby, Dwight Tarwater, Mary L. Wagner


Founded in 1870, the Tennessee Supreme Court is the state's court of last resort and has five judgeships. The current chief of the court is Holly Kirby. In 2018, the court decided 1,003 cases.

As of September 2024, five judges on the court were appointed by a Republican governor.

The Tennessee Supreme Court meets in Jackson, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee.[2]

In Tennessee, state supreme court justices are selected through assisted appointment with a governor-controlled judicial nominating commission. Justices are appointed by the governor with the assistance of a commission with a majority of members selected by the governor. There are 10 states that use this selection method. To read more about the assisted appointment of judges, click here.

Jurisdiction

The Tennessee Supreme Court is the state's court of last resort. The court hears appeals of civil and criminal cases from lower state courts, such as the Tennessee Court of Appeals and the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals. The supreme court may assume jurisdiction over undecided cases in the court of appeals or court of criminal appeals when a decision is needed on an emergency basis. The court also has appellate jurisdiction in cases involving state taxes, the right to hold public office, and issues of constitutional law.[2]

Direct appeals may be taken to the supreme court in workers compensation cases, expedited appeals regarding denial of consent for abortion of minors, and disciplinary actions for attorneys.[3]

The following text from Article VI, Section 2 of the Tennessee Constitution details the organization and jurisdiction of the court:

Section 2:

The Supreme Court shall consist of five judges, of whom not more than two shall reside in any one of the grand divisions of the state. The judges shall designate one of their own number who shall preside as chief justice. The concurrence of three of the judges shall in every case be necessary to a decision. The jurisdiction of this court shall be appellate only, under such restrictions and regulations as may from time to time be prescribed by law; but it may possess such other jurisdiction as is now conferred by law on the present Supreme Court. Said court shall be held at Knoxville, Nashville and Jackson.[4][5]

Tennessee Constitution, Article VI, Section 2

Justices

The table below lists the current justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court, their political party, and when they assumed office.


Office Name Party Date assumed office
Tennessee Supreme Court Eastern Section Dwight Tarwater Nonpartisan September 1, 2023
Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section Jeff Bivins Nonpartisan July 15, 2014
Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section Sarah Campbell Nonpartisan February 10, 2022
Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section Holly Kirby Nonpartisan September 1, 2014
Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section Mary L. Wagner Nonpartisan September 1, 2024


Vacancies

As of September 2024, there were no vacancies on the court.

Judicial selection

See also: Judicial selection in Tennessee

The five justices on the Tennessee Supreme Court are selected through assisted appointment. The governor selects a nominee from a list of recommended candidates from a judicial nominating commission. The nominee must be confirmed by the Tennessee General Assembly. Justices face retention elections at the end of their terms.[6][7][8]

The appointment system was adjusted in 2014 with the passage of a state ballot measure titled Tennessee Judicial Selection, Amendment 2. The measure added the required confirmation by the Tennessee legislature. While Tennessee state law changed in 2014 to eliminate the judicial nominating commission and require legislative approval of the governor’s appointee, Gov. Bill Haslam’s Executive Order No. 54 and Gov. Bill Lee’s subsequent Executive Order No. 87 re-established the judicial nominating commission for appointments. Accordingly, Tennessee’s process is effectively assisted appointment with legislative confirmation.

Qualifications

To serve on this court, a judge must be:

  • authorized to practice law in the state;
  • a state resident for five years; and
  • at least 35 years old.[7]

Chief justice

According to the Tennessee Constitution, the justices of the supreme court select the chief justice.[9] The chief justice serves a four-year term.

Vacancies

See also: How vacancies are filled in state supreme courts

If a midterm vacancy occurs on the court, the governor appoints a replacement justice from a list from a judicial nominating commission. The nominee must be confirmed by both chambers of the state legislature. If filling an interim vacancy, the appointee stands for retention in the next general election at least 30 days after the vacancy occurred. The retained judge serves out the remainder of the unexpired term before again running for retention to serve a full eight-year term.[6][7] Judges are voted upon by the voters of the whole state.[10]

The map below highlights how vacancies are filled in state supreme courts across the country.


Elections

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court elections

2024

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court elections, 2024

The term of one Tennessee Supreme Court justice expired on September 1, 2024. The one seat was up for retention election on August 1, 2024. The filing deadline was April 4, 2024.

Candidates and results

Tennessee Supreme Court Eastern Section

Dwight Tarwater was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Eastern Section on August 1, 2024 with 72.9% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
72.9
 
390,549
No
 
27.1
 
145,508
Total Votes
536,057


2022

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court elections, 2022

The terms of five Tennessee Supreme Court justices expired on September 1, 2022. The five seats were up for retention election on August 4, 2022.

Candidates and results

Middle Section

Bivins' seat

Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section, Bivins' seat

Jeff Bivins was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section on August 4, 2022 with 71.5% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
71.5
 
462,036
No
 
28.5
 
183,853
Total Votes
645,889

Campbell's seat

Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section, Campbell's seat

Sarah Campbell was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Middle Section on August 4, 2022 with 72.9% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
72.9
 
466,860
No
 
27.1
 
173,306
Total Votes
640,166

Eastern Section

Lee's seat

Tennessee Supreme Court Eastern Section, Sharon Lee's seat

Sharon G. Lee was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Eastern Section on August 4, 2022 with 73.0% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
73.0
 
463,799
No
 
27.0
 
171,522
Total Votes
635,321

Western Section

Kirby's seat

Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section, Kirby's seat

Holly Kirby was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section on August 4, 2022 with 73.8% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
73.8
 
468,351
No
 
26.2
 
166,200
Total Votes
634,551

Page's seat

Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section, Roger A. Page's seat

Roger A. Page was retained to the Tennessee Supreme Court Western Section on August 4, 2022 with 72.1% of the vote.

Retention
 Vote
%
Votes
Yes
 
72.1
 
450,681
No
 
27.9
 
174,269
Total Votes
624,950



2016

Three justices faced retention on August 4, 2016.

Justices who faced retention

Jeff Bivins (Retained)
Holly Kirby (Retained)
Roger A. Page (Retained)

Election results

Tennessee Supreme Court Retention, Jeff Bivins, 2016
Name Yes votes
Green check mark transparent.pngJeff Bivins70.79%
Source: Tennessee Secretary of State Official Results
Tennessee Supreme Court Retention, Holly Kirby, 2016
Name Yes votes
Green check mark transparent.pngHolly Kirby71.00%
Source: Tennessee Secretary of State Official Results
Tennessee Supreme Court Retention, Roger A. Page, 2016
Name Yes votes
Green check mark transparent.pngRoger A. Page70.88%
Source: Tennessee Secretary of State Official Results

2014

See also: Tennessee judicial elections, 2014 and Tennessee Supreme Court elections, 2014

Retention

JudgeElection Vote
WadeGary R. Wade56.6%   ApprovedA
LeeSharon Lee56.0%   ApprovedA
ClarkCornelia Clark55.3%   ApprovedA

Appointments

2024

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court justice vacancy (August 2024)

On February 1, 2024, Governor Bill Lee nominated Mary L. Wagner to serve on the Tennessee Supreme Court. Wagner's nomination was confirmed by the Tennessee House of Representatives and Tennessee State Senate in a joint session on March 11, 2024.[8] Wagner replaces Tennessee Supreme Court Justice Roger A. Page, who retired on August 31, 2024.[11] Page's replacement will be Governor Lee's (R) third nominee to the five-member supreme court.

In Tennessee, state supreme court justices are selected through assisted appointment with a governor-controlled judicial nominating commission. Justices are appointed by the governor with the assistance of a commission with a majority of members selected by the governor. There are 10 states that use this selection method. To read more about the assisted appointment of judges, click here.

If a midterm vacancy occurs on the court, the governor appoints a replacement justice from a list from a judicial nominating commission. The nominee must be confirmed by both chambers of the state legislature. If filling an interim vacancy, the appointee stands for retention in the next general election at least 30 days after the vacancy occurred. The retained judge serves out the remainder of the unexpired term before again running for retention to serve a full eight-year term.[6][7] Judges are voted upon by the voters of the whole state.[10]

2023

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court justice vacancy (August 2023)

Tennessee Governor Bill Lee (R) nominated attorney Dwight Tarwater to the Tennessee Supreme Court on February 2, 2023. The Tennessee State Senate confirmed Tarwater on March 9, 2023. He assumed office on September 1, 2023.[12][8]

Tarwater replaced Justice Sharon Lee, who retired on August 31, 2023. Tarwater was Governor Lee's (R) second nominee to the five-member supreme court.[13][8]

At the time of the vacancy under Tennessee law, supreme court justices were selected through assisted appointment. The governor made the initial judicial appointments that were then confirmed by the Tennessee State Legislature. Justices would face retention elections at the end of their terms.

2021

See also: Tennessee Supreme Court justice vacancy (September 2021)

Tennessee Governor Bill Lee (R) appointed Sarah Campbell to the Tennessee Supreme Court on January 12, 2022.[14] Campbell succeeded Justice Cornelia Clark, who passed away from cancer on September 24, 2021.[15] Campbell is Governor Lee's first nominee to the five-member supreme court.

At the time of the vacancy, midterm vacancies on the court were filled by assisted appointment with legislative approval.

Caseloads

The table below details the number of cases filed with the court and the number of dispositions (decisions) the court reached in each year.[16]

Tennessee Supreme Court caseload data
Year Filings Dispositions
2021 762 807
2020 787 824
2019 954 937
2018 1,028 1,003
2017 1,006 978
2016 1,132 1,104
2015 1,106 1,193
2014 1,198 1,153
2013 1,180[17] 1,127[17]
2012 1,052 1,118
2011 1,195 1,228
2010 1,094 1,120
2009 1,086 1,106
2008 1,086 1,030
2007 1,089 1,268

Analysis

Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters (2021)

See also: Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters

Ballotpedia Courts Determiners and Dissenters navigation ad.png In 2020, Ballotpedia published Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters, a study on how state supreme court justices decided the cases that came before them. Our goal was to determine which justices ruled together most often, which frequently dissented, and which courts featured the most unanimous or contentious decisions.

The study tracked the position taken by each state supreme court justice in every case they decided in 2020, then tallied the number of times the justices on the court ruled together. We identified the following types of justices:

  • We considered two justices opinion partners if they frequently concurred or dissented together throughout the year.
  • We considered justices a dissenting minority if they frequently opposed decisions together as a -1 minority.
  • We considered a group of justices a determining majority if they frequently determined cases by a +1 majority throughout the year.
  • We considered a justice a lone dissenter if he or she frequently dissented alone in cases throughout the year.

Summary of cases decided in 2020

  • Number of justices: 5
  • Number of cases: 34
  • Percentage of cases with a unanimous ruling: 85.3% (29)
  • Justice most often writing the majority opinion: Justice Clark (8)
  • Per curiam decisions: 3
  • Concurring opinions: 2
  • Justice with most concurring opinions: Justice Kirby (2)
  • Dissenting opinions: 6
  • Justice with most dissenting opinions: Justice Lee (3)

For the study's full set of findings in Tennessee, click here.

Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship (2020)

See also: Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship

Ballotpedia Courts State Partisanship navigation ad.png Last updated: June 15, 2020

In 2020, Ballotpedia published Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship, a study examining the partisan affiliation of all state supreme court justices in the country as of June 15, 2020.

The study presented Confidence Scores that represented our confidence in each justice's degree of partisan affiliation, based on a variety of factors. This was not a measure of where a justice fell on the political or ideological spectrum, but rather a measure of how much confidence we had that a justice was or had been affiliated with a political party. To arrive at confidence scores we analyzed each justice's past partisan activity by collecting data on campaign finance, past political positions, party registration history, as well as other factors. The five categories of Confidence Scores were:

  • Strong Democrat
  • Mild Democrat
  • Indeterminate[18]
  • Mild Republican
  • Strong Republican

We used the Confidence Scores of each justice to develop a Court Balance Score, which attempted to show the balance among justices with Democratic, Republican, and Indeterminate Confidence Scores on a court. Courts with higher positive Court Balance Scores included justices with higher Republican Confidence Scores, while courts with lower negative Court Balance Scores included justices with higher Democratic Confidence Scores. Courts closest to zero either had justices with conflicting partisanship or justices with Indeterminate Confidence Scores.[19]

Tennessee had a Court Balance Score of 1.80, indicating Republican control of the court. In total, the study found that there were 15 states with Democrat-controlled courts, 27 states with Republican-controlled courts, and eight states with Split courts. The map below shows the court balance score of each state.

SSC by state.png


Bonica and Woodruff campaign finance scores (2012)

See also: Bonica and Woodruff campaign finance scores of state supreme court justices, 2012

In October 2012, political science professors Adam Bonica and Michael Woodruff of Stanford University attempted to determine the partisan outlook of state supreme court justices in their paper, "State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns." A score above 0 indicated a more conservative-leaning ideology while scores below 0 were more liberal. The state Supreme Court of Tennessee was given a campaign finance score (CFscore), which was calculated for judges in October 2012. At that time, Tennessee received a score of -0.02. Based on the justices selected, Tennessee was the 23rd most liberal court. The study was based on data from campaign contributions by judges themselves, the partisan leaning of contributors to the judges, or—in the absence of elections—the ideology of the appointing body (governor or legislature). This study was not a definitive label of a justice but rather an academic gauge of various factors.[20]

Noteworthy cases

The following are noteworthy cases heard before the Tennessee Supreme Court. For a full list of opinions published by the court, click here. Know of a case we should cover here? Let us know by emailing us.

"Tennessee Plan" litigation

Tennessee Supreme Court

The "Tennessee Plan," refers to the system used for appellate court appointments and elections in Tennessee. Under this system judges are appointed by the governor and stand for retention elections. The system was challenged in 1973 and 1998. In the case of Higgins v. Dunn (1973), the Tennessee Supreme Court held that retention elections were constitutional, as the constitution did not specify what type of elections the General Assembly had to enact for electing judges. Justice Allison Humphries dissented, writing that the supreme court justices approving the constitutionality of the Modified Missouri Plan had made the judicial branch subordinate to the legislative branch. In DeLaney v. Thompson (1998), the plaintiffs alleged that the process was not an "election" in the sense envisioned by the writers of the state constitution and that the court in Higgins v. Dunn was too close to the issue when it issued its decision. DeLaney v. Thompson was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court, at which time the whole court recused itself. A special supreme court appointed by the governor to hear the case declined to rule on the constitutionality of the plan, and remanded the case on a technicality.[21]

Under the "Tennessee Plan" one member of the Tennessee Supreme Court, Penny White, failed to be retained. She was removed from the bench in 1996.[22]

Ethics

Judicial conduct

The Code of Judicial Conduct sets forth ethical guidelines and principles for the conduct of judges and judicial candidates in Tennessee. It consists of four overarching canons:

  • Canon 1: "A judge shall uphold and promote the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary and shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety."
  • Canon 2: "A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office impartially, competently, and diligently."
  • Canon 3: "A judge shall conduct the judge’s personal and extrajudicial activities to minimize the risk of conflict with the obligations of judicial office."
  • Canon 4: "A judge or candidate for judicial office shall not engage in political or campaign activity that is inconsistent with the independence, integrity, or impartiality of the judiciary." [23]

The full text of Tennessee's Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here

History of the court

The Watauga Association, a group of about seventy homesteads along the Watauga River in northern Tennessee, formed the first court in the territory in 1772. The five judges also served as legislators. North Carolina took control of the Tennessee frontier in 1776, and shortly after made the Watauga court the county court of common pleas and quarter sessions. Appeals could be granted to the superior court in North Carolina. As more counties formed, a court of common pleas was set up locally to try appeals.[24]

With statehood in 1796, the state's first constitution did not provide for a judicial branch of government, but did provide for courts to be managed by the state legislature. It provided for a three-person superior court of law and equity to act as the superior and appellate court in the state. Lower courts, such as the court of common pleas and quarter sessions, and justices of the peace were also provided. The superior court of law and equity had sole jurisdiction over cases where there was a loss of life and cases above a certain monetary value, and the court also served as an appeals court for the court of common pleas. Justices were elected by the state legislature. President Andrew Jasckson served on this court until 1804.[25][26]

In 1809 the legislature renamed the superior court the supreme court of errors and appeals. It also created a circuit court to try to alleviate the court's workload. The supreme court of errors and appeals heard large equity cases and appeals from the other courts. The state was also split into five judicial circuits for the supreme court of errors and appeals to cover.[27][28]

The 1834 state constitution established the judiciary as a co-equal branch of government. It added chancery courts, clarified divisions between courts, and reduced the supreme court's circuit to three districts, with meetings in Knoxville, Nashville, and Jackson.[29][30]

In 1853, Tennessee voters passed an amendment to the constitution requiring the popular election of justices of the supreme court, as well as lower court judges.[31] a The Tennessee Constitution of 1870, the state's current constitution, enlarged the supreme court to five justices elected by voters to serve eight-year terms. The constitution requires them to meet in Knoxville, Nashville, and Jackson. These cities were the largest in the eastern, middle, and western sections of Tennessee in 1870. The policy of meeting in all three sections was designed to prevent regional bias. At least one justice, but no more than two justices, have to be from one of the three sections of the state.[32]

Former justices

This exhaustive list provides the names of the judges of the Southwest Territory (1790-1796), the district or superior court judges (1796-1809), the judges of the Court of Errors and Appeals (1810-1833), and the supreme court judges under the Tennessee constitutions of 1834 and 1870. Several counties in the state of Tennessee were named after judges on this list. Additionally, Andrew Jackson, seventh president of the United States and a lawyer by trade, served on the Tennessee Supreme Court for six years prior to his entry into national politics. Note: Not all term end dates are available.[33]

Video interviews with retired justices

The Tennessee Supreme Court Historical Society interviewed nine former justices as part of its effort to "ensur[e] the records and history of the Tennessee Supreme Court and the other courts of Tennessee were not only preserved but also accessible to the citizens of our State."[36] These interviews were recorded and made available online.

Retired Justice Frank F. Drowota, III
Retired Justice William Muecke Barker
Retired Justice Penny J. White
Retired Justice George H. Brown, Jr.
Retired Justice E. Riley Anderson, II
Retired Justice Robert E. Cooper
Retired Justice Martha Craig Daughtrey
Retired Justice Lyle Reed
Retired Justice Adolpho A. Birch

Courts in Tennessee

See also: Courts in Tennessee

In Tennessee, there are three federal district courts, a state supreme court, a state court of appeals, a state court of criminal appeals, and trial courts of general and limited. These courts serve different purposes, which are outlined in the sections below.

Click a link for information about that court type.

The image below depicts the flow of cases through Tennessee's state court system. Cases typically originate in the trial courts and can be appealed to courts higher up in the system.

The structure of Tennessee's state court system.

Party control of Tennessee state government

A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. A state supreme court plays a role in the checks and balances system of a state government.

Tennessee has a Republican trifecta. The Republican Party controls the office of governor and both chambers of the state legislature.

See also

Tennessee Judicial Selection More Courts
Seal of Tennessee.png
Judicialselectionlogo.png
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Courts in Tennessee
Tennessee Court of Appeals
Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals
Tennessee Supreme Court
Elections: 202520242023202220212020201920182017
Gubernatorial appointments
Judicial selection in Tennessee
Federal courts
State courts
Local courts

External links

Footnotes

  1. The salary of the chief justice may be higher than an associate justice.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Tennessee State Courts, "About the Supreme Court," accessed August 20, 2021
  3. University of Tennessee Institute for Public Service,"Tennessee Supreme Court," accessed June 26, 2024
  4. Tennessee Secretary of State, "Tennessee Constitution," accessed September 23, 2019
  5. Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Justia Law, "Tennessee Code Annotated § 17-4-101," accessed April 16, 2025 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "VacancyCode" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "VacancyCode" defined multiple times with different content
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Tennessee," archived September 11, 2014
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Tennessee; Judicial Nominating Commissions," accessed September 30, 2021 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nom" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nom" defined multiple times with different content
  9. TNCourts.gov, "JUSTICE SHARON LEE ELECTED CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE TENNESSEE SUPREME COURT," August 14, 2014
  10. 10.0 10.1 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Tennessee," accessed August 5, 2016
  11. Tennessee Courts, "Tennessee Supreme Court Justice Roger Page to retire in 2024," November 20, 2023
  12. 10 News, "TN lawmakers confirm Dwight Tarwater as next Supreme Court justice," March 9, 2023
  13. Tennessee State Courts, "Justice Lee Announces August 2023 Retirement," November 15, 2022
  14. Office of the Tennessee Governor, "Gov. Lee Names Tennessee Supreme Court, Court of Criminal Appeals Appointees," January 12, 2022
  15. AP News, "Tennessee Supreme Court Justice Cornelia Clark dies," September 24, 2021
  16. TNCourts.gov, "Annual Statistical Reports," accessed October 6, 2022
  17. 17.0 17.1 The Annual Report for fiscal year 2012-2013 provided different statistics than previous years. The filings and disposition numbers for 2013 came from the "Clearance Rate" section of the report and reflected every filing the supreme court received during fiscal year 2012-2013. Additionally, the disposition total included opinions, orders and denials of discretionary requests for appeals.
  18. An Indeterminate score indicates that there is either not enough information about the justice’s partisan affiliations or that our research found conflicting partisan affiliations.
  19. The Court Balance Score is calculated by finding the average partisan Confidence Score of all justices on a state supreme court. For example, if a state has justices on the state supreme court with Confidence Scores of 4, -2, 2, 14, -2, 3, and 4, the Court Balance is the average of those scores: 3.3. Therefore, the Confidence Score on the court is Mild Republican. The use of positive and negative numbers in presenting both Confidence Scores and Court Balance Scores should not be understood to that either a Republican or Democratic score is positive or negative. The numerical values represent their distance from zero, not whether one score is better or worse than another.
  20. Stanford University, "State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns," October 31, 2012
  21. Tennessee State Courts, "Delaney v. Thompson," accessed September 25, 2019
  22. Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy, "A Penny for the Court's Thoughts? The High Price of Judicial Elections by Bronson D. Bills," Winter 2008
  23. TNCourts.gov, "Rule 10: Code of Judicial Conduct," accessed August 20, 2025
  24. Tennessee Encyclopedia,"Tennessee Courts Prior to 1870," accessed June 26, 2024
  25. Tennessee Encyclopedia,"Tennessee Courts Prior to 1870," accessed June 26, 2024
  26. Tennessee Courts,"History and Milestones," accessed June 26, 2024
  27. Tennessee Encyclopedia,"Tennessee Courts Prior to 1870," accessed June 26, 2024
  28. Tennessee Courts,"History and Milestones," accessed June 26, 2024
  29. Tennessee Encyclopedia,"Tennessee Courts Prior to 1870," accessed June 26, 2024
  30. Tennessee Courts,"History and Milestones," accessed June 26, 2024
  31. Vanderbilt University Law School,"Election as Appointment: The Tennessee Plan Reconsidered," accessed June 26, 2024
  32. Tennessee Courts,"History and Milestones," accessed June 26, 2024
  33. Tennessee Supreme Court Historical Society, "Justices," accessed December 17, 2014
  34. Tennessee Supreme Court Historical Society, "Alphabetical List of Justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court," accessed December 17, 2014
  35. Tennessee Bar Association, "Horace Maynard: The Tennessee Supreme Court Judge Who Wasn’t," September 7, 2011
  36. Tennessee Supreme Court Historical Society, "Video Interviews of Retired Justices," accessed September 24, 2019