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Donald Trump's executive orders and actions on trade and tariffs, 2025
From Ballotpedia
| Donald Trump's executive orders (second term) |
Restoring the United States Department of War • Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements • Strengthening Efforts to Protect U.S. Nationals From Wrongful Detention Abroad |
First day • First 100 days • Revokes previous order • The administrative state • Education • Energy and the environment • Foreign policy • Health • Immigration • Policing and criminal justice • Technology • Trade and tariffs |
Donald Trump's Cabinet • Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees • Confirmation votes by senator • Key legislation • Ambassadors • Special envoys • Multistate lawsuits |
This page displays a list of executive orders President Donald Trump (R) issued during his second term in office related to trade and tariffs. As of September 5, 2025, Trump had issued 31 executive orders, four memoranda, and four proclamations related to trade and tariffs.
In his inaugural address, Trump said, "I will immediately begin the overhaul of our trade system to protect American workers and families. Instead of taxing our citizens to enrich other countries, we will tariff and tax foreign countries to enrich our citizens."[1] Also on January 20, 2025, Trump signed a memorandum into law, titled America First Trade Policy, which said, "Americans benefit from and deserve an America First trade policy. Therefore, I am establishing a robust and reinvigorated trade policy that promotes investment and productivity, enhances our Nation’s industrial and technological advantages, defends our economic and national security, and — above all — benefits American workers, manufacturers, farmers, ranchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses."[2]
Tariffs are a tax on imported goods. The company bringing the imported goods into the country pays the tax to the government. That cost may be offset elsewhere. For instance, the importer may increase the price of imported goods or the foreign manufacturer may lower the price of goods to offset the cost of the tariff.[3] According to a January 2025 report by the Congressional Research Service, "Tariffs are now typically used selectively to protect certain domestic industries, advance foreign policy goals, or as negotiating leverage in trade negotiations."[4] Trump has said he intends to use tariffs to encourage and protect American manufacturing, to encourage countries to change their policies related to U.S. border security and drug trafficking, and to raise revenue for the federal government from foreign countries.[1][3][5][6][7]
Executive orders are directives the president writes to officials within the executive branch requiring them to take or stop some action related to policy or management. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, cite the authority by which the president is making the order, and the Office of Management and Budget issues budgetary impact analyses for each order.[8][9] Presidential memoranda and notices also include instructions directed at executive officials, but they are neither numbered nor have the same publication requirements. The Office of Management and Budget is also not required to issue a budgetary impact statement on the subject of the memoranda or notices.[10][11] Proclamations are a third type of executive directive that typically relate to private individuals or ceremonial events, such as holidays and commemorations.[10][12] Click here to read more about executive orders issued during Trump's second term.
Timeline
- September 5, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements, which eliminated import tariffs on certain products from certain countries.[13]
- September 4, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Implementing the United States-Japan Agreement, which established a trade deal with Japan that included a 15% tariff on most imports from Japan.[14]
- August 11, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Further Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Ongoing Discussions With the People's Republic of China, which extended the May 2025 suspension of certain ad valorem tariffs on goods from China.
- August 6, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of the Russian Federation, which raised tariffs on India.
- July 31, 2025:
- Trump issued an executive order titled Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border, which raised the ad valorem tariff rate on goods currently tariffed at 25% to 35%.
- Trump issued an executive order titled Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates, which established tariff rates for over 60 countries, with a floor of 15%.
- July 30 2025:
- Trump issued an executive order titled Suspending Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries, which extended the de minimis duty exemption on certain goods through August 29, 2025.
- Trump issued an executive order titled Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil, which imposed a 40% tariff rate on certain products from Brazil.
- Trump issued a proclamation titled Adjusting Imports of Copper into the United States, which established new tariffs on copper and copper derivatives.
- July 7, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates, which extended the negotiation deadline from his April 9 order from July 9 to August 1.
- June 16, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal, which established a trade deal with the U.K. that included reductions in U.S. tariffs on British cars and aerospace materials.[15]
- May 12, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions With the People's Republic of China, which removed the tariffs on China established on April 8 and 9 and lowered the April 2 tariff on China from 34% to 10% for 90 days. All tariffs on China from before April 2 remained unchanged as a result of this order.[16]
- April 29, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles, which stated that the tariffs discussed "should not all have a cumulative effect (or 'stack' on top of one another) because the rate of duty resulting from such stacking exceeds what is necessary to achieve the intended policy goals."
- April 15, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Ensuring National Security and Economic Resilience Through Section 232 Actions on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products, which ordered the secretary of commerce to investigate "the effects on national security of imports of processed critical minerals and their derivative products."
- April 11, 2025: Trump issued a memorandum titled Clarification of Exceptions Under Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as Amended, which excepted 20 product categories from the 125% tariff on China. Exempted products included smartphones, laptops, and other electronics.[17]
- April 9, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment, which made the universal tariff rate 10% across all countries listed in the April 2 order for 90 days and increased the tariffs on China from 84% to 125%.
- April 8, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties As Applied to Low-Value Imports From the People's Republic of China, which raised the reciprocal tariff on China from 34% to 84%.
- April 2, 2025: Trump issued two executive orders titled Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports and Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits. These orders established a universal tariff rate of a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 50% on goods from 180 countries.
- March 26, 2025: Trump issued a proclamation titled Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into the United States, that instituted a 25% tariff on automobiles beginning April 3, and a tariff on automobile parts beginning no later than May 3.
- March 24, 2025: Trump issued an executive order titled Imposing Tariffs on Countries Importing Venezuelan Oil, which established a 25% tariff on all countries importing oil from Venezuela beginning April 2, 2025.
- March 6, 2025: Trump issued two executive orders titled Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border and Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border, exempting certain goods from the 25% tariff on goods from Canada and Mexico.
- March 4, 2025: The 10% tariff on Canadian energy, the 25% tariff on goods from Canada and Mexico, and the 20% tariff on goods from China took effect.
- March 3, 2025: Trump issued one executive order related to trade and tariffs titled Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China, which raised the new 10% tariff originally instituted on February 1 to 20%.
- March 2, 2025: Trump issued two executive orders related to trade and tariffs titled Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at our Southern Border and Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs across our Northern Border. Both orders amended orders issued on February 1, 2025.
- March 1, 2025: Trump issued one executive order related to trade and tariffs titled Addressing The Threat To National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber, which said, "Unfair subsidies and foreign government support for foreign timber, lumber, and their derivative products necessitate action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act to determine whether imports of these products threaten to impair national security."
- February 25, 2025: Trump issued one executive order related to trade and tariffs titled Addressing the Threat to National Security From Imports of Copper, which said, "The United States’ increasing dependence on foreign sources of copper, particularly from a concentrated number of supplier nations, along with the risk of foreign market manipulation, necessitate action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act to determine whether imports of copper, scrap copper, and copper’s derivative products threaten to impair national security."
- February 21, 2025: Trump issued one memorandum related to trade and tariffs titled Defending American Companies and Innovators From Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties, which said, "It is the policy of my Administration that where a foreign government, through its tax or regulatory structure, imposes a fine, penalty, tax, or other burden that is discriminatory, disproportionate, or designed to transfer significant funds or intellectual property from American companies to the foreign government or the foreign government’s favored domestic entities, my Administration will act, imposing tariffs and taking such other responsive actions necessary to mitigate the harm to the United States and to repair any resulting imbalance."
- February 13, 2025: Trump issued one memorandum related to trade and tariffs titled Reciprocal Trade and Tariffs, which said, "It is the policy of the United States to reduce our large and persistent annual trade deficit in goods and to address other unfair and unbalanced aspects of our trade with foreign trading partners. In pursuit of this policy, I will introduce the “Fair and Reciprocal Plan”(Plan). Under the Plan, my Administration will work strenuously to counter non-reciprocal trading arrangements with trading partners by determining the equivalent of a reciprocal tariff with respect to each foreign trading partner."
- February 11, 2025: Trump issued one proclamation related to trade and tariffs titled Adjusting Imports of Aluminum into The United States, which created a 25% tariff on aluminum from certain countries.
- February 10, 2025: Trump issued one proclamation related to trade and tariffs titled Adjusting Imports of Steel into The United States, which established a 25% tariff on steel from certain countries.
- February 5, 2025: Trump issued one executive order related to trade and tariffs titled Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China. This order amended an order issued on February 1, 2025.
- February 3, 2025: Trump issued two executive orders related to trade and tariffs titled Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border and Progress on the Situation At Our Southern Border. These orders delayed the implementation of tariffs against Canada and Mexico to March 4, 2025.
- February 1, 2025: Trump issued three executive orders related to trade and tariffs titled Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border, Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China, and Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border. These orders established 25% tariffs on goods from Canada and Mexico, and added 10% to tariffs on items from China.
- January 20, 2025: Trump issued one memorandum related to trade and tariffs titled America First Trade Policy, which said, "Americans benefit from and deserve an America First trade policy. Therefore, I am establishing a robust and reinvigorated trade policy that promotes investment and productivity, enhances our Nation’s industrial and technological advantages, defends our economic and national security, and — above all — benefits American workers, manufacturers, farmers, ranchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses."
The table below displays executive orders issued by Donald Trump related to trade and tariffs, along with the date he signed the order and an excerpt from the order. Click the title of an order to read the full order.
| Title | Date | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Executive Order: Modifying the Scope of Reciprocal Tariffs and Establishing Procedures for Implementing Trade and Security Agreements (Donald Trump, 2025) | September 5, 2025 | "After considering the information and recommendations these officials have provided to me, among other things, I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to modify Annex II to Executive Order 14257 as shown in the updated version of Annex II that is attached to this order." |
| Executive Order: Implementing the United States-Japan Agreement (Donald Trump, 2025) | September 4, 2025 | "Under the Agreement, the United States will apply a baseline 15 percent tariff on nearly all Japanese imports entering the United States, alongside separate sector-specific treatment for automobiles and automobile parts; aerospace products; generic pharmaceuticals; and natural resources that are not naturally available or produced in the United States." |
| Executive Order: Further Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Ongoing Discussions With the People's Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | August 11, 2025 | "Based on this additional information and recommendations from various senior officials, among other things, I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to continue the suspension effectuated by Executive Order 14298 until 12:01 a.m. eastern standard time on November 10, 2025." |
| Executive Order: Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of the Russian Federation (Donald Trump, 2025) | August 6, 2025 | "To deal with the national emergency described in Executive Order 14066, I determine that it is necessary and appropriate to impose an additional ad valorem duty on imports of articles of India, which is directly or indirectly importing Russian Federation oil." |
| Executive Order: Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (Donald Trump, 2025) | July 31, 2025 | "I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to deal with the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14257 by imposing additional ad valorem duties on goods of certain trading partners at the rates set forth in Annex I to this order." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | July 31, 2025 | "After considering the additional information and recommendations that I have received, among other things, I have determined that, for the products of Canada that are subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty of 25 percent, the additional ad valorem rate of duty shall increase from 25 percent to 35 percent." |
| Executive Order: Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil (Donald Trump, 2025) | July 30, 2025 | "Now, therefore, I, Donald J. Trump, President of the United States of America, find that the scope and gravity of the recent policies, practices, and actions of the Government of Brazil constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States and hereby declare a national emergency with respect to that threat. To deal with the national emergency declared in this order, I determine that it is necessary and appropriate to impose an additional ad valorem duty rate of 40 percent on certain products of Brazil." |
| Executive Order: Suspending Duty-Free De Minimis Treatment for All Countries (Donald Trump, 2025) | July 30, 2025 | "In my judgment, I determine that it is still necessary and appropriate to suspend duty-free de minimis treatment under 19 U.S.C. 1321(a)(2)(C) in the manner and for the articles described below to deal with the unusual and extraordinary threats, which have their source in whole or substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States." |
| Executive Order: Extending the Modification of the Reciprocal Tariff Rates (Donald Trump, 2025) | July 7, 2025 | "I have determined, based on additional information and recommendations from various senior officials, including information on the status of discussions with trading partners, that it is necessary and appropriate to extend the suspension effectuated by Executive Order 14266 until 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 1, 2025." |
| Executive Order: Implementing the General Terms of the United States of America-United Kingdom Economic Prosperity Deal (Donald Trump, 2025) | June 16, 2025 | "The General Terms outline a historic trade deal that provides American companies unprecedented access to British markets while bolstering the national security and economy of the United States. The deal includes billions of dollars of increased market access for American exports, especially for beef, ethanol, and certain other American agricultural exports. [...] The General Terms provide, among other things, that the United States intends to create an annual quota of 100,000 vehicles for United Kingdom automotive imports at a 10 percent tariff rate. In the General Terms, the United Kingdom also committed to working to meet American requirements on the security of the supply chains of steel and aluminum products intended for export to the United States and on the nature of ownership of relevant production facilities. Provided the United Kingdom meets these requirements, the United States intends to promptly construct a quota at most-favored-nation rates for steel and aluminum articles and certain derivative steel and aluminum articles that are products of the United Kingdom in the context of implementing the General Terms." |
| Executive Order: Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions With the People's Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | May 12, 2025 | "I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to address the national emergency declared in that order by modifying the HTSUS to suspend for a period of 90 days application of the additional ad valorem duties imposed on the PRC listed in Annex I to Executive Order 14257, as amended by Executive Order 14259 and Executive Order 14266, and clarified in the Presidential Memorandum of April 11, 2025 (Clarification of Exceptions Under Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as Amended), and to instead impose on articles of the PRC an additional ad valorem rate of duty as set forth herein [10%]." |
| Executive Order: Addressing Certain Tariffs on Imported Articles (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 29, 2025 | "I have now determined that, to the extent these tariffs apply to the same article, these tariffs should not all have a cumulative effect (or “stack” on top of one another) because the rate of duty resulting from such stacking exceeds what is necessary to achieve the intended policy goals. To avoid the cumulative effect of overlapping tariffs on certain articles, this order sets out the procedure for determining which of multiple tariffs shall apply to an article when that article is subject to more than one of the actions listed in section 2 of this order." |
| Executive Order: Ensuring National Security and Economic Resilience Through Section 232 Actions on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 15, 2025 | "In light of the above risks and realities, an investigation under section 232 of the Act (section 232) is necessary to determine whether imports of processed critical minerals and their derivative products threaten to impair national security." |
| Executive Order: Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 9, 2025 | "I have determined that it is necessary and appropriate to address the national emergency declared in that order by modifying the HTSUS to temporarily suspend, for a period of 90 days, except with respect to the PRC, application of the individual ad valorem duties imposed for foreign trading partners listed in Annex I to Executive Order 14257, and to instead impose on articles of all such trading partners an additional ad valorem rate of duty [...] of 10 percent."
"Heading 9903.01.63 of the HTSUS shall be amended by deleting “84%” each place that it appears and by inserting “125%” in lieu thereof, and by deleting “April 9, 2025,” and by inserting “April 10, 2025” in lieu thereof." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties As Applied to Low-Value Imports From the People's Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 8, 2025 | "In recognition of the fact that the PRC has announced that it will retaliate against the United States in response to Executive Order 14257, the HTSUS shall be modified as follows. Effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on April 9, 2025: (a) heading 9903.01.63 of the HTSUS shall be amended by deleting “34%” each place that it appears and by inserting “84%” in lieu thereof; |
| Executive Order: Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 2, 2025 | "It is the policy of the United States to rebalance global trade flows by imposing an additional ad valorem duty on all imports from all trading partners except as otherwise provided herein. The additional ad valorem duty on all imports from all trading partners shall start at 10 percent and shortly thereafter, the additional ad valorem duty shall increase for trading partners enumerated in Annex I to this order at the rates set forth in Annex I to this order." Click here to see the list of tariff rates by country. |
| Executive Order: Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China as Applied to Low-Value Imports (Donald Trump, 2025) | April 2, 2025 | "All postal items containing goods described in section 2(a) of Executive Order 14195 and sent to the United States through the international postal network from the PRC or Hong Kong and transported by carriers that are valued at or under 800 dollars and that would otherwise qualify for the de minimis exemption authorized in 19 U.S.C. 1321(a)(2)(C) shall be subject to the duties described in subsection (c) of this section. [...] 30 percent of the value of the postal item containing goods for merchandise entered for consumption on or after 12:01 am eastern daylight time on May 2, 2025. 25 dollars per postal item containing goods for merchandise entered for consumption on or after 12:01 am eastern daylight time on May 2, 2025, and before 12:01 am eastern daylight time on June 1, 2025, and 50 dollars per postal item containing goods for merchandise entered for consumption on or after 12:01 am eastern daylight time on June 1, 2025." |
| Executive Order: Imposing Tariffs on Countries Importing Venezuelan Oil (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 24, 2025 | "On or after April 2, 2025, a tariff of 25 percent may be imposed on all goods imported into the United States from any country that imports Venezuelan oil, whether directly from Venezuela or indirectly through third parties." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 6, 2025 | "In order to minimize disruption to the United States automotive industry and automotive workers, it is appropriate to adjust the tariffs imposed on articles of Canada in Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border). [...] Articles that are entered free of duty as a good of Canada under the terms of general note 11 to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS), including any treatment set forth in subchapter XXIII of chapter 98 and subchapter XXII of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, as related to the Agreement between the United States of America, United Mexican States, and Canada, shall not be subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty described in section 2(a) or section 2(b) of Executive Order 14193." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Southern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 6, 2025 | "In order to minimize disruption to the United States automotive industry and automotive workers, it is appropriate to adjust the tariffs imposed on articles of Mexico in Executive Order 14194 of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border). [...] Articles that are entered free of duty as a good of Mexico under the terms of general note 11 to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS), including any treatment set forth in subchapter XXIII of chapter 98 and subchapter XXII of chapter 99 of the HTSUS, as related to the Agreement between the United States of America, United Mexican States, and Canada, shall not be subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty described in section 2(a) of Executive Order 14194." |
| Executive Order: Further Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 3, 2025 | "In recognition of the fact that the PRC has not taken adequate steps to alleviate the illicit drug crisis, section 2(a) of Executive Order 14195 is hereby amended by striking the words '10 percent' and inserting in lieu thereof the words '20 percent'." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Situation at our Southern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 2, 2025 | "Executive Order 14194 of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border), as amended by Executive Order 14198 of February 3, 2025 (Progress on the Situation at Our Southern Border), is further amended by revising section 2(g) to read as follows:
'(g) Duty-free de minimis treatment under 19 U.S.C. 1321 is available for otherwise eligible covered articles described in subsection (a) of this section. Such duty-free de minimis treatment shall cease to be available for such otherwise eligible covered articles upon notification by the Secretary of Commerce to the President that adequate systems are in place to fully and expeditiously process and collect tariff revenue applicable pursuant to subsection (a) of this section for covered articles otherwise eligible for de minimis treatment.'" |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs across our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 2, 2025 | "Executive Order 14193 of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border), as amended by Executive Order 14197 of February 3, 2025 (Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border), is further amended by revising section 2(h) to read as follows:
'(h) Duty-free de minimis treatment under 19 U.S.C. 1321 is available for otherwise eligible covered articles described in subsection (a) and subsection (b) of this section. Such duty free de minimis treatment shall cease to be available for such otherwise eligible covered articles upon notification by the Secretary of Commerce to the President that adequate systems are in place to fully and expeditiously process and collect tariff revenue applicable pursuant to subsection (a) and subsection (b) of this section for covered articles otherwise eligible for de minimis treatment.'" |
| Executive Order: Addressing The Threat To National Security from Imports of Timber, Lumber (Donald Trump, 2025) | March 1, 2025 | "It is the policy of the United States to ensure reliable, secure, and resilient domestic supply chains of timber, lumber, and their derivative products. Unfair subsidies and foreign government support for foreign timber, lumber, and their derivative products necessitate action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act to determine whether imports of these products threaten to impair national security." |
| Executive Order: Addressing the Threat to National Security From Imports of Copper (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 25, 2025 | "It is the policy of the United States to ensure a reliable, secure, and resilient domestic copper supply chain. The United States’ increasing dependence on foreign sources of copper, particularly from a concentrated number of supplier nations, along with the risk of foreign market manipulation, necessitate action under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act to determine whether imports of copper, scrap copper, and copper’s derivative products threaten to impair national security." |
| Executive Order: Amendment to Duties Addressing the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 5, 2025 | "Regarding the Executive Order of February 1, 2025 (Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China), the following shall replace subsection (g) of section 2: '(g) Duty-free de minimis treatment under 19 U.S.C. 1321 is available for otherwise eligible covered articles described in subsection (a) of this section, but shall cease to be available for such articles upon notification by the Secretary of Commerce to the President that adequate systems are in place to fully and expediently process and collect tariff revenue applicable pursuant to subsection (a) of this section for covered articles otherwise eligible for de minimis treatment.'" |
| Executive Order: Progress on the Situation at Our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 3, 2025 | "In recognition of the steps taken by the Government of Canada, and in order to assess whether the threat described in section 1 of this order has abated, the additional 25 percent ad valorem rates of duty, and 10 percent ad valorem rates of duty as to energy products, shall be paused and will not take effect until March 4, 2025." |
| Executive Order: Progress on the Situation At Our Southern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 3, 2025 | "In recognition of the steps taken by the Government of Mexico, and in order to assess whether the threat described in section 1 of this order has abated, the additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty shall be paused and will not take effect until March 4, 2025." |
| Executive Order: Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 1, 2025 | "All articles that are products of Canada as defined by the Federal Register notice described in subsection (e) of this section (Federal Register notice), and except for those products described in subsection (b) of this section, shall be, consistent with law, subject to an additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty. [...] With respect to energy or energy resources, as defined in section 8 of Executive Order 14156 of January 20, 2025 (Declaring a National Energy Emergency), and as otherwise included in the Federal Register notice, such articles that are products of Canada as defined by the Federal Register notice shall be, consistent with law, subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem rate of duty." |
| Executive Order: Imposing Duties to Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People’s Republic of China (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 1, 2025 | "All articles that are products of the PRC, as defined by the Federal Register notice described in section 2(d) of this order (the Federal Register notice), shall be, consistent with law, subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem rate of duty." |
| Executive Order: Imposing Duties to Address the Situation at Our Southern Border (Donald Trump, 2025) | February 1, 2025 | "All articles that are products of Mexico, as defined by the Federal Register notice described in section 2(d) of this order (the Federal Register notice), shall be, consistent with law, subject to an additional 25 percent ad valorem rate of duty." |
The table below displays memoranda issued by Donald Trump related to trade and tariffs, along with the date he issued the memorandum and an excerpt from the memorandum. Click the title of a memorandum to read the full text.
| Title | Date | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Clarification of Exceptions Under Executive Order 14257 of April 2, 2025, as Amended | April 11, 2025 | "In Executive Order 14257, I stated that certain goods are not subject to the ad valorem rates of duty under that order. One of those excepted products is 'semiconductors.' The subsequent orders issued in connection with Executive Order 14257 — i.e., Executive Order 14259 of April 8, 2025 (Amendment to Reciprocal Tariffs and Updated Duties as Applied to Low-Value Imports from the People’s Republic of China), and the Executive Order of April 9, 2025 (Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Trading Partner Retaliation and Alignment), (Subsequent Orders) — incorporate the exceptions in Executive Order 14257, including for 'semiconductors.'" |
| Defending American Companies and Innovators From Overseas Extortion and Unfair Fines and Penalties | February 21, 2025 | "It is the policy of my Administration that where a foreign government, through its tax or regulatory structure, imposes a fine, penalty, tax, or other burden that is discriminatory, disproportionate, or designed to transfer significant funds or intellectual property from American companies to the foreign government or the foreign government’s favored domestic entities, my Administration will act, imposing tariffs and taking such other responsive actions necessary to mitigate the harm to the United States and to repair any resulting imbalance." |
| Reciprocal Trade and Tariffs | February 13, 2025 | "It is the policy of the United States to reduce our large and persistent annual trade deficit in goods and to address other unfair and unbalanced aspects of our trade with foreign trading partners. In pursuit of this policy, I will introduce the “Fair and Reciprocal Plan”(Plan). Under the Plan, my Administration will work strenuously to counter non-reciprocal trading arrangements with trading partners by determining the equivalent of a reciprocal tariff with respect to each foreign trading partner." |
| America First Trade Policy | January 20, 2025 | "Americans benefit from and deserve an America First trade policy. Therefore, I am establishing a robust and reinvigorated trade policy that promotes investment and productivity, enhances our Nation’s industrial and technological advantages, defends our economic and national security, and — above all — benefits American workers, manufacturers, farmers, ranchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses." |
The table below displays proclamations issued by Donald Trump related to trade and tariffs, along with the date he signed the proclamation and an excerpt from the proclamation. Click the title of a proclamation to read the full text.
| Title | Date | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusting Imports of Copper into the United States | July 30, 2025 | "Except as otherwise provided in this proclamation, all imports of semi-finished copper products and intensive copper derivative products, as set forth in the Annex to this proclamation, shall be subject to a 50 percent tariff. This tariff shall be effective with respect to goods entered for consumption, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on August 1, 2025, and shall continue in effect, unless such action is expressly reduced, modified, or terminated." |
| Adjusting Imports of Automobiles and Automobile Parts Into The United States | March 26, 2025 | "All imports of articles specified in Annex I to this proclamation or in any subsequent annex to this proclamation, as set out in a subsequent notice in the Federal Register, shall be subject to a 25 percent tariff with respect to goods entered for consumption or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after 12:01 a.m. eastern daylight time on April 3, 2025, for automobiles, and on the date specified in the Federal Register for automobile parts, but no later than May 3, 2025." |
| Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into The United States | February 11, 2025 | "Imports of aluminum articles and derivative aluminum articles from Argentina, Australia, Canada, Mexico, EU countries, and the UK shall be subject to the revised tariff rate of 25 percent ad valorem established in clause 2 of this proclamation, commensurate with the tariff rate imposed on such articles imported from most other countries." |
| Adjusting Imports of Steel Into The United States | February 10, 2025 | "All imports of steel articles and derivative steel articles from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, EU countries, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and the United Kingdom shall be subject to the additional ad valorem tariff proclaimed in Proclamation 9705 [25%] with respect to steel articles and Proclamation 9980 [25%] with respect to derivative steel articles." |
Legislative responses
The section below includes noteworthy federal legislative responses to Trump's executive orders and actions on trade and tariffs.
Senate vote to end tariffs on Canada (April 2, 2025)
On April 2, 2025, the U.S. Senate voted to approve a joint resolution seeking to end the national emergency declared in Executive Order 14193: Imposing Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border, which imposed a 25% tariff on most Canadian imports and a 10% tariff on energy imports.[18] The Senate voted 51 to 48 in favor of the resolution, with Sens. Susan Collins (R-Maine), Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska), Rand Paul (R-Ky.), joining all 45 Democrats and the two independents who caucus with Democrats, to vote in favor of the bill.[19]
Politico's Lisa Kashinsky, Daniel Desrochers and Samuel Benson wrote, "The dissent from this handful of Senate Republicans is purely symbolic: Speaker Mike Johnson has already moved to prevent a floor vote in the House to end the types of national emergencies upon which Trump is relying to levy his tariffs. Still, the vote stands as the first major break with Trump since the start of his second term from a Republican-controlled chamber that has otherwise been mostly compliant."[20]
Sens. Tim Kaine (D-Va.), Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.), and Mark Warner (D-Va.), who co-sponsored the bill, released a statement after the vote saying, "Working Americans want costs to go down, not a tax hike in the form of nonsensical tariffs. We sent a powerful message with this vote: we will not stand idly by while President Trump launches a needless trade war with Canada that will raise costs for families, hurt American businesses, and damage our relationship with one of our closest trading partners and allies."[21]
Ahead of the vote, Trump commented on the resolution on Truth Social saying, "The Senate Bill is just a ploy of the Dems to show and expose the weakness of certain Republicans, namely these four [McConnell, Collins, Murkowski, and Paul], in that it is not going anywhere because the House will never approve it and I, as your President, will never sign it. Why are they allowing Fentanyl to pour into our Country unchecked, and without penalty. What is wrong with them, other than suffering from Trump Derangement Syndrome, commonly known as TDS?"[22]
Executive orders in the second term of the Trump administration
By category
- Executive orders issued on the first day of Trump's second term
- Executive orders issued in the first 100 days of Trump's second term
- Executive orders revoking previous executive orders
- The administrative state
- Education
- Energy and the environment
- Foreign policy
- Health
- Immigration
- Policing and criminal justice
- Technology
- Trade and tariffs
Historical use of executive orders
Overview, 1789-2025
The following chart shows the number of executive orders and average executive orders per year issued by each president of the United States from 1789 to 2025.
Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-2025
The following chart visualizes the average number of executive orders issued each year between 1921 and 2025, as noted in the table in the section above. The number of executive orders issued declined during this time period with Presidents Barack Obama (D) and George W. Bush issuing the fewest on average at 35 and 36 each year, respectively.
Executive orders issued over time, 2001-2025
The chart below displays the number of executive orders issued over time by Biden, Trump, Obama, and Bush.
See also
- Donald Trump's executive orders and actions, 2025
- Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025
- Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025
- Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025
- Joe Biden's executive orders and actions
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 White House, "The Inaugural Address," January 20, 2025
- ↑ White House, "America First Trade Policy," January 20, 2025
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 BBC, "What are tariffs and why is Trump using them?" February 11, 2025
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, "U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview" February 21, 2025
- ↑ White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Imposes Tariffs on Imports from Canada, Mexico and China," February 1, 2025
- ↑ White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Restores Section 232 Tariffs," February 11, 2025
- ↑ White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Announces 'Fair and Reciprocal Plan' on Trade," February 13, 2025
- ↑ Cooper, Phillip. (2014). By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. (pgs. 21-22)
- ↑ USA Today, "Presidential memoranda vs. executive orders. What's the difference?" January 24, 2017
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Executive Order, "Executive Order, Proclamation, or Executive Memorandum?" accessed January 28, 2021
- ↑ National Archives, "Presidential Documents Guide," accessed December 16, 2024
- ↑ American Bar Association, "What Is an Executive Order?" January 25, 2021
- ↑ Reuters, "Trump signs order offering some tariff exemptions to countries with US trade deals," September 5, 2025
- ↑ CNBC, "Trump finalizes Japan trade deal with 15% tariffs as Ishiba faces discontent from within party," September 4, 2025
- ↑ Associated Press, "US and UK announce a trade deal, but steel imports are still being negotiated," June 16, 2025
- ↑ White House, "Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Secures a Historic Trade Win for the United States," May 12, 2025
- ↑ Al Jazeera, "Trump exempts smartphones, computers from ‘reciprocal’ tariffs," April 12, 2025
- ↑ Congress.gov, "S.J.Res.37 - A joint resolution terminating the national emergency declared to impose duties on articles imported from Canada." accessed April 3, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 37 )," April 2, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Senate Republicans buck Trump, join Dems in rejecting Canada tariffs," accessed April 2, 2025
- ↑ Office of Tim Kaine, "Kaine, Klobuchar & Warner Issue Statement Following Passage of Their Bill to Undo Trump’s Canada Tariffs," April 2, 2025
- ↑ Truth Social, "Trump on April 2, 2025," accessed April 2, 2025
