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Oregon Measure 117, Ranked-Choice Voting for Federal and State Elections Measure (2024)

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Oregon Measure 117
Flag of Oregon.png
Election date
November 5, 2024
Topic
Electoral systems
Status
On the ballot
Type
State statute		Origin
State legislature

Oregon Measure 117, the Ranked-Choice Voting for Federal and State Elections Measure, is on the ballot in Oregon as a legislatively referred state statute on November 5, 2024.

A "yes" vote supports implementing ranked-choice voting primary and general elections for federal and state executive offices beginning in 2028.

A "no" vote opposes implementing ranked-choice voting primary and general elections for federal and state executive offices, thereby maintaining the candidate with the highest number of votes wins.


Additional information on electoral system ballot measures
As of October 31, 2024, 11 statewide ballot measures related to electoral system changes, including ranked-choice voting and top primary elections, were certified in Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and South Dakota.

  • You can find a list of 2024's certified measures here and analysis on supporters and opponents of RCV here.

Overview

How would Measure 117 change Oregon's electoral system?

See also: Measure design

The ballot measure would establish ranked-choice voting (RCV) for elections to federal and state offices, including the president, U.S. senator, U.S. representative, governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer, and commissioner of labor and industries. Currently, Oregon uses a plurality voting system in which the candidate with the highest number of votes wins. The ballot measure would not affect state legislative elections, which would continue to use plurality voting.

The law would also authorize cities, counties, school districts, other local governments, and local districts to use ranked-choice voting for local elections unless home rule charters preempt it. The law would also require the secretary of state to establish a program to educate voters about ranked-choice voting. The law would take effect on January 1, 2028, if it is approved by voters.[1]

Three local jurisdictions—Benton County, Multnomah County, and Portland—have adopted ranked-choice voting.

Who supports and opposes the adoption of RCV in Oregon?

See also: Support and Opposition

This measure is the first ranked-choice voting statewide ballot measure put on the ballot by the state legislature. The vote was along party lines, except for one Republican who joined Democrats in voting in favor of the bill. Oregon Ranked Choice Voting Advocates is leading the campaign in support of the measure. House Speaker Dan Rayfield (D-16) said, "Ranked choice voting will give voters more choice, encourage voter engagement, and strengthen our democracy by improving peoples’ perception of elections and election outcomes. House Bill 2004 would make sure people in power are elected by a true 50% majority."[2]

Equal Vote Coalition and Oregon Association of County Clerks registered in opposition to the measure during the legislative process. Sara Wolk, executive director of the Equal Vote Coalition: "RCV ignores most voters' rankings, so it can eliminate a candidate who was actually preferred overall. This happened in the 2022 Alaska Special Election, where despite claims that the problem had been solved, the election was spoiled by Sarah Palin, flipping the seat blue rather than electing the moderate Republican who was preferred over all others according to the ballots cast. For Palin voters, ranking her 1st choice actually backfired and ironically helped elect their last choice instead. In Oregon, a similar spoiler effect scenario could easily flip a seat from Blue to Red."[3]

What other states adopted ranked-choice voting?

See also: Electoral system statewide ballot measures

Two states have adopted and implemented ranked-choice voting at the state level via ballot measure. Maine was the first state to adopt it in 2016. Alaska was the second state to adopt it in 2020. In 2022, Nevada voters approved an RCV initiative that needs to be approved again in 2024 to take effect.

One state (Hawaii) had implemented RCV in certain elections. Another fifteen states contained jurisdictions that had implemented RCV at the local level. Another two states (Illinois and Washington) contained jurisdictions that had adopted but not yet implemented RCV in local elections. Five states had enacted legislation banning the use of ranked-choice voting in statewide or local elections.

One RCV ballot measure was defeated in Massachusetts in 2020 with 54.8% opposing it.

A list of historical state and local RCV measures is available here.

Measure design

See also: Text of measure

The ballot measure would establish ranked-choice voting for elections to federal and state offices, including the president, U.S. senator, U.S. representative, governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer, and commissioner of labor and industries. A ranked-choice voting system is an electoral system in which voters rank candidates by preference on their ballots. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, he or she is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated. First-preference votes cast for the failed candidate are eliminated, and counting the next-preference choice indicated on those ballots. A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won a majority of the adjusted votes. The process is repeated until a candidate wins an outright majority.[1]

For elections that use ranked-choice voting to elect multiple candidates to a single office, the law would require the secretary of state to adopt by rule a proportional methodology. The law would also authorize cities, counties, school districts, other local governments, and local districts to use ranked-choice voting for local elections unless home rule charters preempt it.[1]

The law would also require the secretary of state to establish a program to educate voters about ranked-choice voting. The law also states that if the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, which Oregon is a part of, takes effect, the state would report the winner of the final tabulation round to the compact. However, if the winner of the final tabulation is different from the winner of the national popular vote, Oregon would be required to elect electors for the candidate who won the national popular vote in accordance with the compact.[1]

The law would take effect on January 1, 2028.[1]

Text of measure

Ballot title

The ballot title is as follows:[4]

“ Gives voters option to rank candidates in order of preference; candidate receiving majority of votes in final round wins.

Result of 'Yes' Vote: 'Yes' vote gives voters the option to rank candidates in order of preference for specified federal and statewide offices. Establishes process for tallying votes in rounds, with the candidate receiving the fewest votes in each round being defeated and votes for the defeated candidate going to the voter’s next-highest ranked active candidate. Requires that candidate must receive majority of votes in final round of voting to win election.

Result of 'No' Vote: 'No' vote maintains current voting system. Voter selects one candidate for federal and statewide offices. Candidate with most votes wins. Majority of votes not required for candidate to win election.[5]

”

Ballot summary

The ballot summary is as follows:[4]

“ Current state law requires voters to select only one candidate for each office on the ballot. The candidate with the most votes after a single vote tally wins, even if not a majority. This measure gives voters the option to rank candidates in order of preference using "ranked choice voting." Under the measure, voters may choose to rank only one candidate or multiple candidates for each office, as well as write in candidate(s). Votes are counted toward each voter's highest-ranked candidate. If no candidate receives a majority of votes, votes are tallied automatically in rounds. The candidate receiving the fewest votes in each round is defeated. A defeated candidate's votes go to the voter's next highest-ranked candidate. The process continues until one candidate has a majority of votes. The measure applies to the nomination and election of President, United States Senator, Representative in Congress, Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer and Attorney General, and election of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries. The measure requires the Secretary of State to establish a program to educate voters about how ranked choice voting elections will be conducted. Authorizes local governments to adopt ranked choice voting for elections for local offices. Local governments that adopted ranked choice voting before 2025 may continue to use current method or modify it. The measure applies to elections beginning in 2028.[5] ”

Full text

The text of the statute is available below:[1]

Readability score

See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2024

Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The attorney general wrote the ballot language for this measure.

The FKGL for the ballot title is grade level 10, and the FRE is 49. The word count for the ballot title is 126.

The FKGL for the ballot summary is grade level 11, and the FRE is 43. The word count for the ballot summary is 228.


Support

See also: Support and opposition to 2024 ranked-choice voting ballot measures
Oregon RCV.png

Oregon Ranked Choice Voting Advocates is leading the campaign in support of the measure.[6]

Supporters

The campaign provided a list of endorsements, which is available here.

Officials

Political Parties

  • Oregon Working Families Party

Government Entities

  • Corvallis City Council

Unions

  • American Federation of Teachers - Oregon
  • Oregon AFSCME
  • Oregon Education Association
  • SEIU Local 503

Organizations

  • ACLU of Oregon
  • Asian Pacific American Network of Oregon
  • Common Cause Oregon
  • FairVote Action
  • League of Women Voters of Oregon
  • Next Up Action Fund
  • Planned Parenthood Advocates of Oregon
  • Represent.Us
  • RepresentWomen
  • Sierra Club Oregon Chapter
  • Tribal Democracy Project
  • Urban League of Portland
  • Veterans for Political Innovation


Arguments

  • Emily Hawley, Senior Policy Associate of the ACLU of Oregon: "Ranked choice voting helps alleviate voters’ concerns that they must consider how others vote before casting their own ballot. RCV grants voters greater power to express their preferences and vote for candidates whose values they most share. Allowing voters to rank candidates encourages more participation in voting and means that their vote becomes more meaningful and impactful. Ultimately, this leads to outcomes that voters are more satisfied with."
  • Dr. Andrea Haverkamp, Political Organizer for the American Federation of Teachers - Oregon: "By giving more candidates a realistic choice to win, Oregonians will not be worrying about 'wasting their vote.' Ranked choice ensures that candidates have broad support in contested races. Because candidates are encouraged to seek not only first-choice votes, but second- and third- choice votes, they are incentivized to engage with voters across racial, ethnic, gender, and ideological spectrums. Ranked choice voting leads to better representation for all Oregonians."
  • House Speaker Dan Rayfield (D-16): "Ranked choice voting will give voters more choice, encourage voter engagement, and strengthen our democracy by improving peoples’ perception of elections and election outcomes. House Bill 2004 would make sure people in power are elected by a true 50% majority."


Opposition

See also: Support and opposition to 2024 ranked-choice voting ballot measures

Opponents

Officials

Organizations

  • Equal Vote Coalition
  • Fair Elections Fund
  • Oregon Association of County Clerks
  • Taxpayers Association of Oregon

Arguments

  • State Rep. Bobby Levy (R-58): "Ranked choice voting ultimately disconnects voters from issues and allows fringe candidates to win elections. We cannot afford to join the handful of states replacing traditional elections with the obtuse deconstruction of political accountability."
  • State Rep. E. Werner Reschke (R-55): "Moreover, the principle of simplicity also needs part of the voting process itself. Today, too many Oregonians are intimidated by the length of their ballot and do not understand the meaning of all the races and ballot measures. Why would we want to make the ballot even longer and more complicated with more choices? Ranked Choice voting could very well discourage voting because ballots could end up being multiple pages long."
  • Sara Wolk, executive director of the Equal Vote Coalition: "RCV ignores most voters' rankings, so it can eliminate a candidate who was actually preferred overall. This happened in the 2022 Alaska Special Election, where despite claims that the problem had been solved, the election was spoiled by Sarah Palin, flipping the seat blue rather than electing the moderate Republican who was preferred over all others according to the ballots cast. For Palin voters, ranking her 1st choice actually backfired and ironically helped elect their last choice instead. In Oregon a similar spoiler effect scenario could easily flip a seat from Blue to Red."
  • Oregon Association of County Clerks: "RCV makes for a more complicated primary. Reconciling RCV between multiple counties is complicated and will remove final tallying from county election officials. The difficult task placed on Election Officials seeking to reconcile the number of ballots accepted and tallied when multiple ballot pages/sheets are sent to each voter (many voters only return the ballot pages with the contests that are of interest to them). There are substantial costs involved with implementing RCV."
  • Klamath County Clerk Rochelle Long: "We receive a lot of complaints about it taking so long to get results. This will delay results further. And we feel like we’re going to get complaints on transparency because we aren’t the final tally that goes forward."


Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for Oregon ballot measures
The campaign finance information on this page reflects the most recent scheduled reports that Ballotpedia has processed, which covered through October 29, 2024.


Yes on 117 registered as a political action committee to support Measure 117. Concerned Election Officials' registered as a PAC to oppose Measure 117. There were three additional PACs that advocated for or against multiple measures, including two supporting Measure 117 and one opposed to the measure.

Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Support $4,749,355.63 $5,373,965.66 $10,123,321.29 $4,204,388.58 $9,578,354.24
Oppose $9,285.00 $0.00 $9,285.00 $12,981.23 $12,981.23

Support

The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in support of the ballot measure.[7]

Committees in support of Measure 117
Committee Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Yes on 117 $3,794,355.63 $5,359,426.66 $9,153,782.29 $3,765,394.62 $9,124,821.28
2024 Our Oregon Voter Guide $635,000.00 $12,857.00 $647,857.00 $126,637.50 $139,494.50
Mobilize Oregon Voters $320,000.00 $1,682.00 $321,682.00 $312,356.46 $314,038.46
Total $4,749,355.63 $5,373,965.66 $10,123,321.29 $4,204,388.58 $9,578,354.24

Donors

The following table shows the top donors to the committee registered in support of the ballot measure.[7]

Donor Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions
Oregon Ranked Choice Voting $566,750.00 $5,256,101.92 $5,822,851.92
Article IV $2,750,000.00 $0.00 $2,750,000.00
Our American Future Action $275,000.00 $0.00 $275,000.00
Building Power for Communities of Color $250,000.00 $0.00 $250,000.00
Our Oregon $190,000.00 $12,857.00 $202,857.00

Opposition

The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in opposition to the ballot measure.[7]

Committees in opposition to Measure 117
Committee Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Advance Liberty $8,205.00 $0.00 $8,205.00 $12,897.63 $12,897.63
Concerned Election Officials $1,080.00 $0.00 $1,080.00 $83.60 $83.60
Total $9,285.00 $0.00 $9,285.00 $12,981.23 $12,981.23

Donors

The following table shows the top donors to the committee registered in opposition to the ballot measure.[7]

Donor Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions
Rochelle Long $300.00 $0.00 $300.00
Lisa Gambee $200.00 $0.00 $200.00

Methodology

To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.

Media editorials

See also: 2024 ballot measure media endorsements

Support

The following media editorial boards published an editorial supporting the ballot measure:

  • The Source Editorial Board: "Ranked-choice voting helps to alleviate these binaries by allowing voters to rank their choices — ranking all the candidates in a race in order of preference. If a candidate wins the majority of first-preference votes, they win. ... Supporters say this is a way to enfranchise more voters and to see more diverse candidates serving in elected offices. We think it's worth a shot. Vote yes on Measure 117."


Opposition

The following media editorial boards published an editorial opposing the ballot measure:

  • The Oregonian Editorial Board: "Oregonians should hold off until voters can see how Multnomah County implements ranked-choice voting on the local level, starting with Portland city races this November. Multnomah is the state’s largest county and can provide helpful insight on implementation. And before authorizing an expansion, voters should know how ranked choice affected voter turnout; the number of ballots excluded due to mistakes or because voters did not choose any surviving candidates; any difficulties in counting; the time for reporting results and other central aspects of such a change. There’s no reason Oregonians have to vote 'yes' on this measure now, particularly with so many unanswered concerns and more data on the horizon to consider. Voters should reject Measure 117."
  • The News-Register Editorial Board: "We find lots to like in a fair, efficient and transparent ranked choice voting system. But this one, referred by a Legislature that should know better, doesn’t come close. It’s cumbersome, confusing and convoluted — to the point where it would run great risk of diminishing rather than bolstering public confidence in democracy. It would, initially at least, apply only to elections for federal office. But if we ever dare to dip our toe into ranked choice at the state level, the devil is in the details."


Background

Oregon electoral system historical ballot measures

See also: Electoral systems on the ballot

Oregon voters have decided on four ballot measures related to various electoral system changes between 1908 and 2023. One was approved, and three were defeated.

Oregon Measure 65 (2008) Defeatedd

In November 2008, voters defeated Oregon Measure 65, which would have implemented a top-two primary system where all candidates appear on one ballot and the two candidates who receive the most votes advance to a general election. It was defeated with 65.9% of voters opposing it.

Oregon Measure Nos. 348-349 (1914) Defeatedd

In November 1914, Oregon voters defeated Oregon Measure Nos. 348-349, which would have provided that each voter can vote for one candidate in state legislative elections and that the 60 legislative candidates who receive the most votes from across the state are elected. It was defeated with 77.5% of voters opposing it.

Oregon Measure Nos. 360-361 (1910) Defeatedd

In November 1910, Oregon voters defeated Oregon Measure Nos. 360-361, which would have amended the constitution to require proportional election of members of the state Legislative from the state at large among other changes. It was defeated with 54.5% of voters opposing it.

Oregon Measure Nos. 328-329 (1908) Approveda

In June 1908, Oregon voters approved Measure Nos. 328-329 to add Section 16 to Article II of the Oregon Constitution to allow for alternative state electoral systems in the state, such as proportional representation or elections in which voters make "direct or indirect expression of his first, second or additional choices." It was approved with 58.8% of the vote. Section 16 has not been amended since its addition in 1908.

Ranked-choice voting

See also: Ranked-choice voting

Ranked-choice voting is a voting system where voters are able to rank candidates based on preference on their ballots. Ballots are processed in rounds. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, that candidate is declared the winner. If no candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate in last place is eliminated, lifting the second-choice preference on the ballots. The process is continued until a candidate wins the simple majority (50% plus 1) of the votes.

How ranked-choice voting works

Broadly speaking, the ranked-choice voting process unfolds as follows for single-winner elections:

  1. Voters rank the candidates for a given office by preference on their ballots.
  2. If a candidate wins an outright majority of first-preference votes (i.e., 50 percent plus one), he or she will be declared the winner.
  3. If, on the other hand, no candidates win an outright majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest first-preference votes is eliminated.
  4. All first-preference votes for the failed candidate are eliminated, lifting the second-preference choices indicated on those ballots.
  5. A new tally is conducted to determine whether any candidate has won an outright majority of the adjusted voters.
  6. The process is repeated until a candidate wins a majority of votes cast.


As of October 2024, ranked-choice voting is used in some states and localities across the United States. See the map, tables, and list below for further details. The numbers below do not include states where RCV is used by a political party for partisan primaries, or where military/UOCAVA voters use ranked ballots for runoff elections. For more information on these uses of RCV, see the table beneath the map below.

If you know of any additional U.S. localities using RCV that should be included here, please email editor@ballotpedia.org.[8]

  • RCV used statewide: Three states use RCV statewide. Alaska and Maine use RCV in federal and statewide elections. Hawaii uses RCV in certain statewide elections.
  • RCV used (or scheduled for use) in some localities: Fourteen states contain localities that either use or are scheduled to begin using RCV in municipal elections.
  • RCV prohibited: Ten states have enacted legislation prohibiting the use of RCV in any elections.
  • No laws addressing RCV, not in use: Twenty-two states have no laws addressing RCV, and neither the state nor any localities in the state use it.[9]


The map below shows which states use ranked-choice voting statewide or in some localities as of October 2024. It also shows the states where RCV is either prohibited or not addressed in the law. It does not show states where RCV is used by a political party for partisan primaries, or where military/UOCAVA voters use ranked ballots for runoff elections. See the table beneath the map for details on these uses of RCV.


Ranked-choice voting statewide ballot measures

See also: History of ranked-choice voting (RCV) ballot measures

Below is a list of statewide ranked-choice voting ballot measures by year. It includes measures that were approved, defeated, and not on the ballot between 2019 and 2024.

2024

State Type Title Description
AK

IndISS

Ballot Measure 2 Repeal the top-four ranked-choice voting (RCV) system that was adopted in 2020
CO

CISS

Proposition 131 Establish top-four primaries and ranked-choice voting (RCV) for federal and state offices in Colorado
ID

CISS

Proposition 1 Establish top-four primaries and ranked-choice voting (RCV) for federal, state, and certain local offices in Idaho
MO

LRCA

Amendment 7 Prohibit ranked-choice voting (RCV) and the state local and governments from allowing noncitizens to vote
NV

CICA

Question 3 Establish top-five primaries and ranked-choice voting (RCV) for federal and state offices in Nevada
OR

LRSS

Measure 117 Establish ranked-choice voting (RCV) for federal and state offices in Oregon


2002—2023

The following table provides a list of state ranked-choice voting (RCV) ballot measures:

State Year Type Measure Yes No Outcome
Nevada 2022 Initiative Question 3: Top-Five Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative 52.94% 47.06%
Approveda
Alaska 2020 Initiative Ballot Measure 2: Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative 50.55% 49.45%
Approveda
Massachusetts 2020 Initiative Question 2: Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative 45.22% 54.78%
Defeatedd
Maine 2018 Initiative Question 1: Ranked-Choice Voting Delayed Enactment and Automatic Repeal Referendum 53.88% 46.12%
Approveda
Maine 2016 Initiative Question 5: Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative 52.12% 47.88%
Approveda
Alaska 2002 Initiative Ballot Measure 1: Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative 36.27% 63.73%
Defeatedd


Campaign finance totals

The following table lists each measure's support and opposition campaign totals, if available.

Measure Support Opposition Total Outcome
Nevada Question 3, Top-Five Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2022) $23,018,271.58 $2,425,000.00 $25,443,271.58
Approveda
Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020) $6,844,544.33 $579,426.18 $7,423,970.51
Approveda
Massachusetts Question 2, Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2020) $10,179,108.24 $8,475.74 $10,187,583.98
Defeatedd
Maine Question 1, Ranked-Choice Voting Delayed Enactment and Automatic Repeal Referendum (June 2018) $1,577,811.98 $0.00 $1,577,811.98
Approveda
Maine Question 5, Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2016) $2,944,419.44 $0.00 $2,944,419.44
Approveda


Path to the ballot

See also: Types of ballot measures in Oregon

Process in Oregon

A simple majority vote is required during one legislative session for the Oregon State Legislature to place a state statute on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 31 votes in the Oregon House of Representatives and 16 votes in the Oregon State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Statutes do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

House Bill 2004 (2023)

The ballot measure was introduced into the Oregon State Legislature as House Bill 2004 (HB 2004) in 2023. On May 23, 2023, the House voted 35-24 to approve HB 2004. On June 25, the Senate voted 17-8 to approve an amended version of the legislation. As HB 2004 was amended, a concurrence vote was required in the House. Later on June 25, the House voted 34-17 to approve the final version of the bill, sending the ballot measure to voters in 2024.[1]

Vote in the Oregon State Senate
June 25, 2023
Requirement: Simple majority vote in each chamber
Number of yes votes required: 16  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total1785
Total percent56.67%26.67%16.67%
Democrat1610
Republican174
Independent001
Vote in the Oregon House of Representatives
June 25, 2023
Requirement: Simple majority vote in each chamber
Number of yes votes required: 31  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total34179
Total percent56.67%28.33%15.00%
Democrat3401
Republican0178

How to cast a vote

See also: Voting in Oregon

Click "Show" to learn more about current voter registration rules, identification requirements, and poll times in Oregon.

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Oregon State Legislature, "House Bill 2004," accessed June 26, 2023
  2. ↑ KTVZ, "Oregon lawmakers send ranked choice voting proposal to November 2024 ballot," June 25, 2023
  3. ↑ Oregon State Legislature, "Testimony," accessed July 6, 2023
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Oregon Votes, "Measure 115," accessed September 13, 2024
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  6. ↑ OregonRCV, "Home," accessed January 22, 2024
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named finance
  8. ↑ Ranked Choice Voting Resource Center, "Where is RCV Used," accessed January 17, 2023
  9. ↑ Michigan is included in this category despite numerous local jurisdictions approving the use of RCV. Although Michigan does not explicitly prohibit the use of RCV, state election laws prevent the implementation of RCV. One jurisdiction in the state, Eastpointe, did use RCV between 2019-2023 as a result of federal enforcement under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. The jurisdictions of Ann Arbor, Ferndale, Kalamazoo, East Lansing, and Royal Oak have all authorized the use of RCV and plan to begin using the election method if legislation providing the state's authorization is signed into law.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Oregon Secretary of State, “Voting in Oregon,” accessed April 20, 2023
  11. ↑ Deschutes County Oregon, “Voting in Oregon FAQ,” accessed April 20, 2023
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Oregon Secretary of State, "Oregon Online Voter Registration," accessed April 20, 2023
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