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School board authority in South Carolina

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South Carolina state law makes school boards responsible for governing and managing public school districts in the state. This article details the powers and duties South Carolina law grants to school boards for governing school districts and the constraints on that authority with regard to certain topics.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • South Carolina is one of 26 states with state laws or executive orders prohibiting or limiting cell phones in classrooms and/or schools, including through requiring school boards to pass certain policies.
  • South Carolina is one of 36 states that grant school boards at least some authority over whether charter schools are issued in their district.
  • South Carolina law requires parental notification if instruction is given on the following topics: reproductive health, family life, pregnancy prevention, and sexually transmitted diseases.

    • Types of legal and contractual constraints on school board authority

    See also: Local school board authority across the 50 states

    This page presents the results from Ballotpedia research on school board authority and constraints on that authority in all 50 states as of 2024. School board authority comes from state constitutions and state statutes and can be interpreted or specified by state regulations or court decisions. In addition to authority over district budgets, the selection of a superintendent, and administrative responsibilities, school boards have varying levels of authority over district policy on other topics depending on the state and district.

    There are several sources of legal and contractual constraints on school board policy-making authority which also vary by state or by district.

    • State laws commonly restrict or mandate school board policies on certain topics.
      • Parents' Bills of Rights, which at least 26 states have in statute to some degree, limit the policies school boards are allowed to pass.
    • State rules, guidance, and funding incentives can constrain, mandate, or influence school board policies. These include regulation from state education commissions and superintendents, executive orders from governors, or grant conditions.
    • Federal and state court rulings can dictate whether or not school district policies are compatible with state law or federal law.
    • The federal government, largely through its Department of Education, can promulgate regulations or guidance that influence district policy or make funding contingent on certain policies.
    • Collective bargaining agreements between school districts and teacher unions can create contractual constraints on the policies school boards can pass.
    • State school board associations can influence school board policy or, in some cases. enter into contracts with school boards that can limit school board policy.

    This page features the following sections:

    School board authority over district policy in South Carolina

    Enabling or authorizing statute for the boards of school districts in South Carolina

    See also: Enabling statute

    South Carolina Statute 59-19-10 creates school district boards and gives them authority to operate according to state law:[1]

    “

    Each school district shall be under the management and control of the board of trustees provided for in this article, subject to the supervision and orders of the county board of education.[2]

    		”

    South Carolina school boards' powers and duties

    South Carolina public school boards of directors are given broad authority to administer the public schools according to state law:[3]

    “

    The boards of trustees of the several school districts may prescribe such rules and regulations not inconsistent with the statute law of this State as they may deem necessary or advisable to the proper disposition of matters brought before them. This rule-making power shall specifically include the right, at the discretion of the board, to designate one or more of its members to conduct any hearing in connection with any responsibility of the board and to make a report on this hearing to the board for its determination.[2]

    		”


    South Carolina public school boards of directors are given 12 specific duties or powers to administer the public schools in South Carolina. In addition to budget-related and fiscal duties, school property and facilities management, and administrative responsibilities, the specific powers and duties include

    • promulgating rules and regulations
    • establishing the annual calendar.

    The list of powers and duties school district boards are charged with appears in SC Code § 59-19-90 and are as follows:[4]

    “ The board of trustees shall also:

    (1) Provide schoolhouses. Provide suitable schoolhouses in its district and make them comfortable, paying due regard to any schoolhouse already built or site procured, as well as to all other circumstances proper to be considered so as best to promote the educational interest of the districts;

    (2) Employ and discharge teachers. Employ teachers from those having certificates from the State Board of Education, fix their salaries and discharge them when good and sufficient reasons for so doing present themselves, subject to the supervision of the county board of education. In reaching a decision as to whether or not to employ any person qualified as a teacher, consideration may be given to the residence of such person but it shall not be the deciding factor or a bar to employing such person.

    (3) Promulgate rules and regulations. Promulgate rules prescribing scholastic standards of achievement and standards of conduct and behavior that must be met by all pupils as a condition to the right of such pupils to attend the public schools of such district. The rules shall take into account the necessity of proper conduct on the part of all pupils and the necessity for scholastic progress in order that the welfare of the greatest possible number of pupils shall be promoted notwithstanding that such rules may result in the ineligibility of pupils who fail to observe the required standards, and require the suspension or permanent dismissal of such pupils;

    (4) Call meetings of electors for consultation. Call meetings of the qualified electors of the district for consultation in regard to the school interests thereof, at which meetings the chairman or other member of the board shall preside, if present;

    (5) Control school property. Take care of, manage and control the school property of the district;

    (6) Visit schools. Visit the public schools within its district from time to time and at least once in every school term and take care that they are conducted according to law and with the utmost efficiency;

    (7) Control educational interest of district. Manage and control local educational interests of its district, with the exclusive authority to operate or not to operate any public school or schools;

    (8) Charge matriculation and incidental fees. Charge and collect matriculation and incidental fees from students; however, regulations or policies adopted by the board regarding charges and collections must take into account the students' ability to pay and must hold the fee to a minimum reasonable amount. Fees may not be charged to students eligible for free lunches and must be reduced pro rata for students eligible for reduced price lunches;

    (9) Transfer and assign pupils. Transfer any pupil from one school to another so as to promote the best interests of education, and determine the school within its district in which any pupil shall enroll; and

    (10) Prescribe conditions and charges for attendance. Be empowered to prescribe conditions and a schedule of charges based on cost per pupil as last determined, for attendance in the public schools of the school district for

    (a) children of parents temporarily residing within the school district;

    (b) children whose parents or legal guardians live elsewhere but who are residing with residents of the school district; and

    (c) children of parents residing on Federal property or military or naval bases of the United States located within or adjacent to the boundaries of such school district; and

    (d) all other children specially situated and not meeting the eligibility requirements of Section 59-63-30, but who shall have petitioned the trustees in writing seeking permission to attend the public schools of the school district.

    (11) Provide school-age child care program or facilities therefor. Provide:

    (a) a school-age child care program for children aged five through fourteen years that operates before or after the school day, or both, and during periods when school is not in session;

    (b) a school-age child care program that operates during periods when school is in session for students who are enrolled in a half-day kindergarten program; or

    (c) classrooms, other space, or both, in a school for use by an organization that is operating a school-age child care program before or after the school day, or both, and during periods when school is not in session for children aged five through fourteen years.

    All latchkey programs operating pursuant to this item must be licensed.

    (12) Establish the annual calendar. Have the authority to establish an annual school calendar for students, faculty, and staff to include starting dates, ending dates, holidays, make-up days, in-service days, and professional development days. [2]

    		”

    Constraints on South Carolina school boards' authority

    This section tracks constraints on school boards specific to South Carolina as of September 2024. It features constraints on school boards' authority from state law, collective bargaining agreements, and Parents' Bills of Rights.

    Constraint on South Carolina school boards' authority by topic

    This section features constraints on South Carolina school boards' authority on policies related to the following topics:

    Curriculum requirements

    South Carolina requires the following specific topics to be included in each state's curriculum:[5]

    • health,
    • domestic and family violence,
    • art,
    • physical education,
    • reproductive health education,
    • finances,
    • U.S. history,
    • U.S. Constitution,
    • firearm safety,
    • alcohol and drug use,
    • writing,
    • arithmetic,
    • cursive,
    • traffic laws,
    • Black history,
    • safety,
    • fire prevention,
    • personal finance

    Curriculum restrictions

    South Carolina law prohibits instruction in public schools regarding specific concepts related to race and sex as outlined in Part 1B, SECTION 1 of the 2024-2025 Appropriation Act:[6]

    “

    1.79. (SDE: Partisanship Curriculum) For the current fiscal year, of the funds allocated by the Department of Education to school districts, no monies shall be used by any school district or school to provide instruction in, to teach, instruct, or train any administrator, teacher, staff member, or employee to adopt or believe, or to approve for use, make use of, or carry out standards, curricula, lesson plans, textbooks, instructional materials, or instructional practices that serve to inculcate any of the following concepts:

    (1) one race or sex is inherently superior to another race or sex;

    (2) an individual, by virtue of his race or sex, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously;

    (3) an individual should be discriminated against or receive adverse treatment solely or partly because of his race or sex;

    (4) an individuals moral standing or worth is necessarily determined by his race or sex;

    (5) an individual, by virtue of his race or sex, bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by other members of the same race or sex;

    (6) an individual should feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or any other form of psychological distress on account of his race or sex;

    (7) meritocracy or traits such as a hard work ethic are racist or sexist, or were created by members of a particular race to oppress members of another race; and

    (8) fault, blame, or bias should be assigned to a race or sex, or to members of a race or sex because of their race or sex.

    Nothing contained herein shall be construed as prohibiting any professional development training for teachers related to issues of addressing unconscious bias within the context of teaching certain literary or historical concepts or issues related to the impacts of historical or past discriminatory policies.[2]

    		”
    Federal law and guidance

    Book bans, removals, and restrictions

    South Carolina school boards have the authority to remove books from school libraries; the State Board of Education can also mandate that statewide removal of school library books. The South Carolina State Board of Education adopted a resolution in 2024 establishing a uniform process for local school boards to review and decide challenges to books in their districts.[8][9]

    Case law:
    The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed local school boards' authority to remove school books in Island Trees Sch. Dist. v. Pico by Pico in 1982 but held that school library books are distinct from curricular books, which school boards have more authority to regulate. The ruling held that school boards are charged with inculcating community values and may make curricular decisions accordingly. In Zykan v. Warsaw Community School Corp. in 1980, the Supreme Court held that school boards had discretionary power over curriculum, textbooks, and other educational matters but could not impose religious creeds or "permanently the student’s ability to investigate matters that arise in the natural course of intellectual inquiry,” according to the opinion.[10][11][12]

    Federal guidance


    Parental notification

    South Carolina requires parental notification on curriculum related to the following topics:[14]

    • reproductive health, family life, pregnancy prevention
    • sexually transmitted diseases

    Case law: The United States Supreme Court ruled in Mahmoud v. Taylor on June 27, 2025, that Montgomery County Board of Education's introduction of LGBTQ+ related storybooks, along with its decision to withhold opt outs, placed an unconstitutional burden on the parents’ rights to the free exercise of their religion.[15]

    Discipline

    See also: How does South Carolina compare to other states on school board authority over disciplinary policy?

    South Carolina is one of 47 states that gives school boards authority over district disciplinary policy.

    The text of SC Code of Regulations 43-279 is as follows:[16]

    “

    E. A local school board, in its discretion, may authorize more stringent standards and consequences than those contained in this regulation. [2]

    		”
    Federal guidance

    School board elections

    See also: Rules governing school board election dates and timing in South Carolina, How does South Carolina compare to other states on school board authority over election timing?

    South Carolina is one of 42 states in which school boards do not have authority over the timing of school board elections because state or municipal laws determine school board election dates.

    Click here to read about the laws governing school board elections in South Carolina.

    Public school choice and open enrollment

    See also: School choice in South Carolina

    South Carolina did not have a state-wide public school choice program as of September 2024. School boards can approve transfers to an adjacent school district, but only if that school is closer to the student:[18]

    “

    If school children in one county reside closer to schools in an adjacent county, they may attend such schools upon the school authorities of the county of their residence arranging with the school officials of the adjacent county for such admission and upon payment of appropriate charges as herein authorized. The board of trustees in the school district in which the pupils reside shall make written application through its county board of education to the board of trustees of the district in which the school is located for the admission of such children, giving full information as to ages, residence and school attainment, and the board of trustees in the school district, agreeing to accept such pupils, shall give a written statement of agreement. Upon receipt of such application the board of trustees of the school and its county board of education shall determine the monthly per pupil cost of all overhead expenses of the school, which will include all expenses of the school not paid by the State. Upon proper arrangement being made for the payment monthly of such overhead per pupil cost for each such child the same shall be admitted to the schools of the adjacent county. [2]

    		”

    Charter schools

    See also: Charter schools in South Carolina, How does South Carolina compare to other states on school board authority over charter schools?

    South Carolina is one of 36 states that grant school boards at least some authority over whether charter schools are issued in their district.

    However, other entities, such as the South Carolina Public Charter School District and public or independent institutions of higher learning, can also authorize charter schools within the state. According to South Carolina Code § 59-40-70, school district boards receive charter school applications and are required to hold a public hearing before issuing a final decision.[19]

    “ (A)

    (1) An applicant shall submit a letter of intent at least ninety days before submitting an application to the board of trustees or area commission from which it is seeking sponsorship and a copy to the South Carolina Department of Education.

    (2) An applicant shall submit the application to the board of trustees or area commission from which it is seeking sponsorship and one copy to the South Carolina Department of Education. In the case of the South Carolina Public Charter School District or a public or independent institution of higher learning sponsor, the applicant shall provide notice of the application to the local school board of trustees in which the charter school will be located for informational purposes only. The school district or the public or independent institution of higher learning from which the applicant is seeking sponsorship may request clarifying information from the applicant. The State Department of Education shall provide guidance on compliance to both sponsors and applicants.

    (3) The applicant shall notify the local delegation of a county in which a proposed charter school is to be located upon submission of a charter school application and also shall provide a copy of the charter school application upon request by a member of the local delegation.

    (B) The board of trustees or area commission from which the applicant is seeking sponsorship shall rule on the application for a charter school in a public hearing, upon reasonable public notice, within ninety days after receiving the application. If there is no ruling within ninety days, the application is considered approved. Once the application has been approved by the board of trustees or area commission, the charter school may open at the beginning of the following year. However, before a charter school may open, the State Department of Education shall verify the accuracy of the financial data for the school within forty-five days after approval.

    (C) A board of trustees or area commission shall deny an application only if the application does not meet the requirements specified in Section 59-40-50 or 59-40-60, fails to meet the spirit and intent of this chapter, or adversely affects, as defined in regulation, the other students in the district in which the charter school is to be located, or if, based on the totality of information provided by the applicant, the board of trustees or area commission determines that the applicant has failed to demonstrate a substantial likelihood that it has the capacity to establish a viable school based on national industry standards of quality charter school authorization. It shall provide, within ten days, a written explanation of the reasons for denial, citing specific standards related to provisions of Section 59-40-50 or 59-40-60 that the application violates. This written explanation immediately must be sent to the charter committee and filed with the State Board of Education.

    (D) In the event that the racial composition of an applicant's or charter school's enrollment differs from the enrollment of the local school district in which the charter school is to be located or the targeted student population of the local school district by more than twenty percent, despite its best efforts, the board of trustees or area commission from which the applicant is seeking sponsorship shall consider the applicant's or the charter school's recruitment efforts and racial composition of the applicant pool in determining whether the applicant or charter school is operating in a nondiscriminatory manner. A finding by the board of trustees or area commission that the applicant or charter school is operating in a racially discriminatory manner justifies the denial of a charter school application or the revocation of a charter as provided in this section or in Section 59-40-110, as may be applicable. A finding by the board of trustees or area commission that the applicant is not operating in a racially discriminatory manner justifies approval of the charter without regard to the racial percentage requirement if the application is acceptable in all other aspects.

    (E) If the board of trustees or area commission from which the applicant is seeking sponsorship denies a charter school application, the charter applicant may appeal the denial to the Administrative Law Court pursuant to Section 59-40-90.

    (F) If the board of trustees or area commission approves the application, it becomes the charter school's sponsor and shall sign the approved application. The sponsor shall submit a copy of the charter contract to the State Board of Education.

    (G) If a local school board of trustees has information that an approved application by the South Carolina Public Charter School District or a public or independent institution of higher learning sponsor adversely affects the other students in its district, as defined in regulation, or that the approval of the application fails to meet the spirit and intent of this chapter, the local school board of trustees may appeal the granting of the charter to the Administrative Law Court. The Administrative Law Court, within forty-five days, may affirm or reverse the application for action by the South Carolina Public Charter School District or the public or independent institution of higher learning in accordance with an order of the state board.[2]

    		”

    Cellphone bans

    See also: How does South Carolina compare to other states on cellphone laws?

    South Carolina is one of 26 states with state laws or executive orders prohibiting or limiting cell phones in classrooms and/or schools, including through requiring school boards to pass certain policies.[20]

    “

    To receive state funds allocated for State Aid to Classrooms, a school district shall implement a policy adopted by the State Board of Education that prohibits access to personal electronic communication devices by students during the school day. For purposes of this provision, a personal electronic communication device is considered tobe a device not authorized for classroom use by a student, utilized to access the Internet, wi-fi, or cellular telephone signals.[2]

    		”

    Collective bargaining agreements

    Teacher union collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) can constrain school board authority. Teacher CBAs are agreements between a school district and a teachers’ union to establish rights and other contract details for public school employees. CBAs do not have the force of law, but are contractually binding for a set period of time. Within the time set out in the agreement, the school board must comply with the stipulations that were agreed to in the contract. In this way, CBAs can constrain school board authority by giving teachers authority over curriculum, prohibiting school boards from banning books, and establishing certain student or parental rights. They can also determine rights and protections for educators, and conditions for students (such as required recess periods or the amount of standardized testing), among other provisions.

    CBAs vary greatly within and across states in size, topics covered, and constraints they put on school boards. Not all states allow teachers to bargain collectively. As of January 2022, 35 states and the District of Columbia guaranteed K-12 teachers some right to bargain collectively, and six states prohibited public-sector employee collective bargaining by law, which includes public school teachers. The other nine states have no statewide bargaining framework, but local jurisdictions within these states can grant bargaining rights if they choose.[21][22]

    South Carolina school boards are not legally allowed to engage in collective bargaining agreements with school employees.[23]

    Parents' bill of rights

    See also: How does South Carolina compare to other states on Parents' Bills of Rights?

    South Carolina is one of 24 states that does not have a statewide Parents' Bill of Rights.


    How does South Carolina compare to other states?

    This section compares South Carolina's school board authority and constraints with those of other states on select topics. These topics include authority over discipline policy, school board election timing, charter schools, cellphone use policy, as well as constraints on school boards' authority from Parents' Bills of Rights.

    Book bans, removals, and restrictions

    Twenty-four (24) states have no laws regulating the curation of school library books. Twenty-six (26) states, however, have passed laws restricting school board authority over school library book curation. These laws typically fall into one of the following categories:

    • Ten states require school boards to develop a policy for the removal of books, including creating a way for the public to challenge school library books.
    • Eight states prohibit school boards from removing books on the grounds that they represent specific ideologies or perspectives.
    • Six states prohibit books if they contain specific material, including sexual content or anything deemed harmful to minors.
    • Five states require school boards to establish local boards to review challenges to library books.
    • Two states require school boards to allow parents to view a catalogue of books.

    Some states have adopted multiple types of these policies.

    Discipline

    • School boards in 47 states have authority over disciplinary policy in their district.
    • School boards in two states have authority over disciplinary policy for specific circumstances, such as suspension, expulsion, or bullying.
    • Individual schools in one state create their own disciplinary policy.

    School board elections

    School boards' authority over the timing of school board elections varies by state.

    • School boards in 42 states do not have authority over election timing;
    • School boards in five states can choose from limited options when to hold school board elections;
    • School boards in two states can choose from a date range when to hold school board elections;
    • The school board in Hawaii is not elected.

    The map below shows the types of authority school boards in the states have to determine the timing of school board elections.

    Charter schools

    See also: Charter schools in the United States

    Some school boards in the U.S. are authorized to approve or deny applications for charter schools in their district, while state boards of education hold the authority in other states. In some states, school boards can authorize charter schools, but there are other entities besides school boards that can also authorize charter schools or to which a school board decision can be appealed.

    • 10 states do not authorize school boards to make decisions on whether to approve new charter schools in their districts.
    • 36 states do authorize school boards to approve new charter schools in their districts, deny approval to new charter schools, or both.
    • 3 states do not have laws governing charter school authorization.
    • 1 state allows school districts to apply to the state board of education to be a charter school district.

    State cellphone laws

    See also: State policies on cellphone use in K-12 public schools

    In most states, school boards or superintendents often set policies on cellphones in public schools. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), around 76% of schools said they banned the non-academic use of cellphones or smartphones during school hours during the 2021-22 school year, down from 91% in 2010.[24]

    Beginning with Florida in 2023, some states enacted laws or policies to regulate student cellphone usage in public schools. Twenty-six (26) states had statewide laws or policies restricting cellphone use in K-12 classrooms or schools as of June 2025. Four states had requirements for all school district boards to adopt a policy on cellphones but without specific requirements for those policies. Four other states had policies encouraging school districts to establish restrictions on cellphone use in the classroom.


    Parents' Bill of Rights

    See also: Parents' Bill of Rights in education

    If state law explicitly provides certain rights to parents, it can constrain the policy-making authority of school boards. These sections of statute are often referred to within statute and are categorized here as Parents' Bills of Rights. In some states, they are education-specific, regarding the rights a parent has to be involved in their child's public education. Common examples include notification requirements, opt-out rights, and records access. Other Parents' Bills of Rights are more general, commonly affording parents a right to direct the upbringing of their child.

    • 26 states have enacted a statewide Parents' Bill of Rights
    • 24 states have not enacted a Parents' Bill of Rights.

    Noteworthy events

    See also: Overview of trends in K-12 curricula development
    • South Carolina school boards must live-stream public meetings (2025): South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster (R) signed S77 on May 12, 2025, to require bodies governing public schools, including charter or special schools, to either live-stream public meetings or post video and audio of the meeting as soon as possible when the meeting is over. The South Carolina State Board of Education must pass a model policy, and local boards must create policies implementing these requirements within three months after adoption of the model policy by the State Board of Education.[25]
    • South Carolina lawmakers debate bill to limit classroom instruction on race (2024): A conference committee that consisted of three members of the South Carolina House of Representatives and three members of the South Carolina Senate met on May 7, 2024, to debate a bill aimed at limiting methods for K-12 classroom instruction on race. The Senate and House each passed a bill in 2023 on the topic, however, the chambers had yet to reach a compromise to address the differences in the bills. The bills contained a variety of provisions relating to posting instructional materials online, prohibiting instruction that teaches that one race is superior to another, and establishing an appeals process for parents to oppose certain instructional materials.[26]
    • South Carolina governor signs bill barring transgender students from participating in public school and collegiate women’s sports (2022): South Carolina Gov. Henry McMaster (R) signed a bill into law on May 16, 2022, that proposed prohibiting transgender students from participating in women’s sports at public schools and colleges in the state. The law proposed mandating students to play on sports teams that align with the sex on their birth certificates.[27][28]

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-19-10 (2023)," accessed November 19, 2024
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    3. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-19-110 (2023)," accessed November 19, 2024
    4. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-19-90," accessed November 19, 2024
    5. ↑ Casetext.com, "S.C. Code § 59-29-10," accessed November 19, 2024
    6. ↑ [https://www.scstatehouse.gov/query.php?search=DOC&searchtext=SDE:%20Partisanship%20Curriculum&category=BUDGET&year=2024&version_id=7&return_page=&version_title=Appropriation%20Act&conid=49816551&result_pos=0&keyval=54497&numrows=10#:%7E:text=1.79.%20(,past%20discriminatory%20policies:~:text=1.79.%20(,past%20discriminatory%20policies. South Carolina Legislature, "Part 1B SECTION 1 - H630 - DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 2024-2025 Appropriation Act," accessed January 31, 2025]
    7. ↑ The White House, "Ending Radical Indoctrination in K-12 Schooling," accessed March 14, 2025
    8. ↑ South Carolina State Board of Education, "Uniform Procedure for Selection or Reconsideration of Instructional Materials," accessed May 28, 2025
    9. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-31-50," accessed November 19, 2024
    10. ↑ Education Law Center, Pennsylvania, "Challenging book bans: What can you do," September 18, 2024
    11. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "Island Trees Sch. Dist. v. Pico by Pico, 457 U.S. 853 (1982)," September 18, 2024
    12. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "Zykan v. Warsaw Community School Corp., 631 F.2d 1300 (7th Cir. 1980)," October 11, 2024
    13. ↑ U.S. Department of Education, "U.S. Department of Education Ends Biden’s Book Ban Hoax," accessed January 28, 2025
    14. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "S.C. Code § 59-32-50," accessed November 19, 2024
    15. ↑ The United States Supreme Court, "Mahmoud et al. v. Taylor et al." Accessed July 7, 2025
    16. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code Regs 43-279," accessed November 19, 2024
    17. ↑ The White House, "Reinstating Common Sense School Discipline Policies," April 30, 2025
    18. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-63-480," accessed November 19, 2024
    19. ↑ Law.Justia.com, "SC Code § 59-40-70," accessed November 19, 2024
    20. ↑ Scribd, "South Carolina, Department of Education: Cell phone survey results and policy development," accessed November 19, 2024
    21. ↑ National Education Association, "Collective Bargaining: What it is and How it Works", accessed October 3, 2024.
    22. ↑ National Education Association, "The Benefits of Collective Bargaining in Education", accessed October 3, 2024
    23. ↑ SCstatehous.gov, "Title 41 - Labor and Employment, CHAPTER 7, Right to Work," accessed November 19, 2024
    24. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures: Selected school years, 1999-2000 through 2021-22," accessed August 8, 2024
    25. ↑ South Carolina General Assembly, "A28, R46, S77," accessed August 21, 2025
    26. ↑ ABC4 News, "South Carolina lawmakers rekindle bill limiting how topics like race are taught," May 7, 2024
    27. ↑ NPR, "South Carolina becomes the latest state to enact a transgender sports ban," May 17, 2022
    28. ↑ South Carolina State House, "A193, R218, H4608," accessed on June 3, 2022
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