State responses to federal mandates

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• State survey of the federal grant review process
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• Federalism by the numbers
  • Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates
  • Federalism by the numbers: Federal grants-in-aid
  • Federalism by the numbers: Federal information collection requests
  • Overview of federal spending during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
• Index of articles

See also: Federalism, Dual federalism, Unfunded mandate, Federalism by the numbers: Federal mandates, Judicial activism

What are state responses to federal mandates?
State responses to federal mandates refer to how U.S. states react to binding requirements imposed by the federal government, such as laws, regulations, or conditions tied to funding, including unfunded mandates. While states often comply — especially when federal funding is at stake — they may also delay implementation, modify policies to fit state priorities, challenge mandates in court, or refuse to comply altogether.

Why does it matter?
State challenges to federal mandates play a key role in shaping the balance of power between state and federal governments. Federal mandates influence state policies in areas such as healthcare, public assistance, highway infrastructure, and housing, often through conditions attached to funding. In fiscal year 2023, the federal government provided nearly $1.1 trillion to state and local governments through grants, accounting for about 20% of total state revenues. How states respond to these mandates affects public services, budget priorities, and the broader federal-state relationship, raising deeper questions about constitutional authority, fiscal responsibility, and the tension between national standards and state flexibility.

Where is the fight?
Fights over mandates frequently occur in federal courts, where states challenge the legality or scope of federal actions. State legislatures may pass laws resisting or adapting to federal rules, and governors may use executive orders to shape compliance. While all 50 states are affected by federal mandates, their responses vary depending on political leadership and how closely state priorities align — or conflict — with those of the presidential administration.

What are the trends?
The following chart compares the total number of multistate lawsuits filed against each presidential administration between 1981 and 2025, according to the State Litigation and AG Activity Database and the Civil Rights Clearinghouse.

What is the scope of this page?
This page highlights two major waves of recent litigation:

• State lawsuits against the Biden administration

  Between 2021 and early 2025, Republican attorneys general filed dozens of lawsuits challenging Biden-era mandates. Many of these cases remain active, though the Trump administration is unlikely to continue defending them in court.
  Read More
• State lawsuits against the second Trump administration

  Since January 2025, Democratic attorneys general have filed a series of lawsuits challenging President Trump's executive actions across areas like education, immigration, and grant funding.
  Read More

This page also organizes federal mandate disputes by Ballotpedia’s main policy coverage areas, including education, ESG, and the administrative state.

• State responses related to ESG
  Read more
• State responses related to the administrative state
  Read more
• State responses related to unemployment insurance

  Coming soon
  Read more
• State responses related to work requirements

  Coming soon
  Read more
• State responses related to education

  Coming soon
  Read more

State lawsuits against the second Trump administration

As of October 9, 2025, there were 34 multistate lawsuits filed against the second Trump administration. The table below lists these lawsuits involving two or more state plaintiffs. It includes the date the lawsuit was filed, the number of states involved, the docket or citation number, the last updated status of the case, the topical category, and the district court.

Multistate lawsuits against the second Trump administration

Case	Date filed	Number of states	Docket or citation	Status	Category	District Court
New York v. Department of Justice	October 1, 2025	20	1:25-cv-00499	Pending	Federal funding	Rhode Island
Washington v. Department of Health and Human Services	September 26, 2025	16	6:25-cv-01748	Pending	Federal funding / education	Oregon
Massachusetts v. Trump	August 1, 2025	16	1:25-cv-12162	Pending	Healthcare	Massachusetts
California v. Department of Agriculture	July 28, 2025	22	3:25-cv-06310	Pending	Public assistance	Northern California
New York v. Department of Justice	July 21, 2025	20	1:25-cv-00345	A preliminary injunction granted Sept. 10, 2025	Immigration/public assistance	Rhode Island
Washington v. Federal Emergency Management Agency	July 16, 2025	20	1:25-cv-12006	A preliminary injunction granted August 5, 2025	Infrastructure	Massachusetts
California v. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services	July 17, 2025	21	1:25-cv-12019	Case dismissed without prejudice on Aug. 25, 2025, pending funds release	Healthcare	Massachusetts
California v. McMahon	July 14, 2025	24	1:25-cv-00329	Case dismissed without prejudice, pending funds release	Education	Rhode Island
New Jersey v. U.S. Office of Management and Budget	June 24, 2025	21	1:25-cv-11816	Pending	Federal funding	Massachusetts
New York v. National Science Foundation	May 28, 2025	20	1:25-cv-05271	Preliminary injunction denied Aug 1, 2025; case voluntarily dismissed Aug 25, 2025	Federal funding	Southern New York
Illinois v. FEMA	May 13, 2025	20	1:25-cv-00206	Pending	Immigration	Rhode Island
California v. Department of Transportation	May 13, 2025	20	1:25-cv-00208	A preliminary injunction granted June 19, 2025	Immigration	Rhode Island
Washington v. Trump	May 9, 2025	15	2:25-cv-00869	Pending	Environment	Western Washington
Washington v. Department of Transportation	May 7, 2025	16	2:25-cv-00848	A preliminary injunction granted in part June 24, 2025	Environment	Western Washington
New York v. Kennedy	May 5, 2025	20	1:25-cv-00196	A preliminary injunction granted July 1, 2025. Under appeal; SCOTUS granted stay Aug 13, 2025 pending First Circuit review	Education	Rhode Island
New York v. Trump	May 5, 2025	17	1:25-cv-11221	Pending	Environment	Massachusetts
New York v. U.S. Department of Education	April 25, 2025	19	1:25-cv-11116	Pending	Education	Massachusetts
Oregon v. Trump	April 23, 2025	12	1:25-cv-00077	A summary judgment for plaintiffs May 28, 2025; appeal pending	Trade	U.S. Court of International Trade
New York v. U.S. Department of Education	April 10, 2025	16	1:25-cv-02990	A preliminary injunction granted May 6, 2025	Education	New York
Rhode Island v. Trump	April 5, 2025	21	1:25-cv-00128	A preliminary injunction granted May 6, 2025	Executive authority	Rhode Island
Massachusetts v. Kennedy, Jr.	April 4, 2025	16	1:25-cv-10814	A preliminary injunction granted May 16, 2025	Healthcare	Massachusetts
Washington v. Trump	April 4, 2025	2	2:25-cv-00602	Pending	Voting	Western Washington
California v. Trump	April 3, 2025	19	1:25-cv-10810	A preliminary injunction granted June 13, 2025	Voting	Massachusetts
Colorado v. HHS	April 1, 2025	21	1:25-cv-00121	A preliminary injunction granted May 16, 2025	Healthcare	Rhode Island
New York v. McMahon	March 13, 2025	20	1:25-cv-10601	A preliminary injunction granted May 22, 2025; stay denied June 4, 2025	Education	Massachusetts
California v. U.S. Department of Education	March 6, 2025	8	1:25-cv-10548	A preliminary injunction withdrawn; temporary restraining order appealed and affirmed March 21, 2025	Education	Massachusetts
Maryland v. United States Department of Agriculture	March 6, 2025	19	1:25-cv-00748	A preliminary injunction granted; appealed and affirmed	Labor	Maryland
New Mexico v. Musk	February 13, 2025	14	1:25-cv-00429	A temporary restraining order denied	Executive authority	District of Columbia
Massachusetts v. National Institutes of Health	February 10, 2025	22	1:25-cv-10338	A preliminary injunction issued February 10, 2025; permanent injunction and judgment Apr. 4, 2025	Healthcare	Massachusetts
Washington v. Department of Justice	February 7, 2025	4	2:25-cv-00244	A preliminary injunction granted February 28, 2025	Healthcare	Western Washington
New York v. Trump	February 7, 2025	19	1:25-cv-01144	A preliminary injunction granted February 21, 2025	Executive authority	Southern New York
New York v. Trump	January 28, 2025	23	1:25-cv-00039	A preliminary injunction granted March 6, 2025	Funding	Rhode Island
New Jersey v. Trump	January 21, 2025	18	1:25-cv-10139	A preliminary injunction granted; in Trump v. CASA, Inc., SCOTUS partially stayed relief June 27, 2025	Immigration	Massachusetts
Washington v. Trump	January 21, 2025	4	2:25-cv-00127	A preliminary injunction granted; in Trump v. CASA, Inc., SCOTUS partially stayed relief June 27, 2025	Immigration	Western Washington

State lawsuits against the Biden administration

This section highlights a selection of multistate lawsuits filed against the Biden administration in 2024. Please note that the status of these cases may not be the most current.

Federal judge blocks CMS rule expanding health coverage to DACA recipients (2024)

• Federal mandate: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a final rule on May 5, 2024, clarifying that Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients and certain other noncitizens are now eligible for health coverage through the Affordable Care Act (ACA) by redefining the term "lawfully present."

• State response: Led by Kansas Attorney General Kris Kobach, 15 states sued CMS on August 9, 2024, in the United States District Court for North Dakota, claiming that the rule violates the Administrative Procedure Act and is arbitrary and capricious. Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, and Texas later joined the lawsuit.

• Status: Federal Judge Daniel Traynor of the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota issued a preliminary injunction and stay on December 9, 2024, ruling that CMS acted contrary to law and that the states are likely to face irreparable harm. The ruling temporarily halts the enforcement or implementation of the regulation while the case is being litigated.

• State(s): Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia

18 States Take Legal Action Against SEC Over Digital Asset Regulation (2024)

• Federal mandate: The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued employees of Coinbase, a cryptocurrency exchange platform, for securities fraud in July 2022. In 2023, the SEC filed lawsuits against Coinbase and Binance, accusing them of operating as unregistered securities exchanges and brokers. The SEC has taken numerous other enforcement actions against various entities and individuals in the digital asset industry.

• State response: Eighteen Republican attorneys general sued the SEC on Nov. 14, 2024, arguing that the agency’s regulatory actions exceed its authority and violate principles of federalism and separation of powers. The lawsuit claims that states have the constitutional right to regulate digital assets and that the SEC’s broad, unilateral actions, without congressional authorization, undermine state sovereignty and hinder innovation. The attorneys general assert that the SEC’s attempt to apply federal securities laws to digital assets harms consumers by displacing state laws better suited to provide consumer protection. The plaintiffs are seeking a ruling to halt the SEC’s regulatory enforcement.

• Status: Lawsuit filed on November 14, 2024.

• State(s): Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia

Ninth Circuit revives lawsuit challenging Biden's $15 minimum wage mandate for federal contractors (2024)

• Federal mandate: Executive Order 14026, signed by President Joe Biden (D) in April 2021, mandates a $15 per hour minimum wage for federal contractors, including universities and other state entities contracting with the federal government. The corresponding final rule, issued by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) in November 2021, sets the specific regulations for implementing the wage increase, including annual adjustments based on inflation.

• State response: Then-Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich (R) filed suit on February 8, 2022, along with Idaho, Indiana, Nebraska, and South Carolina in the United States District Court of Arizona, challenging Biden's Executive Order and its implementing rule. The states argued that the defendants were "lacking statutory authority and violating separation-of-powers and federalism principles."

• Status: The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the lower court's decision to dismiss the lawsuit challenging Executive Order 14026 on November 5, 2024. Two of the three judges ruled that the minimum wage mandate was arbitrary and capricious and exceeded the president's authority. The case is sent back to the district court for further proceedings.

• State(s): Arizona, Idaho, Indiana, Nebraska, and South Carolina

Federal judge temporarily halts Biden rule on natural gas flaring (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) issued the "Waste Prevention, Production Subject to Royalties, and Resource Conservation" rule on April 10, 2024, aiming to reduce natural gas waste from venting and flaring during oil and gas production on federal and tribal lands.

• State response: North Dakota, along with three other states, sued the DOI, arguing that the final rule] unjustly expands federal regulation over state and private oil and gas production. The states contended that this version exceeds the Bureau of Land Management's authority, violates the Clean Air Act and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, and is arbitrary and capricious.

• Status: U.S. District Judge Daniel Traynor granted a preliminary injunction, temporarily blocking the rule in five states, stating, “At this preliminary stage, the plaintiffs have shown they are likely to succeed on the merits of their claim that the 2024 Rule is arbitrary and capricious.”

• State(s): North Dakota, Montana, Texas, and Wyoming; later joined by Utah

Texas sues Health and Human Services over privacy rule for abortion (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a final rule on April 26, 2024, that requires healthcare providers to enforce stricter privacy protections for reproductive health information. This means sensitive details about reproductive health services, such as abortion, must be kept confidential and can only be shared with explicit consent from the individual.

• State response: Texas sued HHS on September 4, 2024, in the Northern District of Texas, arguing the rule is arbitrary and capricious, overstepping federal authority and undermining state enforcement of criminal laws.

• Status: Lawsuit filed on September 4, 2024

• State(s): Texas

Seven states sue the Biden administration over third student debt relief plan (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Education (DOE) issued a proposed rule in April 2024 to waive some student loan debts, citing power under the Higher Education Act of 1965.

• State response: Seven states, led by Missouri, sued the DOE in the U.S. District Court of Southern Georgia on September 3, 2024, arguing the agency lacks authority to cancel student loans.

• Status: Lawsuit filed on September 3, 2024.

• State(s): Missouri, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, North Dakota, and Ohio

Judge denies Illinois' request to end the federal oversight of disability services (2024)

• Federal mandate: Ligas v. Hamos was a court-approved agreement known as a consent decree issued by the U.S. District Court of Northern Illinois on June 15, 2011, requiring Illinois to reform its disability services system. The consent decree enforces strict court oversight and monitoring to ensure compliance with the mandated improvements in community-based care for individuals with developmental disabilities.

• State response: Illinois filed a motion to vacate the consent decree in Ligas v. Eagleson, a subsequent case, in federal court on December 8, 2023, claiming it had complied with the required reforms.

• Status: Judge Sharon Coleman denied Illinois' motion to vacate the consent decree on August 30, 2024. While acknowledging significant progress, Coleman determined the state needs to "expeditiously" place individuals with developmental disabilities in community−based services.

• State(s): Illinois

Federal court blocks Biden's second student debt plan (2024)

• Federal mandate: The Biden administration (D) and the Department of Education launched a new income-driven student loan repayment plan, known as the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan in August 2023.

• State response: 11 states filed a joint lawsuit on March 28, 2024, against the U.S. Department of Education, with seven more states filing a separate lawsuit on April 9, 2024. The states alleged the administration overstepped its executive authority by creating the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan in 2022. The Education Department declined to comment on the lawsuit but noted that Congress gave the department the authority to define the terms of income-driven repayment plans in 1993.

• Status: The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed parts of the SAVE plan on July 1, 2024, but allowed the parts of the SAVE plan already in effect to continue. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals granted an emergency stay on July 18, 2024, blocking all of the SAVE plan — including lower monthly payments for about 8 million borrowers — in an unsigned, single-sentence opinion.

• State(s): First Lawsuit: Kansas, Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, Nebraska, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah. Second Lawsuit: Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Dakota, Ohio, and Oklahoma.

Oklahoma attorney general sues Biden administration for withholding funds due to abortion restrictions; lawsuit still pending (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) withheld a $4.5 million Title X Family Planning grant after Oklahoma refused to provide abortion referrals, as required by HHS rules issued under the Biden administration to implement Title X of the Public Health Service Act.

• State response: Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond (R) filed a lawsuit on November 17, 2023, against HHS in the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.

• Status: The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the district court's denial of preliminary injunction on July 15, 2024. The lawsuit is still pending in court.

• State(s): Oklahoma

Alaska sues Department of Interior over the cancellation of oil and gas leases (2024)

• Federal mandate: On the first day of his presidency—January 20, 2021—President Joe Biden (D) issued an executive order to place a temporary moratorium on the federal oil and gas leasing program in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and review the program for environmental impacts.

• State response: Alaska Attorney General Treg Taylor (R) sued the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) on July 2, 2024, over the cancellation of oil and gas leases on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The state did not challenge the legality of the lease cancellation, instead seeking "to compel the United States to face the logical and legal consequences of its policy decision.”

• Status: Lawsuit filed on July 2, 2024

• State(s): Alaska

17 states sue Biden administration over abortion leave; Louisiana and Mississippi case still pending (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) issued a final rule on April 19, 2024, entitling workers to time off and other accommodations for elective abortions to implement the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA).

• State response: Republican attorneys general from 17 states, led by Tennessee and Arkansas, sued the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on April 25, 2024, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, claiming that the abortion-accommodation mandate violates federalism, state sovereignty, and the First Amendment. Louisiana and Mississippi filed a similar suit on May 13, 2024, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.

• Status: Judge D.P. Marshall Jr. dismissed the lawsuit on June 14, 2024, for lacking standing in the District Court of Eastern Arkansas. Judge David Joseph granted a preliminary injunction on July 1, 2024, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, blocking the law in Louisiana and Mississippi. The lawsuit is still pending.

• State(s): First lawsuit: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, and West Virginia. Second lawsuit: Louisiana and Mississippi

Supreme Court refuses to lift injunction blocking Idaho's abortion ban, upholding federal law (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance in 2022 arguing that the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act of 1986 (EMTALA) requires hospitals to stabilize patients with emergency medical conditions, including abortions if doctors think it's necessary. The Biden administration sued Idaho in the United States District Court for the District of Idaho in August 2022, alleging the state's abortion restriction–which banned all abortions–conflicted with the federal law. United States District Judge Lynn Winmill granted a preliminary injunction on August 24, 2024, blocking Idaho's abortion law as it conflicted with EMTALA.

• State response: Idaho Attorney General Raúl Labrador (R) and other state officials asked the Supreme Court of the United States on April 24, 2024, to block the preliminary injunction that prohibited the state from enforcing its abortion law while the case moved through the appeals process. Labrador argued for "the historic primacy of state regulation of matters of health and safety” and that the EMTALA does not constitute “clear congressional authorization” to take control of emergency room medicine from states.

• Status: The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed the issue on procedural grounds in an unsigned opinion on June 27, 2024, leaving in place the district court's preliminary injunction that blocks Idaho from enforcing its abortion ban.

• State(s): Idaho

Republican-led states sue the Biden Administration over fuel efficiency standards (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued new federal mandates on June 24, 2024, requiring stricter fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars and light trucks starting in 2027 and for heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans starting in 2030. These rules aim to reduce emissions and promote cleaner vehicle technologies under the Biden administration’s climate goals.

• State response: West Virginia and 25 other states sued the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on June 26, 2024, in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit over a final rule to increase the federal fuel economy. The Republican states argue that the rule, which requires gas-powered vehicles to increase fuel efficiency by 2% for passenger vehicles from 2027-2031, effectively forces auto manufacturers to produce more electric vehicles.

• Status: Lawsuit filed on June 26, 2024

• State(s): West Virginia, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming

Utah and Wyoming sue Bureau of Land Management over public land rule (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) issued a final rule on May 9, 2024, to prioritize land conservation alongside traditional uses like energy development and grazing. The rule introduces conservation leases to protect ecosystems and maintain biodiversity, requiring that public lands be managed with a focus on landscape health and climate resilience.

• State response: Utah and Wyoming sued the BLM and the DOI on June 18, 2024, in the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The suit states that the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) “requires agencies contemplating a major action to carefully consider possible environmental consequences before moving forward with that action.”

• Status: Lawsuit filed on June 18, 2024

• State(s): Utah and Wyoming

Tennessee Attorney General sues Biden administration over withheld funds due to abortion restrictions; Preliminary injunction denied (2024)

• Federal mandate: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services withheld millions of dollars in federal funds in September 2023 after Tennessee refused to provide abortion referrals, as required by HHS rules, to implement Title X of the Public Health Service Act. HHS announced at that time that it would grant Tennessee's Title X funds directly to Planned Parenthood Federation of America's clinics in the state.

• State response: Tennessee Attorney General Jonathan Skrmetti (R) filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee on October 23, 2023, against HHS for attempting "to coerce States into carrying out pro-abortion policy in violation of statutory, constitutional, and administrative-law limits."

• Status: U.S. District Judge Travis Randall McDonough denied Tennessee's motion for a preliminary injunction on March 11, 2024.

• State(s): Tennessee

Lawsuits by topic against the Biden administration

Abortion

See also: Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to abortion, such as federal rules requiring pharmacies to dispense abortifacient drugs or requiring hospitals to perform abortions in certain circumstances.

• Seventeen states sue Biden administration over employee leave for elective abortions (2024): Seventeen states that outlawed abortion as of April 2024 sued the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on April 25, 2024, for including employee leave for an elective abortion as a benefit of the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA) of 2021. EEOC issued the regulation in an April 19, 2024, final rule. The proposed rule received over 54,000 comments opposing the inclusion of abortion from the definition of pregnancy, childbirth, or related conditions, and 40,000 comments in support. The rule took effect on June 18, 2024. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas Judge D.P. Marshall Jr. dismissed the lawsuit on June 14, 2024, for lacking standing.

• Idaho asks U.S. Supreme Court to allow enforcement of state abortion law during appeal (2023): Idaho Attorney General Raúl Labrador (R) and other state officials asked the U.S. Supreme Court to block an appeals court injunction that prohibited the state from enforcing its abortion law while the case moves through the appeals process. Idaho state law prohibits abortions at all stages of pregnancy except in cases of rape and incest or instances where an abortion could save the life of the mother. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidance in 2022 arguing that the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act of 1986 requires hospitals to stabilize, according to the department's definition, patients with emergency medical conditions, including through abortions if doctors think it's necessary. The Biden administration sued Idaho in August 2022, alleging the state's abortion restrictions conflicted with the 1986 federal law.

• Oklahoma attorney general sues Biden administration for withholding funds due to abortion restrictions (2023): Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond (R) filed a lawsuit in a U.S. district court on November 17, 2023, against the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for withholding about $4.5 million in federal funds after the state refused to provide abortion referrals, as required by HHS rules issued under the Biden administration to implement Title X of the Public Health Service Act. The lawsuit said, “Title X in no way requires abortion referrals for a State’s continued participation."

• Tennessee attorney general sues Biden administration for withholding funds due to abortion restrictions (2023): Tennessee Attorney General Jonathan Skrmetti (R) filed a complaint in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee on October 23, 2023, against the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for withholding millions of dollars in federal funds after the state refused to provide abortion referrals, as required by HHS rules issued under the Biden administration in order to implement Title X of the Public Health Service Act. “We are suing to stop the federal government from playing politics with the health of Tennessee women,” Skrmetti said in a statement. HHS announced in September to grant Tennessee's Title X funds directly to Planned Parenthood Federation of America clinics in the state.

• Texas sues Biden administration over guidance to pharmacies on providing abortion-inducing drugs (2023): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) on February 7, 2023, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas challenging July 2022 guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that, according to Paxton, violated state sovereignty by seeking "to require pharmacies that receive Medicare and Medicaid payments to stock and dispense abortifacients for elective abortion purposes."

• Texas sues Biden administration over guidance requiring abortions in medical emergencies (2022): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) sued the Biden administration on July 14, 2022, after U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Xavier Becerra released guidance on July 11 requiring doctors to provide abortions in medical emergencies when "abortion is the stabilizing treatment necessary to resolve [the emergency] condition." Paxton alleged the guidance was too broad and that the law the rule was based on (the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act) did not apply to abortion treatments. The HHS guidance came after the U.S. Supreme Court decided Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization on June 24, overturning Roe v. Wade (1973) and ruling there was no constitutional right to abortion. Dobbs returned most abortion policy decisions to the states. For more information on Dobbs and its effect on abortion policy, click here.
• Republican-led states sue Department of Agriculture over non-discrimination school meal guidance (2022): Tennessee Attorney General Herbert Slatery (R), joined by 21 Republican attorneys general, filed a lawsuit on July 26, 2022, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee that aimed to overturn guidance on nondiscrimination policies from the Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service. The guidance expanded Title IX to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The directive also compelled state and local agencies receiving federal funds from the Food and Nutrition Service, including the national school lunch program, to align with nondiscrimination policies. Twenty-two Republican-led states (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia) joined in the lawsuit. The states argued in part that the guidance interfered with the states’ right to enact legislation.

• Republican lawmakers oppose plan for universal prekindergarten (2021): Republican lawmakers in seven states (Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina, Minnesota, Texas, and Arizona) told The Washington Post that they opposed the funding structure and education standards in the Biden administration’s November 2021 proposal to implement universal prekindergarten. The proposal, part of the Build Back Better Act, proposed providing federal funding to assist states in implementing free prekindergarten education for three- and four-year-olds. The lawmakers opposing the program argued in part that the federal government did not have the authority to implement uniform education standards.

Environmental regulation

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to the environment, such as federal rules for states to reduce greenhouse gases or restrictions on natural resource extraction.

• Alaska sues Department of Interior over the cancellation of oil and gas leases (2024): Alaska Attorney General Treg Taylor (R) sued the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) on July 2, 2024, over the cancellation of oil and gas leases on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The state argued that the lease cancellations will cost the state billions in lost revenue and is seeking compensation from the federal government for the lost revenue.

• Republican-led states sue the Biden Administration over fuel efficiency standards (2024): West Virginia and 25 other states sued the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on June 26, 2024, in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit over a final rule to increase the federal fuel economy. The Republican states argue that the rule, which requires gas-powered vehicles to increase fuel efficiency by 2% for 2027-2031 for passenger vehicles, effectively forces auto manufacturers to produce more electric vehicles.

• Utah and Wyoming sue Bureau of Land Management over public land rule (2024): Utah and Wyoming sued the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Department of the Interior on June 18, 2024, in the United States District Court for the District of Utah over a final rule that allows land managed by the BLM to be leased for conservation purposes. The suit states that the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) “requires agencies contemplating a major action to carefully consider possible environmental consequences before moving forward with that action.”

• Three states sue the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management over oil rig decommission rule (2024): Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi sued the Bureau of Ocean Management (BOEM) on June 17, 2024, over a rule that would require the offshore oil and gas industry to guarantee $7 billion in financial assurances to cover costs of dismantling old offshore infrastructure. The states argued that the rule imposes undue financial burdens that would force offshore oil companies out of business. The BOEM declined to comment on the lawsuit.

• Seven attorneys general sues the EPA over water rule (2024): Idaho Attorney General Raúl Labrador (R) and six other states sued the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on May 28, 2024, in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota over a rule requiring states to protect what the rule refers to as "tribal reserved rights” when determining water usage and quality. Labrador issued a statement describing the rule as "unconstitutional overreach into the management of state resources and relationships."

• States sue Environmental Protection Agency over power plant rule (2024): Attorneys general from West Virginia and 24 other states sued the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on May 9, 2024, in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit over an emissions rule requiring fossil-fueled power plants to capture and store emissions. Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming argued that the final rule is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not in accordance with law.”

• Four states sue Bureau of Land Management over natural gas waste regulations (2024): The states of North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, and Texas sued the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Department of the Interior on April 24, 2024, over natural gas waste (primarily methane) regulations in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota. A similar 2016 final rule was vacated by the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming on October 8, 2020, for conflicting with the “cooperative Federalism framework established under the Clean Air Act.” The plaintiffs argue that “[o]ther than being less careless with its language this time, very little has been done to change the Rule since the last time it was vacated, and none of the key legal infirmities have been fixed.”

• Twenty-five Republican attorneys general file lawsuit against emissions rule (2024): Twenty-five Republican attorneys general filed a lawsuit on April 18, 2024, in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit against the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 2024 rule establishing emissions standards for light- and medium-duty vehicles. The attorneys general motioned for the court to vacate the rule, arguing that the rule exceeded the EPA’s statutory authority. The lawsuit was filed by attorneys general from the following states: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

• Utah lawmakers require discussion of federal air quality regulations (2024): Utah Governor Spencer Cox (R) on March 13, 2024, signed a bill into law requiring the Utah Division of Air Quality to regularly discuss emissions-related regulations with the state’s Federalism Commission. The bill also includes requirements to discuss regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency and other federal rules affecting industries. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality supported the bill, arguing that it “provides a forum … to exchange information with policy makers and have critical discussions about how we address environmental challenges Utah faces,” according to The Salt Lake Tribune. The bill took effect on May 1, 2024.

• Texas sues Environmental Protection Agency over emission rule (2024): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) filed a petition for review against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) over a methane emissions rule. The lawsuit was filed on March 8, 2024—the same day the methane final rule was published—in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. “The EPA is once again trying to seize regulatory authority that Congress has not granted,” said Paxton. “I am challenging this blatant overreach by the Biden Administration and will continue to defend vital sectors of the Texas economy.”

• Ten Republican-led states sue SEC over climate disclosure rules (2024): Ten Republican-led states, including Georgia, Alabama, and Alaska, filed a lawsuit on March 6, 2024, challenging federal rules mandating U.S.-listed companies to report climate-related risks, hours after the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the regulations. The rules seek to standardize disclosures on greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, and preparations for a low-carbon economy. The states argue that the rules exceed the SEC's statutory authority.

• Arizona treasurer sues Biden administration against creation of national monument (2024): Arizona Treasurer Kimberly Yee (R) joined state Republican legislators in filing a lawsuit on February 12, 2024, in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona against the Biden administration, arguing against the creation of the Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni-Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument. The monument's creation aimed to establish protection standards for the area, which included banning mining. Yee argued in a statement that the land was state trust land and that the action was an “unlawful land grab by the Biden Administration [that] will directly affect Arizona’s economy and the livelihoods of our citizens.”

• Sixteen Republican governors oppose federal electric vehicle mandate (2024): Sixteen Republican governors wrote to President Joe Biden (D) on January 22, 2024, opposing a proposed standard from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that, depending on how car manufacturers decide to comply, could have two out of three vehicles be electric by 2032. The letter contended that consumers, not mandates, should determine the direction and timing of the electric vehicle industry and expressed concern that the country didn't have the necessary infrastructure to uphold the mandate.

• Attorneys general file lawsuit against Biden administration over vehicle emission rule (2023): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) on December 19, 2023, sued the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas seeking to block a final rule that requires states to set targets for greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles. In a separate case, 21 attorneys general filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky on December 21, 2023. The lawsuit argues that this rule violates the major questions doctrine and is “unlawful because it was promulgated in excess of the Agencies’ statutory authority, violates the Constitution by usurping the role of the Legislature and of the States, and is arbitrary and capricious.” Judge James Wesley Hendrix of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas ruled on March 27, 2024, that the FHWA did not have the authority to issue the rule, and Judge Benjamin Beaton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky ruled on April 1, 2024, that the agency could not enforce the rule in the state. The court decisions blocked enforcement of the rule in the 22 states that joined the lawsuits.

• Republican lawmakers raise constitutional concerns over greenhouse gas rule (2023): Republican lawmakers in Congress have argued that a greenhouse gas reporting rule from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is unconstitutional. U.S. Senator Kevin Kramer (R-N.C.), argued that the rule exceeds the FHWA’s authority and violates state sovereignty. The rule “is contrary to congressional intent, usurps state authority by putting the federal government in the driver’s seat and is fundamentally unworkable in rural states like North Dakota,” argued Kramer in a November 22, 2023, statement.

• Florida Department of Transportation declines to participate in federal Carbon Reduction Program (2023): The Florida Department of Transportation announced on November 13, 2023, that the state will not participate in the federal Carbon Reduction Program, arguing that the program is an overreach of the Department of Transportation’s (DOT) authority. The Carbon Reduction Program was authorized under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 and aimed to grant federal funds to states to reduce transportation emissions. Florida Department of Transportation Secretary Jared Perdue argued that the law did not authorize “federally-induced mandates for states to track, or achieve a certain level, of reduced CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions,” and that the federal department had not provided guidance to states on the process by which they certify emission reductions, according to NBC Miami. Florida’s transportation department turned down approximately $320 million in federal funds aimed at reducing vehicle emissions with the decision not to participate in the program.

• Wyoming legislators advance proposal to fund state lawsuits against federal environmental regulations (2023): Wyoming's Joint Agriculture, State and Public Lands and Water Resources Committee advanced on October 30, 2023, a proposal for a $50 million appropriation to fund state lawsuits against the federal government over the implementation of national environmental and natural resource laws. Legislators proposed this to help the state oppose the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's draft plan for the Rock Springs area, which supporters of the $50 million appropriation argued threatened state and local interests in mining, drilling, grazing, and recreation.

• States sue EPA over interstate pollution plans (2023): The Supreme Court blocked an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule in a 5-4 decision on June 17, 2024, noting that the rule "impairs their sovereign interests in regulating their own industries and citizens." Ohio, Indiana and West Virginia sued the EPA on July 17, 2023, in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit over a federal rule to reduce cross-state pollution, known as the “Good Neighbor” rule. The final rule targeted the plans of 23 upwind states to reduce the interstate pollution, specifically ground-level ozone, or smog. After the D.C. circuit denied the states’ attempt to block the rule on September 25, 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States agreed to hear Ohio v. Environmental Protection Agency.

Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)

See also: Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG), such as rules requiring businesses to disclose carbon emissions data to the government, mandating or allowing the consideration of ESG factors in certain public investments, requiring corporate board diversity quotas, and otherwise promoting the consideration of ESG factors in business decisions.

• State attorneys general sue over SEC climate disclosure rules (2024): State attorneys general in 10 states, led by West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) and Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr (R), filed a lawsuit against the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 6, 2024, after the agency released regulations requiring publicly traded companies to submit standardized carbon emissions disclosures. The suit alleged the regulations were not clearly tied to the SEC's statutory authority and possibly violated the First Amendment. Nine lawsuits against the SEC’s final rules on climate disclosures for publicly traded companies were consolidated and assigned to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit through a lottery process on March 21, 2024. The SEC paused the implementation of the disclosure rules on April 4, 2024, while the Eight Circuit reviewed lawsuits challenging the regulations.

• State attorneys general seek to block U.S. Department of Labor ESG rule (2023-2024): A coalition of state attorneys general on May 16, 2023, asked a federal judge in Texas to block the implementation of the Biden Labor Department’s rule on the use of ESG in retirement investment plans that fall under ERISA. The states argued that the Biden rule was not created properly because the previous rule (enacted under the Trump administration) was, in their view, improperly invalidated. The U.S. District Court for the District of Northern Texas dismissed the case on September 21, 2023.

• State attorneys general sue SEC over ESG fund disclosure rules (2023): Texas and three other states filed a lawsuit in February 2023 against a Securities and Exchange Commission rule requiring funds to disclose additional information about their votes on ESG shareholder proposals and requiring other corporate meeting disclosures related to ESG.

Other ESG responses

• Republican governors sign letter opposing ESG investing in pension plans (2023): Nineteen Republican governors signed a letter on March 16, 2023, calling for state-level action to oppose a Biden administration rule allowing environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) considerations in retirement plans after President Joe Biden (D) announced plans to veto the Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolution blocking the rule.

• State attorneys general file comments with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) opposing proposed rules for ESG funds (2022): West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) led a group of state attorneys general on August 17, 2022, in filing comments with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) opposing the Commission’s proposed rules for ESG funds.

Firearms

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to firearms, such as federal rules over licensing or federal courts blocking state laws.

• States sue Biden administration over firearm sales rules (2024): In three separate lawsuits, 26 states sued the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and the U.S. Department of Justice over the definitions of the statutory terms “engaged in the business” and “predominantly earn a profit” for those selling firearms. The Republican attorneys general argue this rule requires every individual to obtain a federal firearms dealer license in order to sell a firearm.

• Missouri appeals federal judge's ban on state gun law enforcement (2023): Missouri officials appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on October 5, 2023, to reinstate the state's Second Amendment Preservation Act after the Biden administration challenged the law, leading a federal appeals court to block its enforcement. The law prohibited local police from enforcing federal gun laws and allowed residents to sue police for $50,000 if they did. The Supreme Court declined on October 20 to restore the law while the legal process continued.

Healthcare

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to healthcare, such as federal rules banning discrimination, requiring coverage for children, or setting staffing levels.

• Florida attorney general sues Biden administration over healthcare rule (2024): Florida Attorney General Ashley Moody (R) and the Catholic Medical Association (CMA) sued the Biden administration on May 7, 2024, over a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) rule that banned discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in healthcare, according to the text of the rule. Moody and CMA contended that the rule goes beyond anti-discrimination and requires healthcare providers to provide treatments such as puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries for transgender adults and minors, even if it conflicts with what the lawsuit called the providers' code of ethics. The lawsuit also argued that the HHS rule conflicted with a Florida law that banned similar treatments for minors. HHS issued the rule on May 6, 2024, to implement provisions of the Affordable Care Act.

• Florida sues Biden administration over children’s health policy (2024): The state of Florida sued the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) over a policy requiring 12 months of mandatory eligibility for children covered in the Florida KidsCare, the state’s Children’s Health Insurance Program, even after nonpayment of premiums. The lawsuit, filed in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida on February 1, 2024, argued that the "arbitrary and capricious” rule reversed "CMS’s own long-existing, and still operative, regulation expressly permitting disenrollment during a continuous eligibility period." Judge William Jung dismissed the lawsuit stating the court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, ruling the state must instead use the "statutorily established administrative review process."

• Georgia sues Biden administration over rejected Medicaid program extension (2024): Governor Brian Kemp (R) has sued the Biden administration for a rejected Medicaid program extension. The state delayed starting the program, which features a controversial work requirement to qualify for medical assistance, after the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services revoked approval for the program. A federal judge reinstated the program in 2022 and the program started in July 2023. When Georgia requested an extension to the program, which is set to expire in 2025, over the delays, the request was rejected. The state is seeking a court order to extend the program until September 30, 2028.

• Fifteen governors sent a letter opposing a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services proposed rule that creates minimum staffing requirements in long-term care facilities (2023): In a letter signed by Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds and 14 other governors on November 1, 2023, the governors cited labor shortages as opposition to the proposed rule to create staffing minimums in long-term care facilities. The proposed rule "treats this complex, deep-rooted problem as something to be solved with a simple wave of the bureaucratic wand," the letter says. If the proposed rule, published September 6, 2023, is finalized, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) could take action against almost 96% of Iowa's long-term care facilities; these actions include but aren't limited to, "the termination of the provider agreement, denial of payment for all Medicare and/or Medicaid individuals by CMS, and/or civil money penalties, according to CMS data and the proposed rule." In his February 2023 State of the Union address, President Joe Biden (D) promised to protect senior citizens; the CMS proposed rule cites the same motivation. However, 15 state governors accuse Biden of overlooking the work they are doing to protect their long-term care beneficiaries with this sweeping rule. The period for comment on the proposed rule closed on November 6, 2023.

Infrastructure

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to infrastructure, such as federal infrastructure funding conditions, rules requiring that states use project labor agreements for federally funded projects, and other laws and executive orders related to infrastructure.

• Louisiana and 15 other Republican-led states sue federal government over liquid natural gas export ban (2024): Sixteen Republican-led states filed a lawsuit March 21, 2024, against the U.S. Department of Energy's pause on liquid natural gas export approvals. The suit argued that the department did not have the legal authority to pause approvals under the Natural Gas Act.

• Missouri has lost $500,000 annually in federal funding since 2017 due to non-compliance with the Federal Fair Housing Act (2023): In 2017, Missouri's Senate Bill 43 moved the Missouri Human Rights Act into non-compliance with the federal Fair Housing Act on an inconsistency between the intent and impact of discriminatory action. Both acts protect people from discriminatory treatment on the basis of race, gender, and disability, but the Fair Housing Act needs only to see the discriminatory impact, whereas, under the Missouri Human Rights Act, intent to discriminate must be proven. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is withholding funds provided through the Fair Housing Assistance Program, which are intended to help "accurate identification of issues at intake, through complete and sound investigations, to following through on administrative or judicial enforcement to ensure that victims of unlawful housing discrimination obtain full remedies and the public interest is served." In the 2023 legislative session, MO State House Representative Doug Mann (D) introduced House Bill 505 which proposed amending SB 43 into compliance with the FHA, but the bill died in committee.

• Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority sues Biden administration over oil and gas leases (2023): The Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority (AIDEA), a public corporation of the state of Alaska, filed a lawsuit on October 18, 2023, against the Biden administration seeking to reinstate oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). AIDEA alleged that the U.S. Department of the Interior violated federal laws and regulations when it canceled the leases.

• Republican governors send letter opposing proposed project labor agreement rule (2022): Nineteen Republican governors wrote a letter to President Joe Biden (D) on October 17, 2022, opposing a proposed federal rule aimed at mandating the use of project labor agreements (PLAs) for federal construction projects. The letter was signed by governors from Arkansas, Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming. The governors argued that PLAs interfered with existing collective bargaining agreements and discouraged non-union competition. The rule aimed to implement an executive order Biden signed earlier in the year.

• Sixteen Republican governors sign letter opposing Biden administration's project labor agreement executive order (2022): Sixteen Republican governors wrote a letter to President Joe Biden (D) on April 26, 2022, opposing his executive order mandating project labor agreements (PLAs) on taxpayer-funded construction contracts exceeding $35 million. The letter was signed by governors from Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. The governors wrote that the executive order granted a monopoly to unions on federal projects and discouraged competition.

• Governors push back on federal infrastructure spending priorities (2022): Republican and Democratic governors expressed concern that the Biden administration’s proposed guidance for infrastructure spending priorities infringes on states' authority to allocate funds. The $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill passed with bipartisan support in 2021 and allocated federal funds to state and local governments. The specific use of these funds was to be decided by state and local governments, but some officials expressed concerns over the federal government’s priorities after the Federal Highway Administration released guidance in December 2021 encouraging officials to prioritize infrastructure spending on road repairs, public transit, and the development of bike lanes, rather than highway expansion and similar projects. Sixteen Republican governors signed a letter to the Biden administration on January 19, 2022, requesting that states be granted flexibility in implementing the law. Democratic governors also called for prioritizing highway expansions, according to The Register-Herald.

Immigration

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to immigration, including programs that apply to people living in the United States legally and those without legal permission. Such mandates may expand the services states must provide, such as healthcare and education, or require states to spend resources on law enforcement to support federal policies.

• Texas announces plan to expand state border control efforts in response to Biden administration immigration enforcement policies (2024): Texas Governor Greg Abbott (R) announced February 4, 2024, that Texas is expanding its National Guard presence and efforts to set up razor wire at the U.S.-Mexico border to deter illegal crossings. The announcement came after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Texas law enforcement officials could not block federal agents from accessing a 29-mile stretch of border to cut the razor wire Texas officials set up. The announcement also came ahead of the planned implementation of a Texas law making it a state-level crime to enter Texas from Mexico without authorization, which the Biden administration challenged in court.

• State attorneys general call on U.S. House to pass bill proposing expanding state authority to sue over federal immigration enforcement (2023): Twenty-six state attorneys general sent a letter to U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson (R) on November 13, 2023, asking him to prioritize consideration of the Immigration Enforcement Partnership Act of 2023. The bill proposed giving states more authority to sue the federal government if federal officials, in the view of the states, did not properly enforce immigration laws.

• 20 states sue Biden administration over immigration parole program (2023): A coalition of twenty Republican attorneys general sued the Biden administration on January 24, 2023, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas over an immigration program that allows 30,000 asylum seekers every month from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela to petition for asylum. The plaintiffs allege that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) “has effectively created a new visa program— without the formalities of legislation from Congress.”

• Eight states sue Biden administration over Central American Minors Program (2022): Eight states (Arkansas, Alaska, Florida, Indiana, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, and Texas) sued the Biden administration on January 28, 2022, over the Central American Minors Program (CAMP). CAMP began in 2014 during the Barack Obama (D) administration and allowed children from certain countries "to reunite with their parents in the U.S. rather than using smugglers to enter the country illegally." Donald Trump (R) ended CAMP in 2017 and Joe Biden restarted and expanded the program in March 2021. The state attorneys general who sued the Biden administration argued that the president didn't "have authority to run the program because it wasn’t approved by Congress" and that the program placed a financial burden on their states, which had to provide services like education and healthcare for the children.

State sovereignty

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates that state officials believe are unconstitutional, outside of the scope of the federal government's power, and violative of their state's sovereignty under the Tenth Amendment.

• Utah governor signs sovereignty bill into law (2024): Utah Governor Spencer Cox (R) signed the Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act into law on January 31, 2024, aimed at authorizing the state to not enforce regulations that the state legislature considers to be an overreach of federal power. The bill aims to protect the state’s sovereignty, which refers to the legal authority and responsibility of a state to govern and regulate its political affairs. State Senator Scott Sandall (R) introduced the bill aiming to create “a framework for the Legislature, by concurrent resolution, to prohibit the enforcement of a federal directive within the state by government officers if the Legislature determines the federal directive violates the principles of state sovereignty,” according to the bill. The bill prevents government officials from following federal regulations that the state legislature views as a violation of sovereignty if a concurrent resolution is passed by a two-thirds majority.

• Texas alleges Biden administration unlawfully enacted 2023 federal budget (2023): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) on February 15, 2023, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas challenging the Consolidated Appropriations Act (CAA) of 2023, arguing in part that certain CAA provisions violated state sovereignty and that Congress unlawfully passed the law without a quorum of members present.

• Ohio law creates state office to monitor potential federal overreach (2023): Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine (R) on January 3, 2023, signed a law establishing a Tenth Amendment Center in the Ohio Solicitor General’s Office aimed at monitoring “federal executive orders, federal statutes, and federal regulations for potential abuse or overreach, including assertion of power inconsistent with the United States Constitution," according to the text. The law tasked the center with reporting to the state solicitor general any federal actions that, in the center’s view, encroached on the powers of the state. The law then tasked the solicitor general with advising the state attorney general on further action.

• Ninth Circuit greenlights Arizona challenge to federal tax mandate (2022): A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on May 19, 2022, ruled 3-0 that Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich (R) had standing to challenge the constitutionality of the federal tax mandate under the American Rescue Plan Act, which prohibited states from using COVID-19 relief funds to offset reductions in net tax revenues and required the use of fund for specific responses related to the public health emergency. Brnovich argued that the tax mandate was unconstitutional because it penalized a state if it used federal COVID-19 relief funding to subsidize a tax cut. The Ninth Circuit remanded the case back to the district court, which previously ruled that Arizona did not have standing to sue.

• Alaska governor issues order aiming to defend state sovereignty (2021): Alaska Governor Mike Dunleavy (R) on November 2, 2021, issued an executive order aiming to defend the state’s sovereignty against what Dunleavy called the Biden administration’s overreach in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Dunleavy’s order cited the Biden administration's proposals requiring financial institutions to provide information to the Internal Revenue Service regarding certain private bank accounts, instructing federal law enforcement to monitor parents opposed to school district policies as domestic terrorists, and mandating coronavirus vaccines for federal contractors and certain private businesses. The order instructed the state attorney general to oppose such policies in court and prohibit state agencies from furthering “any action by a federal agency that infringes on the constitutional rights of Alaskans.”

Workforce and employment

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to workforce and employment, such as guidance for employers on accommodations for workers or rules to force compliance with civil penalties.

• Texas attorney general sues over gender identity guidelines for employers (2024): Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) filed a lawsuit on May 21, 2024, against the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in response to its April 2024 gender identity guidance. The guidance states that denying an employee accommodations for their gender identity, such as prohibiting an employee from using the bathroom of their gender identity, is unlawful workplace harassment. In the lawsuit, Paxton claims the guidance forces Texas to reevaluate its agencies, causing "irreparable harm" to state finances and sovereignty, and redefine “sex” under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

• Gov. Henry McMaster sues Occupational Safety and Health Administration over increased civil penalties in state plans (2022): South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster (R) filed a lawsuit on August 8, 2022, in the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina that aimed to block Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA's) attempt to increase civil penalties against employers in state-administered OSHA plans. McMaster argued that OSHA’s proposed rule exceeded the agency's statutory authority and violated the Administrative Procedure Act by failing to provide an opportunity for public notice and comment. He also contended that requiring a change to state law based on federal regulations infringes on the state’s sovereignty.

• Arizona attorney general leads five states in suing Biden administration over executive order mandating federal contractor minimum wage increase (2022): Then-Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich (R) announced on February 8, 2022, that Arizona and four other states were filing suit in a U.S. district court to challenge President Joe Biden's (D) Executive Order (EO) 14026, which required the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) to issue regulations increasing the minimum wage for federal contractors—including universities and other state entities contracting with the federal government—to $15 an hour. The states argued in part that the directive exceeded the president’s authority under the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act (FPASA). The district court rejected the challenge on January 6, 2023.

Work requirements for public assistance

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates involving work requirements for public assistance, including how states implement, challenge, or modify federal rules tying program eligibility to employment, job training, or other work-related activities.

State responses related to the administrative state

See also: Administrative state

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates involving the administrative state, highlighting how states comply with, challenge, or navigate federal requirements tied to funding, programs, regulations, or directives. Examples include meeting grant conditions, implementing mandated programs, adopting federal regulations, or resisting directives that influence state policies and governance.

Administrative state legislation

This section tracks administrative state legislation introduced or enacted by states that relates to federalism. It focuses on laws and policies that address the balance of power between state and federal governments, including efforts to assert state sovereignty, limit federal overreach, or define state authority in response to federal regulations and mandates. This may involve legislation that challenges federal rules, clarifies state roles in implementing federal programs, or advocates for state-based solutions to issues traditionally handled by the federal government.

Enacted state legislation

This section lists administrative state legislation enacted by states in 2024 that relates to federalism.

Bills enacted in 2024

This section lists legislation prohibiting state agencies and local governments responsible for investing public money from considering ESG criteria and other non-financial factors enacted in 2024:

• Louisiana - House Bill 763 - Provides relative to federal election guidance and funding
• Michigan - Senate Bill 0014 - Prohibition on adoption of rules by state agencies from being more stringent than federal regulations
• Tennessee - House Bill 2272 - AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 4 and Title 49, relative to education
• Tennessee - Senate Bill 2106 - AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 4 and Title 49, relative to education
• Utah - House Concurrent Resolution 301 - Concurrent Resolution-directives to Government Officers Under the Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act in Regard to Title IX
• Utah - House Joint Resolution 301 - Joint Resolution-legislative Findings on State Sovereignty in Regard to Title IX
• Utah - House Bill 0470 - Federal Agency Regulatory Review Amendments
• Utah - Senate Bill 0057 - Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act

Introduced state legislation

This section tracks administrative state legislation introduced by states that relates to federalism for 2024 and 2025. Click the column headers to sort the table by that field.

State	Bill number	Bill name	Current legislative status	Most recent action	Legislative session year
Alaska	HB205	Criminalize Abortion; Privacy; Courts	Dead	House Health & Social Services Hearing (15:00:00 3/14/2024 Davis 106)	2024
Arizona	HB2926	AHCCCS; eligibility	Dead	House COW 03/05 - Amended by APPROP - Livingston - House COW 03/05 - Amended by APPROP - Livingston	2025
California	SB99	Law enforcement agencies: military equipment.	Dead	August 15 hearing: Held in committee and under submission.	2024
California	AB130	Housing.	Enacted/Adopted	Chaptered by Secretary of State - Chapter 22, Statutes of 2025.	2025
California	AB1300	State and local government: data protection and privacy: immigration.	Introduced	Assembly Judiciary Hearing (08:00:00 4/22/2025 State Capitol, Room 437)	2025
California	AB1335	Habilitation services.	Dead	From committee: Without further action pursuant to Joint Rule 62(a).	2025
California	AB1338	Metal shredding facilities: regulations.	Crossed over	Senate Environmental Quality Hearing (09:00:00 7/16/2025 State Capitol, Room 112)	2025
California	AB567	Insurance: residential and commercial.	Introduced	In committee: Set, second hearing. Held under submission.	2025
California	AB610	Housing element: governmental constraints: disclosure statement.	Enacted/Adopted	Chaptered by Secretary of State - Chapter 494, Statutes of 2025.	2025
California	AB750	Homeless shelters: safety regulations.	Crossed over	In committee: Set, first hearing. Hearing canceled at the request of author.	2025
California	SB841	Immigration enforcement.	Crossed over	Ordered to inactive file on request of Assembly Member Aguiar-Curry.	2025
Connecticut	HB05291	An Act Requiring A Two-thirds Vote Of The General Assembly To Create Or Expand Unfunded Mandates To Municipalities And School Districts.	Dead	Referred to Joint Committee on Planning and Development	2025
Connecticut	HB07212	An Act Concerning The Trust Act And Prohibited State Contracts.	Dead	File Number 757	2025
Connecticut	SB00233	An Act Establishing A Working Group To Review Unfunded Municipal Mandates.	Dead	Referred to Joint Committee on Planning and Development	2025
Florida	H0001	Immigration	Dead	Laid on Table, refer to CS/SB 2-B	2025
Florida	H0651	Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services	Dead	Laid on Table, companion bill(s) passed, see CS/CS/CS/SB 700 (Ch. 2025-22)	2025
Florida	H0975	Coverage of Dental Services under the Medicaid Program	Dead	Died in Health Care Facilities & Systems Subcommittee	2025
Florida	H0991	Community and Economic Development	Dead	Laid on Table	2025
Florida	S0002	Immigration	Vetoed	Veto Message transmitted to Secretary of State	2025
Florida	S0756	Health Insurance Coverage for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities	Dead	Died in Messages	2025
Georgia	HB258	PeachCare for Adults Act; enact	Introduced	House Second Readers	2025
Georgia	HB509	Oath Act; enact	Introduced	House Second Readers	2025
Georgia	HB97	Community Health, Department of; expansion of Medicaid; provide	Introduced	House Second Readers	2025
Hawaii	HB489	Relating To Vacant Homes.	Introduced	Referred to HSG, ECD, FIN, referral sheet 2	2025
Hawaii	SB1214	Relating To Vacant Homes.	Introduced	Referred to HOU/EIG/EDT, WAM/JDC.	2025
Idaho	H0345	Amends, repeals, and adds to existing law to provide that legislative approval is required for certain state plan amendments and waivers and to provide legislative approval for certain state plan amendments and waivers.	Enacted/Adopted	SECTION 9, 10, 11, & 12	2025
Idaho	S1015	Amends, repeals, and adds to existing law to revise and establish provisions regarding the licensure and inspection of hospitals.	Enacted/Adopted	SECTION 42, 43, 44, & 45	2025
Illinois	HB4955	SCH CD-STATE ASSESSMENTS	Crossed over	Added Co-Sponsor Rep. Diane Blair-Sherlock	2024
Illinois	HB1104	LOC GOV EFFICIENCY COMMITTEE	Introduced	Rule 19(a) / Re-referred to Rules Committee	2025
Illinois	HB1410	TAXPAYER FISCAL CHARTER ACT	Introduced	Referred to Rules Committee	2025
Illinois	HB2902	UTIL-BOARD ELECT PLANNING	Introduced	Added Co-Sponsor Rep. Barbara Hernandez	2025
Illinois	HB3080	INTERNET GAMING ACT	Introduced	Rule 19(a) / Re-referred to Rules Committee	2025
Illinois	HB3142	POLICE TRAIN-UNFUNDED MANDATES	Introduced	Referred to Rules Committee	2025
Illinois	HB3376	SCH CD-SPECIAL ED-IEP-GUIDANCE	Introduced	House Floor Amendment No. 1 Rule 19(c) / Re-referred to Rules Committee	2025
Illinois	SB1680	TRANSPORTATION-GREENHOUSE GAS	Introduced	Rule 3-9(a) / Re-referred to Assignments	2025
Illinois	SB1963	INTERNET GAMING ACT	Introduced	Sponsor Removed Sen. Christopher Belt	2025
Illinois	SB2473	UTIL-TIME-OF-USE PRICING	Introduced	Rule 3-9(a) / Re-referred to Assignments	2025
Indiana	HB1052	Onsite sewage systems.	Enacted/Adopted	Public Law 151	2025
Indiana	SB0005	State fiscal and contracting matters.	Enacted/Adopted	Public Law 182	2025
Indiana	SB0352	Local government efficiency task force.	Dead	First reading: referred to Committee on Local Government	2025
Kansas	HB2222	Prohibiting the enforcement of federal rules or regulations and the promulgation of state rules and regulations to carry out such enforcement without legislative approval.	Dead	House Died in Committee	2024
Kansas	HB2476	Requiring legislative approval of any national heritage area or national historic trail in the state of Kansas and prohibiting state funding of any national heritage area or national historic trail unless such funding is first approved by the legislature of the state of Kansas.	Dead	House Died in Committee	2024
Kansas	HB2051	Requiring legislative approval of any national heritage area or national historic trail in the state of Kansas and prohibiting state funding of any national heritage area or national historic trail unless such funding is first approved by the legislature of the state of Kansas.	Introduced	House Referred to Committee on Federal and State Affairs	2025
Kansas	SB161	Requiring legislative approval prior to any state agency seeking or implementing a public assistance program waiver or other authorization from the federal government that expands eligibility for any public assistance program or increases cost to the state or making certain changes in services for persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities.	Crossed over	House Referred to Committee on Welfare Reform	2025
Kentucky	HJR44	A JOINT RESOLUTION relating to unconstitutional acts that would undermine the rights of Kentucky citizens and the sovereignty of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.	Dead	to Committee on Committees (H)	2024
Kentucky	HB584	AN ACT relating to educational cooperatives.	Dead	to Primary and Secondary Education (H)	2025
Kentucky	HB799	AN ACT relating to executive branch agencies.	Dead	to Health Services (H)	2025
Kentucky	HB8	AN ACT relating to education.	Dead	returned to Primary and Secondary Education (H)	2025
Kentucky	SB207	AN ACT relating to education.	Enacted/Adopted	delivered to Secretary of State (Acts Ch. 113)	2025
Kentucky	SJR19	A JOINT RESOLUTION relating to unconstitutional acts that would undermine the rights of Kentucky citizens and the sovereignty of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.	Dead	to State & Local Government (S)	2025
Louisiana	HB763	Provides relative to federal election guidance and funding	Enacted/Adopted	Effective date: 6/11/2024.	2024
Louisiana	HB90	Provides relative to federal election guidance and funding	Dead	Becomes HB 763.	2024
Louisiana	HB206	Requires legislative authorization to give effect to certain actions regarding election procedures inconsistent with the Election Code	Vetoed	Vetoed by the Governor.	2025
Louisiana	HB687	Authorizes the Port of New Orleans to utilize public private partnerships for the St. Bernard Transportation Corridor roadway project (EG SEE FISC NOTE SD See Note)	Enacted/Adopted	Enacted/adopted	2025
Massachusetts	H2070	Creating a commission to study the effects of unfunded mandates on municipalities	Dead	Accompanied a study order, see H4573	2024
Massachusetts	H2073	Relative to protecting municipalities from unfunded mandates	Dead	Accompanied a study order, see H4573	2024
Massachusetts	H2285	Creating a commission to study the effects of unfunded mandates on municipalities	Introduced	Hearing rescheduled to 07/29/2025 from 01:00 PM-06:05 PM in Gardner Auditorium and Virtual Hearing updated to New End Time	2025
Massachusetts	H3424	To enhance cooperative purchasing opportunities for cities and towns	Introduced	Bill reported favorably by committee and referred to the committee on House Steering, Policy and Scheduling	2025
Massachusetts	H544	To establish the Whole Child Grant Program	Introduced	Reporting date extended to Wednesday, December 17, 2025	2025
Massachusetts	H605	Resolve providing for a special commission to examine anti-slavery education in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts	Introduced	Joint Committee on Education Hearing (11:00:00 9/16/2025 Gardner Auditorium)	2025
Massachusetts	H612	Relative to an educational unfunded mandate task force	Introduced	Senate concurred	2025
Massachusetts	H637	To create and expand student pathways to success	Introduced	Reporting date extended to Wednesday, December 17, 2025	2025
Massachusetts	H722	To create and expand student pathways to success	Introduced	Reporting date extended to Wednesday, December 17, 2025	2025
Massachusetts	S2219	To enhance cooperative purchasing opportunities for cities and towns	Introduced	Joint Committee on State Administration and Regulatory Oversight Hearing (13:00:00 7/15/2025 B-1)	2025
Massachusetts	S314	To provide a sustainable future for rural schools	Introduced	Joint Committee on Education Hearing (13:00:00 6/3/2025 B-2)	2025
Michigan	SB0014	Administrative procedure: rules; prohibition on adoption of rules by state agencies from being more stringent than federal regulations; eliminate. Amends secs. 32 & 45 of 1969 PA 306 (MCL 24.232 & 24.245).	Enacted/Adopted	Assigned Pa 0104'23	2024
Michigan	SB0848	Administrative procedure: rules; adoption of rules by state agencies more stringent than federal regulations; prohibit. Amends secs. 32 & 45 of 1969 PA 306 (MCL 24.232 & 24.245).	Dead	Referred To Committee On Regulatory Affairs	2024
Michigan	HB4160	Administrative procedure: rules; adoption of rules by state agencies more stringent than federal regulations; prohibit. Amends secs. 32 & 45 of 1969 PA 306 (MCL 24.232 & 24.245).	Crossed over	Referred To Committee On Government Operations	2025
Michigan	SB0049	Labor: health and safety; revisions to the occupational safety and health act; provide for. Amends title & secs. 4, 13, 14, 14a, 14e 14f, 14j, 14n, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55, 56, 63, 65 & 91 of 1974 PA 154 (MCL 408.1004 et seq.) & repeals sec. 1035a of 1974 PA 154 (MCL 408.1035a).	Introduced	Senate Labor (08:30:00 10/23/2025 Room 1300, Binsfeld Office Building 201 Townsend St, Lansing, M)	2025
Michigan	SB0123	Administrative procedure: rules; adoption of rules by state agencies more stringent than federal regulations; prohibit. Amends secs. 32 & 45 of 1969 PA 306 (MCL 24.232 & 24.245).	Introduced	Referred To Committee On Government Operations	2025
Minnesota	HF1284	School district noncompliance with unfunded mandates allowed.	Introduced	Introduction and first reading, referred to Education Policy	2025
Minnesota	HF1329	Metropolitan Council appointment process and member qualifications modified.	Introduced	Second reading	2025
Minnesota	HF1593	Local government noncompliance with unfunded mandates allowed.	Introduced	Introduction and first reading, referred to Elections Finance and Government Operations	2025
Minnesota	HF8	Efficiency of Wetland Conservation Act determinations improved, efficiency of environmental and resource management permit application process improved, Pollution Control Agency permit process modified, reports required, and money appropriated.	Dead	On January 24, 2025, the Minnesota Supreme Court held that 68 members are necessary to constitute a quorum of the House. This webpage may reflect proceedings that occurred before that decision was issued and are no longer active. See Simon v. Demuth, No. A25-0066 (Minn. Jan. 24, 2025) (consolidated with Hortman et al. v. Demuth et al., No. A25-0068).	2025
Minnesota	SF1141	School district noncompliance with unfunded mandates authorization	Introduced	Author stricken Eichorn	2025
Minnesota	SF1582	Local government noncompliance permission with unfunded mandates	Introduced	Author stricken Eichorn	2025
Minnesota	SF570	Permitting efficiency reporting requirements provisions modifications, environmental and resource management permit application process efficiency improvements provisions, Pollution Control Agency permitting provisions modifications, and appropriation	Introduced	Comm report: Adopt previous comm report Senate Concurrent Resolution 4 suspended	2025
Minnesota	SF577	Efficiency improvement of Wetland Conservation Act determinations	Introduced	Author added Heintzeman	2025
Mississippi	HB1169	Parental consent for medical treatment and instruction in human sexuality; require for students in K-12 notwithstanding federal regulations.	Dead	Died In Committee	2024
Mississippi	HB1345	Parental consent; require for mental and behavioral services provided to unemancipated minors nothwithstanding federal regulations.	Dead	Died In Committee	2024
Mississippi	HB231	Immigrants; prohibit Mississippi agencies from assisting federal agencies transporting into Mississippi.	Dead	Died In Committee	2024
Mississippi	HB1159	Parental consent for medical treatment and instruction in human sexuality; require for students in K-12.	Dead	Died In Committee	2025
Mississippi	HB1410	School districts; require to report on receipt of federal funds and receive legislative approval for expenditure of such funds.	Dead	Died In Committee	2025
Mississippi	SB2159	School districts; require Legislature's approval as condition for use of certain federal funds.	Dead	Died In Committee	2025
Missouri	SB870	Creates a process for nullification of federal actions	Dead	Second Read and Referred S Governmental Accountability Committee	2024
Missouri	HR116	Urges the reform or abolishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau	Dead	Referred: Emerging Issues(H)	2025
Missouri	SB116	Modifies provisions relating to elections	Dead	Second Read and Referred S Local Government, Elections and Pensions Committee	2025
Missouri	SB198	Creates a process for nullification of federal actions	Dead	Hearing Cancelled S Judiciary and Civil and Criminal Jurisprudence Committee	2025
Missouri	SB738	Establishes provisions relating to the issuance of professional and occupational licenses to certain individuals with federal employment authorizations	Dead	Second Read and Referred S Emerging Issues and Professional Registration Committee	2025
Montana	HB473	Allow for automatic CMS medicare fee schedule updates	Enacted/Adopted	Chapter Number Assigned	2025
Montana	HB594	Clarify prohibition on power of local government to require additional licensing or permitting	Dead	(H) Died in Process	2025
Montana	HB658	Revise local board of health sanitation powers and rules	Dead	(S) Died in Standing Committee	2025
Montana	HB696	Revise laws relating to nuclear energy	Enacted/Adopted	Chapter Number Assigned	2025
Montana	HB902	Generally revise Montana SNAP program laws	Dead	(H) Died in Process	2025
Montana	HR3	Resolution to protect online personally identifiable information	Enacted/Adopted	(H) Filed with Secretary of State	2025
Montana	LC1430	Create a food safety panel	Dead	(LC) Draft Ready for Delivery	2025
Montana	SB155	Create food safety panel	Dead	(S) Died in Process	2025
Montana	SB33	State buildings subject to state building code review	Enacted/Adopted	Chapter Number Assigned	2025
Nebraska	LB565	Provide and change requirements relating to agency guidance documents	Introduced	Quick AM239 filed	2025
Nebraska	LB660	Adopt the State Building Construction Alternatives Act and the Secure Drone Purchasing Act, require agencies to submit a federal funding inventory, and change provisions relating to agency rules and regulations, state buildings, and works of art for state buildings	Enacted/Adopted	Provisions/portions of LB664 amended into LB660 by AM1008	2025
Nebraska	LB662	Provide for a federal funding inventory from each state agency and restrict maintenance-of-effort requirements	Introduced	Provisions/portions of LB662 amended into LB660 by AM1008	2025
New Jersey	A1469	Establishes limits on zoning restrictions for certain electric battery storage equipment installation.	Introduced	Introduced, Referred to Assembly Environment, Natural Resources, and Solid Waste Committee	2024
New Jersey	ACR18	Proposes constitutional amendment to broaden powers of the Council on Local Mandates.	Introduced	Introduced, Referred to Assembly State and Local Government Committee	2024
New Jersey	S219	Establishes limits on zoning restrictions for certain electric battery storage equipment installation.	Introduced	Introduced in the Senate, Referred to Senate Environment and Energy Committee	2024
New Jersey	SCR115	Proposes constitutional amendment to broaden powers of the Council on Local Mandates.	Introduced	Introduced in the Senate, Referred to Senate Community and Urban Affairs Committee	2024
New Jersey	A1469	Establishes limits on zoning restrictions for certain electric battery storage equipment installation.	Introduced	Introduced, Referred to Assembly Environment, Natural Resources, and Solid Waste Committee	2025
New Jersey	A5264	Requires establishment of automated platform to expedite construction code approval of applications to install residential solar energy systems.	Passed both chambers	Passed Senate (Passed Both Houses) (39-0)	2025
New Jersey	S219	Establishes limits on zoning restrictions for certain electric battery storage equipment installation.	Introduced	Introduced in the Senate, Referred to Senate Environment and Energy Committee	2025
New Jersey	S4100	Requires establishment of automated platform to expedite construction code approval of applications to install residential solar energy systems.	Introduced	Substituted by A5264 (1R)	2025
New York	A02391	Prohibits unfunded mandates in medicaid; provides that a provision of law which is determined to be an unfunded mandate according to this new section of law shall cease to be mandatory and become voluntary in operation; defines "law" as a statute, executive order of the governor, or rule or regulation; provides such prohibition does not apply to laws in full force and effect prior to the effective date of the section.	Dead	referred to health	2024
New York	A02915	Requires a three-year moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature; invalidates legislation that does not contain a detailed fiscal note identifying a funding source for certain costs to a political subdivision; restores the mandate relief council.	Dead	referred to local governments	2024
New York	A04572	Prohibits the enactment of unfunded mandates for a period of three years; instructs the state comptroller to conduct a report on the annual fiscal impact enacted state legislation has on the revenues and expenses of local municipalities.	Dead	referred to governmental operations	2024
New York	A05321	Establishes a temporary moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature and creates regional mandate relief councils.	Dead	held for consideration in governmental operations	2024
New York	A05447	Places a permanent moratorium on unfunded mandates.	Dead	referred to governmental operations	2024
New York	A08033	Prohibits the governor from preventing or inhibiting state agency cooperation with the federal government for the purposes of immigration enforcement; prohibits state agencies from preventing or inhibiting collaboration with federal agencies for the purposes of federal immigration enforcement.	Dead	held for consideration in governmental operations	2024
New York	S04903	Establishes a temporary moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature and creates regional mandate relief councils.	Dead	REFERRED TO INVESTIGATIONS AND GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS	2024
New York	S05245	Relates to requiring the board of regents to obtain legislative approval of any rule or regulation containing an unfunded mandate.	Dead	REFERRED TO EDUCATION	2024
New York	A00628	Legalizes adult possession and use of certain natural plant or fungus-based hallucinogens; grants certain protections for individuals lawfully using such hallucinogens; removes such hallucinogens from the list of schedule I controlled substances; makes related provisions.	Introduced	referred to health	2025
New York	A01376	Requires a three-year moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature; invalidates legislation that does not contain a detailed fiscal note identifying a funding source for certain costs to a political subdivision; restores the mandate relief council.	Introduced	referred to local governments	2025
New York	A01723	Relates to the oversight of immigration detention facilities; prohibits municipalities from using funds or resources for the construction of any new detention facility or the expansion of any existing detention facility without approval by the legislature; establishes a committee on immigration detention oversight.	Introduced	referred to local governments	2025
New York	A02261	Prohibits the governor from preventing or inhibiting state agency cooperation with the federal government for the purposes of immigration enforcement; prohibits state agencies from preventing or inhibiting collaboration with federal agencies for the purposes of federal immigration enforcement.	Introduced	referred to governmental operations	2025
New York	A04625	Prohibits unfunded mandates in medicaid; provides that a provision of law which is determined to be an unfunded mandate according to this new section of law shall cease to be mandatory and become voluntary in operation; defines "law" as a statute, executive order of the governor, or rule or regulation; provides such prohibition does not apply to laws in full force and effect prior to the effective date of the section.	Introduced	referred to health	2025
New York	A06446	Enacts the "wireless broadband eligible facility permitting act" to provide for uniform regulation of certain wireless facilities.	Introduced	referred to local governments	2025
New York	A07798	Establishes a temporary moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature and creates regional mandate relief councils.	Introduced	referred to governmental operations	2025
New York	S00529	Establishes the local initiatives task force on housing, in order to collaborate with local government officials, state agencies, and stakeholders to develop best practices for local governments to incentivize housing development.	Introduced	REFERRED TO HOUSING, CONSTRUCTION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT	2025
New York	S00632	Relates to the oversight of immigration detention facilities; prohibits municipalities from using funds or resources for the construction of any new detention facility or the expansion of any existing detention facility without approval by the legislature; establishes a committee on immigration detention oversight.	Introduced	REFERRED TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT	2025
New York	S01128	Establishes a bicycle and pedestrian planning assistance program within the department of transportation to provide county and municipal governments with planning assistance for locally driven projects and activities that lead to bicycle and pedestrian friendly infrastructure; establishes criteria for approval for assistance under such program.	Introduced	REFERRED TO TRANSPORTATION	2025
New York	S01207	Establishes competitive paperwork reduction project grants; provides that such grants may be included for calculations of government efficiency plans.	Introduced	REFERRED TO FINANCE	2025
New York	S01394	Provides for the review of unfunded mandates; provides that the comptroller shall provide a fiscal note for unfunded mandates affecting political subdivisions; directs a continuing study.	Introduced	REFERRED TO INVESTIGATIONS AND GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS	2025
New York	S01977	Establishes a temporary moratorium on unfunded mandates from the legislature and creates regional mandate relief councils.	Introduced	REFERRED TO INVESTIGATIONS AND GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS	2025
New York	S02241	Prohibits the governor from preventing or inhibiting state agency cooperation with the federal government for the purposes of immigration enforcement; prohibits state agencies from preventing or inhibiting collaboration with federal agencies for the purposes of federal immigration enforcement.	Introduced	REFERRED TO FINANCE	2025
New York	S04623	Relates to requiring the board of regents to obtain legislative approval of any rule or regulation containing an unfunded mandate.	Introduced	REFERRED TO EDUCATION	2025
New York	S05692	Enacts the "wireless broadband eligible facility permitting act" to provide for uniform regulation of certain wireless facilities.	Introduced	REFERRED TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT	2025
New York	S08119	Enacts the "community solar opportunity and local approval reform (Community SOLAR) act"; authorizes municipalities to establish standards for distributed generation energy facilities.	Introduced	PRINT NUMBER 8119A	2025
North Carolina	H661	Building Industry Efficiency Act of 2025	Crossed over	Ref To Com On Rules and Operations of the Senate	2025
North Carolina	H77	Environmental Justice	Introduced	Ref To Com On Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2025
North Carolina	H926	Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Enacted/Adopted	Ch. SL 2025-94	2025
North Carolina	S153	North Carolina Border Protection Act	Vetoed	Placed On Cal For 11/17/2025	2025
North Carolina	S59	Revise Voluntary Ag. District Laws	Crossed over	Ref To Com On Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2025
North Dakota	SCR4021	A concurrent resolution urging the United States Federal Government, Congress, and the Governor of North Dakota to end the disadvantaged business enterprise program.	Enacted/Adopted	Filed with Secretary Of State 03/12	2025
Oklahoma	HB2504	Elections; prohibiting implementation of federal election guidance without legislative approval; effective date; emergency.	Crossed over	Coauthored by Senator Hamilton	2024
Oklahoma	HB3180	State government; findings; nullification; procedures; effective date.	Dead	Second Reading referred to Rules	2024
Oklahoma	SB495	State government; prohibiting the Legislature and state agencies from directing unfunded mandates to political subdivisions. Effective date.	Introduced		2024
Oklahoma	SJR12	Constitutional amendment; prohibiting unfunded mandates for political subdivisions.	Introduced	Coauthored by Representative Lowe (Dick) (principal House author)	2024
Oklahoma	HB1120	Elections; prohibiting implementation; federal election guidance; legislative approval; notice; State Election Board; effective date.	Crossed over	Senate Floor HB1120 (4-28-25) (BERGSTROM) RT FA1 - HB1120 (4-28-25) (BERGSTROM) RT FA1	2025
Oklahoma	HB2769	Militia; Military Department; Adjutant General's duties; eligibility; authority; technology hardware or software; exempting federal programs; nonjudicial punishment; court-martial; creating National Guard CareerTech Assistance Program; creating revolving fund; effective date.	Veto Overridden	Filed with Secretary of State	2025
Oklahoma	SB282	Federal taxes; creating the Budget Accountability for State's Economic Defense (BASED) Act; requiring certain withholding and estimated tax payments be made to State Treasurer. Effective date. Emergency.	Introduced	Second Reading referred to Revenue and Taxation Committee then to Appropriations Committee	2025
Oklahoma	SB616	Administrative Procedures Act; prohibiting state agencies from complying with federal regulations without legislative approval. Effective date.	Introduced	Coauthored by Representative Maynard	2025
Oklahoma	SB644	Massage Therapy Practice Act; updating statutory language; providing exceptions for certain preemption. Effective date.	Enacted/Adopted	Becomes law without Governor's signature 05/14/2025	2025
Oklahoma	SB914	Water and water rights; creating the Oklahoma Regional Water District Act; requiring development and coordination of certain districts for promulgation of regional water plans. Effective date.	Introduced	Coauthored by Representative Newton (principal House author)	2025
Oregon	HB2303	Relating to judicial review of administrative rules.	Dead	In committee upon adjournment.	2025
Oregon	HB2950	Relating to amending land use planning goals; declaring an emergency.	Dead	In committee upon adjournment.	2025
Pennsylvania	HB1510	In sustainable mobility options, further providing for definitions, for fund, for application and approval process, for Federal funding, for coordination and consolidation, for operating program, for asset improvement program, for new initiatives program, for programs of Statewide significance and for program oversight and administration, providing for small purchase threshold and repealing provisions relating to evaluation of private investment opportunities.	Introduced	Referred to Transportation	2025
Pennsylvania	HB659	Updating and expanding the storm water planning requirements to be undertaken by counties; authorizing counties to regulate storm water within a watershed-based planning area; authorizing the formation of water resources management authorities; enabling counties, municipalities and water resources management authorities to develop integrated water resources management plans; imposing duties and conferring powers on the Department of Environmental Protection, the Environmental Quality Board, coun	Introduced	Referred to Environmental & Natural Resource Protection	2025
Pennsylvania	HB829	In duties and powers of boards of school directors, further providing for kindergartens; in pupils and attendance, further providing for age limits and temporary residence, for definitions and for when provided; and, in early learning programs, providing for full-day kindergarten.	Introduced	Referred to Education	2025
Pennsylvania	SB468	Providing for interstate agreements for research and deployment of unmanned aircraft systems.	Crossed over	Referred to Transportation	2025
Pennsylvania	SB524	In administrative provisions, providing for definitions, for coal-powered plants, for regulations, for natural gas and coal permit database, for natural gas and coal permit review procedure and for withdrawal from Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative; in development relating to oil and gas, further providing for well permits and providing for leases in State parks and forests; and making an editorial change.	Introduced	Referred to Environmental Resources & Energy	2025
Pennsylvania	SB597	In sustainable mobility options, further providing for definitions, for fund, for application and approval process, for Federal funding, for coordination and consolidation, for operating program, for asset improvement program, for new initiatives program, for programs of Statewide significance and for program oversight and administration, providing for small purchase procedures and repealing provisions relating to evaluation of private investment opportunities.	Introduced	Referred to Transportation	2025
Rhode Island	S1087	Provides for the establishment and operation of an electronic permitting platform for all state and local permitting.	Enacted/Adopted	Signed by Governor	2025
Tennessee	SB1092	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Dead	Failed in Senate State and Local Government Committee - no second	2023
Tennessee	HB0726	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Dead	Sponsor(s) Added.	2024
Tennessee	HB2272	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 4 and Title 49, relative to education.	Enacted/Adopted	Effective date(s) 07/01/2024	2024
Tennessee	HB2795	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Dead	Sponsor(s) Added.	2024
Tennessee	SB2106	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 4 and Title 49, relative to education.	Enacted/Adopted	Comp. became Pub. Ch. 722	2024
Tennessee	SB2775	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Dead	Deferred to Summer Study	2024
Tennessee	HB0441	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Introduced	Sponsor(s) Added.	2025
Tennessee	SB0479	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3 and Title 4, relative to nullification.	Introduced	Assigned to General Subcommittee of Senate State and Local Government Committee	2025
Texas	HB150	Relating to the establishment of the Texas Cyber Command and the transfer to it of certain powers and duties of the Department of Information Resources.	Enacted/Adopted	Effective on 9/1/25	2025
Texas	HB2844	Relating to the regulation of food service establishments, including retail food stores and mobile food vendors; requiring an occupational license; imposing fees; authorizing an administrative penalty.	Enacted/Adopted	See remarks for effective date	2025
Texas	HB5530	Relating to a person's eligibility for an occupational license based on a conviction for an offense under federal law.	Dead	Referred to Corrections	2025
Texas	HB7	Relating to parental rights in public education, to the creation of the office of inspector general at the Texas Education Agency, and to the reporting of certain misconduct and child abuse and neglect; creating a criminal offense.	Dead	Committee report sent to Calendars	2025
Texas	SB2176	Relating to the establishment of the Texas Cyber Command as a component institution of The University of Texas System and the transfer to it of certain powers and duties of the Department of Information Resources.	Dead	Referred to Business & Commerce	2025
Texas	SB707	Relating to the authority of the legislature to determine that certain federal directives are unconstitutional and to prohibit certain government officers and employees from enforcing or assisting in the enforcement of the directive.	Dead	Referred to State Affairs	2025
Texas	SB73	Relating to the creation and duties of the unfunded mandates interagency work group.	Dead	Referred to Finance	2025
Texas	SJR40	Proposing a constitutional amendment regarding the powers of the governor, the legislature, and the supreme court following certain disaster or emergency declarations.	Dead	Considered in Calendars	2025
United States of America	HR938	To abolish the Department of Education and to provide funding directly to States for elementary and secondary education, and for other purposes.	Dead	Referred to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.	2023
United States of America	S5384	Returning Education to Our States Act	Dead	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.	2023
United States of America	S923	Better Mental Health Care for Americans Act	Dead	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.	2023
United States of America	HR938	To abolish the Department of Education and to provide funding directly to States for elementary and secondary education, and for other purposes.	Dead	Referred to the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.	2024
United States of America	S5384	Returning Education to Our States Act	Dead	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.	2024
United States of America	S923	Better Mental Health Care for Americans Act	Dead	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance.	2024
United States of America	HR10340	CASC Act Climate Adaptation Science Centers Act	Dead	Referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources.	2025
United States of America	HR1119	Unemployment Integrity Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means.	2025
United States of America	HR1768	Lower Costs for Everyday Americans Act Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act Recycling and Composting Accountability Act SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Reauthorization Act of 2025 American Music Tourism Act Deploying American Blockchains Act	Introduced	Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, the Budget, the Judiciary, and Education and Workforce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.	2025
United States of America	HR2523	State-Level DOGE Establishment Act State-Level Departments of Government Efficiency Establishment Act	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.	2025
United States of America	HR2899	PROTECT Students Act of 2025 Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the Committee on Education and Workforce, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.	2025
United States of America	HR4109	Recycling and Composting Accountability Act	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.	2025
United States of America	HR4735	Business of Insurance Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services.	2025
United States of America	HR597	PURR Act of 2025 Pet Food Uniform Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.	2025
United States of America	S1240	Defending America’s Future Elections Act	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration.	2025
United States of America	S2419	Business of Insurance Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.	2025
United States of America	S994	PROTECT Students Act of 2025 Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text: CR S1706-1715)	2025
United States of America	HR10340	CASC Act Climate Adaptation Science Centers Act	Dead	Referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources.	2026
United States of America	HR1119	Unemployment Integrity Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means.	2026
United States of America	HR1768	Lower Costs for Everyday Americans Act Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act Recycling and Composting Accountability Act SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Reauthorization Act of 2025 American Music Tourism Act Deploying American Blockchains Act	Introduced	Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, the Budget, the Judiciary, and Education and Workforce, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.	2026
United States of America	HR2523	State-Level DOGE Establishment Act State-Level Departments of Government Efficiency Establishment Act	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.	2026
United States of America	HR2899	PROTECT Students Act of 2025 Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the Committee on Education and Workforce, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.	2026
United States of America	HR4109	Recycling and Composting Accountability Act	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.	2026
United States of America	HR4735	Business of Insurance Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Introduced	Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services.	2026
United States of America	S1240	Defending America’s Future Elections Act	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration.	2026
United States of America	S2419	Business of Insurance Regulatory Reform Act of 2025	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs.	2026
United States of America	S994	PROTECT Students Act of 2025 Preventing Risky Operations from Threatening the Education and Career Trajectories of Students Act of 2025	Introduced	Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text: CR S1706-1715)	2026
Utah	HB0373	Environmental Quality Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2024
Utah	HB0470	Federal Agency Regulatory Review Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2024
Utah	HCR301	Concurrent Resolution-directives to Government Officers Under the Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act in Regard to Title IX	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2024
Utah	HJR301	Joint Resolution-legislative Findings on State Sovereignty in Regard to Title IX	Enacted/Adopted	House/ to Lieutenant Governor in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2024
Utah	SB0057	Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2024
Utah	HB0380	Presumption of State Jurisdiction Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	HB0474	Regulatory Oversight Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	HB0488	Federalism Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	HB0527	Federal Requirements Reporting	Dead	House/ filed in House file for bills not passed	2025
Utah	SB0158	Sale or Lease of Federally Managed Public Land Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	SB0198	Federal Guidance Letter Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	SB0234	Severance Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	SB0265	Utah Constitutional Sovereignty Act Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	SCR003	Concurrent Resolution Supporting Federalism Principles and Utah's Control of its Energy Future	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Utah	SJR006	Joint Resolution Supporting State Jurisdiction Under the Principle of Federalism	Enacted/Adopted	Senate/ to Lieutenant Governor in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2025
Vermont	H0355	An act relating to review of orders placing the Vermont National Guard in federal active duty status	Introduced	Read first time and referred to the Committee on Government Operations and Military Affairs	2025
Virginia	HB1093	Unfunded mandates; delay of implementation.	Dead	Continued to 2025 in Counties, Cities and Towns by voice vote	2024
Virginia	HB1093	Unfunded mandates; delay of implementation.	Dead	Left in Counties, Cities and Towns	2024
Virginia	HB1577	Centralized local government reporting system; unfunded mandates on localities.	Dead	Left in Counties, Cities and Towns	2025
Virginia	HB2534	Nonhospitalized individuals; crisis stabilization services.	Enacted/Adopted	Acts of Assembly Chapter text (CHAP0285)	2025
Virginia	HB2697	Electrical facilities that generate electricity from wind; requirements for permitting, etc.	Dead	Stricken from docket by Labor and Commerce (19-Y 0-N)	2025
Virginia	SB1304	Nonhospitalized individuals; crisis stabilization services.	Enacted/Adopted	Acts of Assembly Chapter text (CHAP0301)	2025
Washington	HB1010	Authorizing accessory dwelling units in rural areas.	Introduced	House Committee on Housing Public Hearing (16:00:00 1/14/2025 House Committee on Housing)	2025
Washington	HB1235	Ensuring compliance with the housing element requirements of the growth management act.	Introduced	House Committee on Housing Executive Session (16:00:00 1/28/2025 House Committee on Housing)	2025
Washington	SB5148	Ensuring compliance with the housing element requirements of the growth management act.	Enacted/Adopted	Effective date 7/27/2025.	2025
Washington	SB5801	Concerning transportation resources.	Enacted/Adopted	Effective date 7/27/2025*.	2025
West Virginia	HB4968	Relating to making West Virginia an agreement state with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and transferring authority and responsibility for sources of radiation from other state agencies to the Department of Environmental Protection	Dead	To House Energy and Manufacturing	2024
West Virginia	HB5138	Relating to federal involvement in elections	Dead	To House Judiciary	2024
West Virginia	HB2147	Relating to federal involvement in elections	Dead	To House Judiciary	2025
West Virginia	HB2192	Relating to restrictions on use or sale of motor vehicles based on power source	Dead	To House Local Governments	2025
West Virginia	HB2377	Relating to child welfare	Dead	To Health and Human Resources	2025
West Virginia	HB2383	Relating to the creation of the Criminal Forfeiture Process Act replacing the West Virginia Contraband Forfeiture Act	Dead	Markup Discussion	2025
West Virginia	HB2454	Relating to clarifying the Right to Farm Act relating to residential agricultural operations and the protection of agriculture	Dead	House Agriculture, Commerce, and Tourism Subcommittee Meeting (13:00:00 3/14/2025 Government Organization Committee Room)	2025
West Virginia	HB2497	Mandating executive branch agencies, the State Police, and county boards of education implement a Locality Pay adjustment on July 1, 2026	Dead	To House Finance	2025
West Virginia	HB2548	Clarifying duties of state superintendent regarding rule implementation	Enacted/Adopted	Approved by Governor 4/12/2025	2025
West Virginia	HB2673	To require a guilty verdict, before any property of any type are taken from an individual	Dead	To House Judiciary	2025
West Virginia	HB2827	Relating to wholesale importation of prescription drugs	Dead	To House Health and Human Resources	2025
West Virginia	HB3069	Market pay for Teachers	Dead	To House Education	2025
West Virginia	HB3331	Relating to diesel-powered equipment regulations in underground coal mines	Dead	To House Energy and Public Works	2025
West Virginia	HB3517	Relating generally to fiscal emergencies of local governments	Enacted/Adopted	Approved by Governor 4/30/2025	2025
West Virginia	HR9	Urging the Governor and our federal representatives to assist West Virginians who have and will lose their federal jobs and to do all it their power to prevent these job losses in our state	Dead	IntroduceGovernment Organization in House	2025
West Virginia	SB472	Requiring transparency from Department of Human Services	Dead	Senate Judiciary Committee Meeting (15:00:00 3/25/2025 Senate Judiciary Committee Room, 208 West)	2025
West Virginia	SB816	Prohibiting sales of unauthorized vape products	Dead	To Health and Human Resources	2025
West Virginia	SB941	Clarifying authority regarding dams designed by US Conservation Service	Enacted/Adopted	Approved by Governor 4/28/2025	2025
Wisconsin	AB1159	The restrictiveness of shoreland zoning ordinances.	Dead	Failed to pass pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 1	2024
Wisconsin	AB92	Creation of a Joint Committee on State Mandates and required funding of state mandates. (FE)	Dead	Failed to pass pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 1	2024
Wisconsin	SB91	Creation of a Joint Committee on State Mandates and required funding of state mandates. (FE)	Dead	Failed to pass pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 1	2024
Wyoming	HB0167	Restoring state sovereignty through nullification.	Dead	Did not Consider for Introduction	2024
Wyoming	HB0217	American rescue plan act appropriations-amendments-2.	Dead	Did not Consider for Introduction	2024
Wyoming	SF0028	Federal natural resource management coordinator.	Dead	Failed Introduction 10-21-0-0-0	2024
Wyoming	HB0134	Taxpayer funds-sexually explicit events prohibited-2.	Dead	COW:S Did not consider for COW	2025

State responses related to ESG

See also: Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)

This section tracks state responses to federal mandates related to environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG), such as rules requiring businesses to disclose carbon emissions data to the government, mandating or allowing the consideration of ESG factors in certain public investments, requiring corporate board diversity quotas, and otherwise promoting the consideration of ESG factors in business decisions.

This section contains ESG-related legislation, lawsuits, and other state responses.

ESG legislation

This section tracks ESG legislation by states related to federalism.

Enacted state legislation

Ballotpedia has identified the following three state responses opposing federal ESG mandates:

• Allow or require state attorneys general to prohibit the adoption of federal ESG standards
• Ask the federal government to oppose ESG
• Allow the legislature or a specific legislative committee to review and oppose federal ESG mandates

Allow or require state attorneys general to prohibit the adoption of federal ESG standards

Ask the federal government to oppose ESG

Allow the legislature or a specific legislative committee to review and oppose federal ESG mandates

Introduced state legislation

The table below lists legislation opposing ESG through federal mandate opposition approaches between 2020 and 2025. Click the column headers to sort the table by that field.

State	Bill number	Bill name	Current legislative status	Most recent action	Legislative session year
Alabama	HB319	State government, Presidential Executive Orders, Legislative Council may order review thereof, prohibition on implementation, provided	Dead	Indefinitely Postponed	2021
Arkansas	HB1637	To Allow Review Of Presidential Executive Orders; To Allow The Attorney General To Review Presidential Executive Orders; And To Address Implementation Of A Presidential Executive Order Under Review.	Enacted/Adopted	Notification that HB1637 is now Act 608	2021
Arkansas	SB469	To Establish A Process To Review Presidential Executive Orders; To Allow The Attorney General To Review Presidential Executive Orders; And To Address Implementation Of A Presidential Executive Order Under Review.	Dead	Sine Die adjournment	2021
Iowa	HF481	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.(See HF 815.)	Dead	Committee report approving bill, renumbered as HF 815.	2021
Iowa	HF577	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Subcommittee Meeting: 01/25/2022 12:00PM House Lounge.	2021
Iowa	HF578	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Introduced, referred to State Government. H.J. 446.	2021
Iowa	HF815	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.(Formerly HF 481.)	Dead	Referred to State Government. H.J. 965.	2021
Iowa	HF2012	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.(See HF 2256.)	Dead	Committee report approving bill, renumbered as HF 2256.	2022
Iowa	HF2256	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.(Formerly HF 2012.)	Dead	Introduced, placed on calendar. H.J. 188.	2022
Iowa	HF27	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Subcommittee recommends passage. Vote Total: 2-0.	2023
Iowa	HF2291	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Introduced, referred to Judiciary. H.J. 189.	2024
Iowa	HF27	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Subcommittee recommends passage. Vote Total: 2-0.	2024
Iowa	SF2032	A bill for an act relating to executive orders of the president of the United States.	Dead	Subcommittee: Schultz, Bousselot, and Weiner. S.J. 99.	2024
Louisiana	HCR59	Requests the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to withdraw its proposed rule with respect to climate-related disclosures for investors	Enacted/Adopted	Taken by the Clerk of the House and presented to the Secretary of State in accordance with the Rules of the House.	2023
Minnesota	HF2157	Presidential executive order legislative commission established, presidential executive order review by commission authorized, attorney general action directed, and order implementation restricted.	Dead	Introduction and first reading, referred to State Government Finance and Elections	2022
Mississippi	HB1419	Unconstitutional acts of federal government; prohibit state agency or political subdivision of the state from cooperating with a federal agency in implementing any.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Missouri	HB1639	Allows the House of Representatives to review presidential orders and declare them unconstitutional	Dead	Referred: Downsizing State Government(H)	2022
Missouri	HR4108	Urges Missouri to oppose federal rules or regulations requiring companies to disclose climate change risk	Dead	Referred: Financial Institutions(H)	2022
Missouri	SB840	Authorizes the General Assembly and the Attorney General to review and prohibit implementation of certain federal actions in this state	Dead	Second Read and Referred S Governmental Accountability and Fiscal Oversight Committee	2022
Missouri	HB174	Allows the House of Representatives to review presidential orders and declare them unconstitutional	Dead	Referred: Special Committee on Government Accountability(H)	2023
Missouri	HR12	Urges Missouri to oppose federal rules or regulations requiring companies to disclose climate change risk	Enacted/Adopted	Adopted (H)	2023
Missouri	SB286	Authorizes the General Assembly and the Attorney General to review and prohibit implementation of certain federal actions in this state	Dead	Second Read and Referred S Governmental Accountability Committee	2023
Missouri	HB1620	Allows the house of representatives to review presidential orders and declare them unconstitutional	Dead	Referred: Financial Institutions(H)	2024
Montana	HJ11	Joint resolution relating to Environmental, Social, and Governmental regulation	Enacted/Adopted	(H) Filed with Secretary of State	2023
New Hampshire	HCR9	Urging the United States to reject compliance with the European Union's Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive.	Introduced	Ought to Pass: Motion Adopted Regular Calendar 204-163 02/13/2025 House Journal 5 P. 34	2025
North Carolina	H872	Review of Federal Acts/Rules/Regulations	Dead	Ref To Com On Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2022
North Carolina	H24	Review of Federal Acts/Rules/Regulations	Dead	Ref to the Com on Judiciary 2, if favorable, Federal Relations and American Indian Affairs, if favorable, State Government, if favorable, Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2023
North Carolina	H24	Review of Federal Acts/Rules/Regulations	Dead	Ref to the Com on Judiciary 2, if favorable, Federal Relations and American Indian Affairs, if favorable, State Government, if favorable, Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2024
North Carolina	H454	Review of Federal Acts/Rules/Regulations	Introduced	Ref To Com On Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House	2025
Oklahoma	HB1236	Attorney General; duties of Attorney General; State Reserved Powers Protection Unit; providing for review of Presidential executive orders and federal actions; effective date; emergency.	Enacted/Adopted	Approved by Governor 05/25/2021	2021
Oklahoma	HB1237	United States; providing for review of presidential executive orders and federal actions; prohibiting implementation of unconstitutional actions; effective date.	Dead	Coauthored by Senator Jett	2021
Oklahoma	SB1644	Social credit scores; creating the Prohibition on Social Credit Scores in the State of Oklahoma Act. Emergency.	Dead	Referred to Public Safety	2022
Pennsylvania	HB1738	Providing for the review and implementation of executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	First consideration	2021
Pennsylvania	HB1738	Providing for the review and implementation of executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	First consideration	2022
South Carolina	H3869	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
South Carolina	S0538	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
South Carolina	H3869	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
South Carolina	S0538	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
South Carolina	H3056	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Referred to Committee on Judiciary	2023
South Carolina	H3056	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Dead	Referred to Committee on Judiciary	2024
South Carolina	H3600	Review of Presidential Executive Orders	Introduced	Referred to Committee on Judiciary	2025
South Dakota	HB1194	Authorize the review of certain executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Judiciary Deferred to the 41st legislative day, Passed, YEAS 6, NAYS 0. S.J. 1	2021
Tennessee	HB1007	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	HB1120	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	HB1229	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the president of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	SB1112	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	SB1163	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the president of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	SB1593	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2021
Tennessee	HB1007	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Tennessee	HB1120	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Tennessee	HB1229	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the president of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Tennessee	SB1112	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Tennessee	SB1163	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the president of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Tennessee	SB1593	AN ACT to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 3, Chapter 4, relative to executive orders issued by the President of the United States.	Dead	Died In Committee	2022
Texas	HB115	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Filed	2021
Texas	HB148	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Filed	2021
Texas	HB3046	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Placed on intent calendar	2021
Texas	HB3955	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	REFERRED TO STATE AFFAIRS	2021
Texas	HB78	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Filed	2021
Texas	SB1248	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Co-author authorized	2021
Texas	HCR38	Urging the United States Congress to investigate the anti-fiduciary practices of BlackRock CEO Larry Fink.	Dead	Referred to State Affairs	2023
Texas	SB242	Relating to the identification of and prohibited cooperation by state and local entities with certain federal acts that violate the United States Constitution.	Dead	Not again placed on intent calendar	2023
Utah	HB0415	Executive Order Review Process Amendments	Enacted/Adopted	Governor Signed in Lieutenant Governor's office for filing	2021
West Virginia	HB3063	To provide a review and veto process of executive orders by the President.	Dead	To House Judiciary	2021
West Virginia	HB3146	Relating to the review of certain executive orders issued by the President of the United States	Dead	To House Judiciary	2021
West Virginia	SB504	Relating to review of presidential executive orders by Legislature	Dead	To Judiciary	2021
Wyoming	HB0260	Illegal presidential EOs-review.	Dead	Did Not Consider for Introduction	2021

ESG lawsuits

• State attorneys general sue over SEC climate disclosure rules (2024): State attorneys general in 10 states, led by West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) and Georgia Attorney General Chris Carr (R), filed a lawsuit against the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 6, 2024, after the agency released regulations requiring publicly traded companies to submit standardized carbon emissions disclosures. The suit alleged the regulations were not clearly tied to the SEC's statutory authority and possibly violated the First Amendment. Nine lawsuits against the SEC’s final rules on climate disclosures for publicly traded companies were consolidated and assigned to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit through a lottery process on March 21, 2024. The SEC paused the implementation of the disclosure rules on April 4, 2024, while the Eight Circuit reviewed lawsuits challenging the regulations.

• State attorneys general seek to block U.S. Department of Labor ESG rule (2023-2024): A coalition of state attorneys general on May 16, 2023, asked a federal judge in Texas to block the implementation of the Biden Labor Department’s rule on the use of ESG in retirement investment plans that fall under ERISA. The states argued that the Biden rule was not created properly because the previous rule (enacted under the Trump administration) was, in their view, improperly invalidated. The U.S. District Court for the District of Northern Texas dismissed the case on September 21, 2023.

• State attorneys general sue SEC over ESG fund disclosure rules (2023): Texas and three other states filed a lawsuit in February 2023 against a Securities and Exchange Commission rule requiring funds to disclose additional information about their votes on ESG shareholder proposals and requiring other corporate meeting disclosures related to ESG.

Other ESG responses

• Republican governors sign letter opposing ESG investing in pension plans (2023): Nineteen Republican governors signed a letter on March 16, 2023, calling for state-level action to oppose a Biden administration rule allowing environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) considerations in retirement plans after President Joe Biden (D) announced plans to veto the Congressional Review Act (CRA) resolution blocking the rule.

• State attorneys general file comments with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) opposing proposed rules for ESG funds (2022): West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) led a group of state attorneys general on August 17, 2022, in filing comments with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) opposing the Commission’s proposed rules for ESG funds.

See also

• Federalism
• Federalism by the numbers
• Arguments related to federalism
• Terms related to federalism

External links

• Search Google News for this topic

Footnotes

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