State supreme court vacancies, 2022
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|---|---|
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In 2022, there were 25 supreme court vacancies in 18 of the 29 states where replacement justices are appointed instead of elected. All but one of the vacancies were caused by retirements. One occurred when a chief justice died.
The following judicial vacancies are covered on this page. Click the state name to read more about that specific vacancy. Know of a vacancy that should be covered here? Click here to let us know.
- Michael Davis, January 2022, Wyoming
- Faustino Fernandez-Vina, February 2022, New Jersey
- Evan Jenkins, February 2022, West Virginia
- Donald Lemons, February 2022, Virginia
- Robert McDonald, February 2022, Maryland
- Ellen Gorman, March 2022, Maine
- Thomas Humphrey, March 2022, Maine
- Deno Himonas, March 2022, Utah
- William Mims, March 2022, Virginia
- Joseph Getty, April 2022, Maryland
- Thomas Lee, June 2022, Utah
- Brent Appel, July 2022, Iowa
- Rita Garman, July 2022, Illinois
- David Nahmias, July 2022, Georgia
- Barry Albin, July 2022, New Jersey
- Alan Lawson, August 2022, Florida
- Steven David, August 2022, Indiana
- Janet DiFiore, August 2022, New York
- Abbi Silver, September 2022, Nevada
- Max Baer, September 2022, Pennsylvania
- Anne M. Burke, November 2022, Illinois
- Bridget Mary McCormack, November 2022, Michigan
- Thomas Balmer, December 2022, Oregon
- Martha Walters, December 2022, Oregon
- Kaye Hearn, December 2022, South Carolina
Ten of the vacancies—in Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming—were in states where a Republican governor appoints the replacement. Ten vacancies—in Maine, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Pennsylvania—were in states where a Democratic governor appoints the replacement. Three vacancies—in South Carolina and Virginia—were in a state where a Republican-controlled legislature appoints the replacement. Two vacancies—in Illinois—were in a state where the state supreme court votes to appoint a replacement.
| Partisan control over filling vacancies (2022) | |
|---|---|
| Party | Number of vacancies |
 Democratic
|
10 |
 Republican
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13 |
| Nonpartisan | 2 |
Judicial vacancies covered on this page are filled in one of four ways: the governor alone appoints justices, a nominating commission provides the governor a list of potential nominees, the state legislature selects supreme court justices, or the state supreme court votes on and appoints justices.
For a list of states where a judicial vacancy triggered an election in 2022, click here.
2022 vacancies
The table below highlights each instance where a judge vacated their seat and a replacement was chosen via appointment. It shows the court the vacancy occurred in, the date of the vacancy, the outgoing justice, why they vacated their seat, the date the vacancy was filled, and the name of the successor.
Florida
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis (R) appointed Renatha Francis to the Florida Supreme Court on August 5, 2022.[1] Francis succeeded Alan Lawson, who retired on August 31, 2022.[2] Francis was Gov. DeSantis' fourth nominee to the seven-member court.
At the time of the vacancy, state supreme court justices in Florida were selected through assisted appointment with a governor-controlled judicial nominating commission.
Georgia
Governor Brian Kemp (R) appointed Andrew Pinson to the Georgia Supreme Court on February 14, 2022, to succeed Chief Justice David Nahmias. Nahmias retired on July 17, 2022. Nahmias stated that he would retire in order to spend more time with his family.[3][4][5] Pinson was Gov. Kemp's fourth nominee to the nine-member court.
At the time of the vacancy under Georgia law, midterm vacancies were filled by assisted appointment. The governor would select an appointee from a list of qualified candidates compiled by the judicial nominating commission. For each vacancy, the commission would recommend a maximum of five candidates. However, the governor could appoint a judge other than those on the commission's list.[6] If appointed, the judge must run in the next general election held at least six months after the appointment, and, if confirmed by voters, they may finish the rest of their predecessor's term.
Illinois
July 2022
The Illinois Supreme Court selected Lisa Holder White to the supreme court on May 10, 2022. She assumed office on July 7, 2022.[7] Holder White succeeded Justice Rita Garman, who retired on July 7, 2022.[8]
As of Garman's retirement, the Illinois Supreme Court was responsible for appointing an interim judge in the event of a midterm vacancy under Illinois law. The law stated that the interim judge was to serve until the next primary election occurring at least 60 days after their appointment, at which point the judge must run in a partisan election to remain on the court. Because Garman's vacancy was set to occur after the 2022 primary election, Holder White will serve until the 2024 election.
November 2022
The Illinois Supreme Court appointed Joy Cunningham to the court on September 12, 2022. Cunningham succeeded Anne M. Burke, who retired on November 30, 2022.[9] Cunningham's term was effective December 1, 2022, through December 2, 2024.[10]
At the time of the vacancy under Illinois law, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed replacement justices.
Indiana
Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb (R) appointed Derek Molter to the Indiana Supreme Court on June 10, 2022. Molter succeeded Steven David, who retired on August 31, 2022. Molter was Gov. Holcomb's second nominee to the five-member court.
At the time of the vacancy under Indiana law, midterm vacancies were filled through gubernatorial appointment. The Indiana Judicial Nominating Commission would provide the names of three nominees to the governor, who then would select a justice from that list.[11][12]
Iowa
Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds (R) appointed David May to the Iowa Supreme Court on July 27, 2022.[1] May succeeded Brent Appel, who retired on July 13, 2022, upon reaching the court's mandatory retirement age. May was Gov. Reynolds' fifth nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Iowa law, the seven justices on the Iowa Supreme Court were selected through the assisted appointment method.[13]
Maine
Gorman vacancy
Maine Governor Janet Mills (D) nominated Rick Lawrence to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court on March 7, 2022. The Maine State Senate confirmed him to the court on April 12, 2022. Lawrence succeeded Justice Ellen Gorman, who retired at the end of her term on March 18, 2022. Lawrence was Gov. Mills' fourth nominee to the seven-member court.[14]
At the time of the nomination, Maine law required the governor's nominee to be confirmed by the legislature's Joint Standing Committee on the Judiciary and the Maine State Senate in order to take office.[14]
Humprehy vacancy
Maine Governor Janet T. Mills (D) nominated Judge Wayne R. Douglas to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court on February 1, 2023. The Maine State Senate confirmed his nomination on February 14, 2023. Douglas succeeded Thomas Humphrey, who retired in March 2022. Douglas was Governor Janet Mills' (D) fifth nominee to the seven-member supreme court.[15][16]
At the time of the vacancy, Maine law required that the governor appoint a justice with confirmation by the Maine State Senate. New appointees served a seven-year term.
Maryland
February 2022
Maryland Governor Larry Hogan (R) appointed Angela M. Eaves to the Maryland Court of Appeals on February 17, 2022. The Maryland State Senate confirmed Eaves on March 15, 2022.[17] Eaves succeeded Justice Robert N. McDonald, who retired on February 23, 2022, upon reaching the state court's mandatory retirement age of 70 years.[18][1] Eaves was Gov. Hogan's sixth nominee to the seven-member court.
At the time of the vacancy under Maryland law, judges of the Maryland Court of Appeals were selected through the assisted appointment method. The Maryland Judicial Nominating Commission screened candidates and submitted a shortlist to the governor. The governor would appoint a judge from the list and the appointee had to be confirmed by the Maryland State Senate.[19][13]
April 2022
Maryland Governor Larry Hogan (R) appointed Matthew Fader to the Maryland Court of Appeals on February 17, 2022. The Maryland State Senate confirmed, Fader on March 15, 2022. He succeeded Chief Justice Joseph Getty, who retired on April 14, 2022, after reaching the state court's mandatory retirement age of 70 years.[17][18][1] Fader was Gov. Hogan's seventh nominee to the seven-member court.
At the time of the vacancy under Maryland law, judges of the Maryland Court of Appeals were selected through the assisted appointment method. The Maryland Judicial Nominating Commission screened candidates and submitted a shortlist to the governor. The governor would appoint a judge from the list and the appointee had to be confirmed by the Maryland State Senate.[19][13]
Michigan
Gov. Gretchen Whitmer (D) appointed Kyra Harris Bolden to the Michigan Supreme Court on January 1, 2023, to replace Justice Bridget Mary McCormack.[20] Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Bridget Mary McCormack retired on November 30, 2022.[21] Bolden was Governor Gretchen Whitmer's (D) first nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Michigan law, the governor appointed a temporary replacement to serve until the next general election.
Nevada
Gov. Steve Sisolak (D) appointed Patricia Lee to the Nevada Supreme Court on November 21, 2022, to replace Justice Abbi Silver.[20] Justice Silver retired on September 29, 2022, "due to unforeseen circumstances and to spend more time with [her] family."[22] Patricia Lee is Governor Steve Sisolak's (D) first nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Nevada law, midterm vacancies were filled by the governor using a nominating commission's list. Click here to learn more about the selection process.
New Jersey
February 2022
New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy (D) appointed Douglas M. Fasciale to the New Jersey Supreme Court on September 14, 2022. He was confirmed by the New Jersey State Senate on October 18, 2022.[23] Fasciale succeeded Faustino J. Fernandez-Vina, who retired on February 15, 2022, upon reaching the state's mandatory retirement age of 70 years old.[24] Fasciale was Gov. Murphy's third nominee to the seven member court.[6]
At the time of the appointment, vacancies on the court were filled via direct gubernatorial appointment. For more details on judicial selection in New Jersey, click here.
July 2022
New Jersey Supreme Court Justice Barry Albin retired on July 7, 2022, upon reaching the state's mandatory retirement age of 70 years old.[25] Albin's replacement will be Governor Phil Murphy's (D) fourth nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
In New Jersey, state supreme court justices are selected through direct gubernatorial appointment. Justices are appointed directly by the governor without the use of a nominating commission.[26] There are five states that use this selection method. To read more about the gubernatorial appointment of judges, click here.
New York
New York Court of Appeals Chief Judge Janet DiFiore retired effective August 31, 2022. DiFiore's replacement will be Governor Kathy Hochul's (D) second nominee to the seven-member court.[27]
Gov. Hochul nominated New York Supreme Court Judge Hector D. LaSalle to fill the vacancy, but the New York State Senate Judiciary Committee rejected the nomination by one vote in January 2023.[28] The full New York State Senate voted 39-20 against LaSalle's nomination in a floor vote held on February 15, 2023.[29]
On April 10, 2023, Gov. Hochul nominated New York Supreme Court Judge Rowan Wilson to fill the vacancy.[30] On April 18, 2023, the New York State Senate confirmed Rowan as Chief Judge.[31]
At the time of the vacancy under New York law, midterm vacancies were filled through assisted appointment. Under this method, the governor appoints a new judge from a list of qualified nominees submitted by a judicial nominating commission. The nominee must be confirmed by the New York State Senate. The newly appointed judge serves a full 14-year term.
Oregon
Balmer vacancy
Oregon Governor Kate Brown (D) appointed Stephen K. Bushong to the Oregon Supreme Court effective January 1, 2023. Bushong succeeded Justice Thomas Balmer, who retired on December 31, 2022.[32] Balmer's replacement was Governor Kate Brown's (D) sixth nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Oregon law, the governor appointed a replacement. The appointee served until the next general election occurring 60 or more days after the appointment, at which point they could run for election.
Walters vacancy
Oregon Governor Kate Brown (D) appointed Bronson James to the Oregon Supreme Court effective January 1, 2023. James succeeded Justice Martha Walters, who retired on December 31, 2022.[33] Walters' replacement will be Governor Kate Brown's (D) seventh nominee to the seven-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Oregon law, the governor appointed a replacement. The appointee served until the next general election occurring 60 or more days after the appointment, at which point they could run for election.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Supreme Court Chief Justice Max Baer's judicial service ended on September 30, 2022, upon his death. Justice Debra Todd was selected to serve as chief judge of the court as its most senior member.[34][35] The vacancy was filled with an election on November 7, 2023.[36] The primary was May 16, 2023. The filing deadline was March 7, 2023.
At the time of the vacancy under Pennsylvania law, the governor appoints a successor to be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Pennsylvania Senate. Interim justices would be required to stand for election at the next municipal election occurring more than 10 months after the vacancy occurred.[19]
Then-governor Tom Wolf did not nominate a candidate to replace Baer by the tenth month before the next scheduled general election, so the seat remained vacant. The general election was held on November 7, 2023.
South Carolina
The South Carolina State Legislature appointed Judge Gary Hill to the South Carolina Supreme Court on February 8, 2023. Hill succeeded Justice Kaye Hearn, who retired on December 31, 2022. Hearn left office after reaching the court's mandatory retirement age of 72.[37][38]
At the time of the vacancy under South Carolina law, the five justices on the supreme court were appointed by the South Carolina Legislature to serve on the bench. The South Carolina Judicial Merit Selection Commission screened and selected candidates for judgeships, then submitted a list of three names to the general assembly. The assembly then voted on the candidates, either choosing one of the three recommendations or rejecting the entire slate.[39]
Utah
March 2022
Utah Gov. Spencer Cox (R) appointed Diana Hagen to the Utah Supreme Court on March 29, 2022. She assumed office on May 18, 2022. Hagen succeeded Justice Deno Himonas, who retired on March 1, 2022, to return to private practice.[40][41] Hagen was Gov. Cox's first nominee to the five-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy, midterm vacancies were filled via assisted appointment. The governor would appoint a replacement from a list of seven names recommended by a nominating commission. The nominee then must attain approval from the Utah State Senate. New appointees would serve for at least three years, after which they would be required to run in a yes-no retention election. If retained, supreme court justices serve subsequent terms of ten years.[19]
June 2022
Utah Gov. Spencer Cox (R) appointed Jill Pohlman to the Utah Supreme Court on June 28, 2022. Pohlman succeeded Justice Thomas Lee, who retired on June 30, 2022, to explore other opportunities in the legal field. Lee was originally scheduled to retire on July 31, 2022.[42][43] Pohlman was Gov. Cox's second nominee to the five-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy, midterm vacancies were filled via assisted appointment. The governor would appoint a replacement from a list of seven names recommended by a nominating commission. The nominee then must attain approval from the Utah State Senate. New appointees would serve for at least three years, after which they would be required to run in a yes-no retention election. If retained, supreme court justices serve subsequent terms of ten years.[19]
Virginia
February 2022
On June 17, 2022, the Virginia General Assembly elected Wesley G. Russell Jr. for a 12-year term on the Virginia Supreme Court that commenced July 1, 2022.[14] Russell succeeded former Justice Donald Lemons, who retired on February 1, 2022.[44] Under Virginia law at the time of the vacancy, the Virginia General Assembly selected the justices of the supreme court. At the time of the vacancy, Democrats held a 21-19 majority in the Senate and Republicans held a 52-48 majority in the House.
March 2022
On June 17, 2022, the Virginia General Assembly elected Thomas P. Mann for a 12-year term on the Virginia Supreme Court that commenced August 1, 2022.[14] Mann succeeded former Justice William Mims, who retired on March 31, 2022.[45] Under Virginia law at the time of the vacancy, the Virginia General Assembly selected the justices of the supreme court. At the time of the vacancy, Democrats held a 21-19 majority in the Senate and Republicans held a 52-48 majority in the House.
West Virginia
West Virginia Gov. Jim Justice (R) appointed C. Haley Bunn to the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia on April 6, 2022. Bunn succeeded Evan Jenkins, who retired on February 6, 2022, to return to private practice. Before Bunn's appointment, Chief Justice John A. Hutchison appointed Alan D. Moats to the West Virginia Supreme Court on February 7, 2022, as a temporary replacement. Moats served on the state's court of last resort until Governor Jim Justice (R) appointed Bunn. Bunn was the governor's third nominee to the five-member supreme court.[8][1][46]
At the time of the vacancy, under West Virginia law, in the event of a midterm vacancy, the governor appoints a replacement from a list of applicants submitted by a nominating commission.[47] The appointee serves until the next general election, at which point he or she may compete to fill the remainder of the unexpired term.[19]
Wyoming
Wyoming Governor Mark Gordon (R) appointed John G. Fenn to the Wyoming Supreme Court on December 2, 2021. Fenn was nominated to succeed Justice Michael Davis, who retired on January 16, 2022, upon reaching the state court's mandatory retirement age of 70 years.[48][49] Fenn's term began on January 17, 2022. Fenn was Gov. Gordon's first nominee to the five-member supreme court.
At the time of the vacancy under Wyoming law, justices of the Wyoming Supreme Court are selected through the assisted appointment method. When a vacancy occurs, the governor appoints a replacement from a list of three names provided by a nominating commission.
Selection methods
The governor alone appoints judges in four states, while a nominating commission provides the governor a list of potential nominees in 23 states. In two other states, South Carolina and Virginia, the state legislature elects supreme court judges. The following table shows how judges are chosen in state supreme courts across the country. It uses the following abbreviations: AA (assisted appointment), GA (gubernatorial appointment), LE (legislative elections), PE (partisan elections), and NPE (nonpartisan elections).
Assisted appointment
The assisted appointment method usually involves a nominating commission which reviews the résumés of candidates for judicial office. This commission—composed of both lawyers and non-lawyers chosen by the state bar and/or executive branch—interviews and screens candidates for judicial positions. The commission then sends a short list of qualified candidates, usually between three and five names, to the governor for consideration.[50]
Within a pre-determined period of time, the governor must select and nominate a candidate from the list. Failure to nominate in the prescribed time period will put the decision back to the commission or, in some cases, to the chief justice of the state's supreme court. Some states require additional confirmation from the legislature.[50]
Nominating commissions
States vary in the composition of their nominating commissions and the application of them.[51] These variations may include:
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Composition
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Application
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Tables detailing these state-by-state variations can be found in this document prepared by the American Judicature Society.
Gubernatorial appointment
- See also: Gubernatorial appointment of judges
There are three primary ways states use a gubernatorial appointment method in the selection of judges. They are:
- to choose a judge for an initial term
- to select a judge to fill an interim or midterm vacancy
- to retain a judge to serve an additional term
Many states use more than one method to select judges or a combination of methods. In states using a gubernatorial appointment method, the process can work in a variety of ways. In almost every state, the governor is involved in the process to appoint a judge to fill a vacancy occurring in the middle of a term. There are states where the governor is permitted to make initial appointments. In other states, a governor may only make an appointment after a candidate has been approved by a judicial nominating commission. Once a nomination is made by a governor, consent from another entity may be required before a judge can begin serving on a court.
Legislative elections
- See also: Legislative election of judges
Judges of South Carolina and Virginia are elected by public vote of each state's general assembly. In South Carolina, both chambers of the assembly come together for a joint vote, while the chambers of Virginia's assembly vote separately, giving the judgeship to the candidate who receives a majority vote in each chamber.[52][53]
Before the assembly votes on a particular judicial candidate, he or she must be approved by the state's nominating commission or evaluation committee, making the system somewhat similar to the assisted appointment method.[52][53] In the case of Virginia, hearings by the evaluation committee are open to the public, and members of the public may even appear before the committee if desired.[53]
Visit Judicial selection in South Carolina and Judicial selection in Virginia for more details about each state's selection processes.
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Governor of Florida, "Governor Ron DeSantis Appoints Judge Renatha Francis to Serve on the Florida Supreme Court," August 5, 2022 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "appt" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "Justice Alan Lawson to retire from Florida Supreme Court," April 29, 2022
- ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Kemp Announces Four Judicial Appointments," February 14, 2022
- ↑ WTVM, "Georgia chief justice announces his resignation ," February 11, 2022
- ↑ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "The Jolt: Kemp stuns with Clarence Thomas protege for state Supreme Court," February 15, 2022
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Georgia; Judicial Nominating Commissions," archived October 2, 2014 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "nom" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Chicago Sun Times, "Lisa Holder White sworn in as first Black woman on state Supreme Court: ‘We need not limit our dreams or settle for less’," July 7, 2022
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Commercial-News, "Garman to retire from state Supreme Court," May 9, 2022 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "retire" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Illinois Supreme Court, "CHIEF JUSTICE ANNE M. BURKE ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT FROM ILLINOIS SUPREME COURT JUSTICE JOY V. CUNNINGHAM TO FILL VACANCY," September 12, 2022
- ↑ ABC 7 Chicago, "Chief Justice Anne Burke announces retirement from Illinois Supreme Court," September 12, 2022
- ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Method of Judicial Selection: Indiana," accessed Aug. 23, 2021
- ↑ State of Indiana, "Judicial Nominating Commission Fact Sheet," accessed Aug. 23, 2021
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Iowa Judicial Nominating Commissions, "State Judicial Nominating Commission," accessed September 13, 2021 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "jnc" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "jnc" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Office of Governor Janet T. Mills, "Governor Mills Nominates Judge Rick Lawrence to Maine Supreme Judicial Court," March 7, 2022 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "appoint" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "appoint" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ State of Maine Office of Governor Janet T. Mills, "Governor Mills Nominates Veteran Superior Court Justice to Maine Supreme Judicial Court," February 1, 2023
- ↑ Maine Public, "York County judge confirmed for Maine Supreme Court vacancy," February 16, 2023
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Senate of Maryland, "Special Order: Executive Nominations Committee Report No. 5," March 15, 2022 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "confirm" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Maryland.gov, "Governor Hogan Announces Judicial Appointments," September 3, 2021
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Maryland," accessed August 16, 2021 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "general" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "general" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "general" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "general" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 20.0 20.1 Governor Gretchen Whitmer, "Gov. Whitmer Announces Historic Selection of Kyra Harris Bolden as Next Michigan Supreme Court Justice," November 22, 2022 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "appointment" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Michigan courts, "Chief Justice McCormack to Retire from Michigan Supreme Court," September 12, 2022
- ↑ Twitter, "@GovSisolak," August 26, 2022
- ↑ NJ.com, "Depleted N.J. Supreme Court will get 2 justices after Senate confirms them, ending logjam," October 18, 2022
- ↑ The New Jersey Globe, "Berdote Byrne emerges as top contender for state Supreme Court seat," January 3, 2022
- ↑ New Jersey Monitor, "Justice Albin turns 70, creating third N.J. Supreme Court vacancy," July 7, 2022
- ↑ Note: In New Hampshire, a judicial selection commission has been established by executive order. The commission's recommendations are not binding.
- ↑ New York Times, "Chief Judge Resigns at Crucial Time for New York’s Top Court," July 11, 2022
- ↑ Politico, "Hochul's chief judge pick rejected by her own party in stunning defeat," January 18, 2023
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfull - ↑ Politico, "Hochul nominates new chief judge in New York after initial rejection," accessed April 12, 2023
- ↑ WGRZ, "1st Black chief judge for New York state confirmed," accessed April 19, 2023
- ↑ State of Oregon Judicial Department, "Oregon Supreme Court Justice Thomas Balmer Announces Retirement," October 3, 2022
- ↑ State of Oregon Judicial Department, "Oregon’s Supreme Court Chief Justice announces retirement," October 18, 2022
- ↑ The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, "Pennsylvania Supreme Court Announces Passing of Chief Justice Max Baer," October 1, 2022
- ↑ Phillyburb.com, "'She listens with her heart': Ellwood City native installed as chief justice of Pa.," accessed January 25, 2023
- ↑ Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "With Pa’s highest court depleted, Shapiro, GOP Senate leaders let voters down | Bruce Ledewitz," accessed May 3, 2023
- ↑ NBC News, "South Carolina Supreme Court justice’s retirement likely leaves behind an all-male bench," January 20, 2023
- ↑ News 10, "South Carolina becomes only state with all-male high court," February 8, 2023
- ↑ Albany Law Review, "The Untouchables: The Impact of South Carolina's New Judicial Selection System on the South Carolina Supreme Court, 1997-2003," June 30, 2004
- ↑ The Salt Lake Tribune, "Utah Supreme Court Justice Deno Himonas retires, plans return to private sector," accessed March 1, 2022
- ↑ 2KUTV, "Gov. Cox announces appointee to Utah Supreme Court," March 29, 2022
- ↑ KSL.com, "Thomas Lee retires from Utah's Supreme Court, but still has big plans," July 3, 2022
- ↑ Office of Gov. Spencer J. Cox, "WATCH: GOV. SPENCER J. COX APPOINTS JUDGE JILL M. POHLMAN TO UTAH SUPREME COURT," June 28, 2022
- ↑ ABC 8 News, "Chief Justice of Virginia Supreme Court plans to retire on Feb. 1," December 22, 2021
- ↑ Richmond Times-Dispatch, "Justice Mims is leaving Virginia Supreme Court next year," July 29, 2021
- ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Justice appoints Haley Bunn to WV Supreme Court of Appeals," April 6, 2022
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: West Virginia; Judicial Nominating Commissions," archived January 13, 2012
- ↑ Laramie Boomerang, "Wyo. Supreme Court justice to retire in January," September 8, 2021
- ↑ Casper Star Tribune, "Fenn to join Wyoming Supreme Court," December 2, 2021
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 American Judicature Society, "Merit Selection: The Best Way to Choose Judges," archived October 2, 2014
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Judicial Merit Selection: Current Status," 2011
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 South Carolina General Assembly, "How Judges Are Selected in South Carolina," January 11, 2010
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Commonwealth of Virginia: Division of Legislative Services, "Judicial Selection Overview," accessed December 20, 2014
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