What are the reasons to call a redo election? (2020)

This article covers subjects specific to the 2020 general election. It has not been updated to reflect subsequent developments.
Click here for more information about our 2020 election coverage.

Ballotpedia's 2020 Election Help Desk

Use the buttons below to see Help Desk hubs for other years. 2022 »

Disputed results Presidential election lawsuits and recounts Post-election lawsuits

Frequently asked questions General questions Presidential election Processing/counting mail ballots Results and certification Disputing results • Officeholder transitions

Absentee/mail-in voting analysis Mail-in voting by state, 2016-2018 Mail-in rejection by state, 2016-2018 Uncalled races, 2018 When can states begin counting? Processing, counting, and challenging ballots

Voting in 2020 Absentee/mail-in voting • Early voting • Voter ID Poll opening and closing times Recount laws by state Recount margin requirements by state U.S. Supreme Court actions

Elections by state AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingSubmit

A redo election, also known as a revote or special election remedy, is the process of voiding election results and holding a new election. The specific reasons for calling a redo election vary, but might include deliberate efforts to obscure the results such as electoral fraud or mistakes like a broken voting machine.

States or courts may call a redo election in the following cases. This list was adapted from Professor Steven Huefner's "Remedying Election Wrongs" in the Harvard Journal on Legislation:

• Electoral fraud: Electoral fraud is a deliberate, illegal interference with the process of an election. It can take different forms, including in-person voter fraud and fraudulent activity involving absentee/mail-in ballots.

• Mistakes: Mistakes encompass accidents that affect the outcome of an election by potentially disenfranchising voters. Types of mistakes range from mechanical errors such as a malfunctioning voting machine to election officials accidentally allowing ineligible individuals to vote. Other types of mistakes might include a polling place opening hours late, ballots that do not include a candidate's name, or errors in voting instructions that result in a large number of invalid ballots.

• Nonfraudulent misconduct: According to Huefner, "[G]iven the increasing number of substantive constraints on the election process ... candidates or their supporters may violate election laws in ways other than outright voting fraud. Like actual voting fraud, however, these violations may in some circumstances undermine the reliability of the election outcome." Types of nonfradulent misconduct include campaign finance violations, electioneering at the polls, or violations of the Voting Rights or Help America Vote Acts.

• External events: Natural disasters, attacks, power outages, or other types of outside events might warrant a redo election if they prevent individuals from voting.

Next question: Who can call a redo election?

The 2020 election took place against a backdrop of uncertainty. Our readers had questions about what to expect in elections at all levels of government, from the casting of ballots to the certification of final results. Ballotpedia's 2020 Election Help Desk was designed to answer those questions.

More frequently asked questions about the 2020 election

Click on a question below to read the answer:

• General election information
  • Who runs elections in the United States?
  • Why do states have different election rules?
  • What methods do states use to prevent election fraud?
  • Do you have to vote for everything on your ballot?
  • What happens if you mark outside the lines or use the wrong pen/pencil?
  • What is a spoiled ballot?
  • What is a write-in candidate?
  • How can I check the status of my ballot?
  • Can I take a ballot selfie?

• Presidential election
  • What happens if a presidential candidate declares victory in the 2020 election before results are final?
  • Can presidential candidates win the election if they have already conceded?
  • What are the steps and deadlines for electing the President of the United States?
  • What happens if there is a tie in the Electoral College?
  • What are faithless electors in the Electoral College?
  • What happens if a presidential nominee becomes incapacitated before the election?
  • Can members of Congress object to Electoral College results?

• Processing and counting absentee/mail-in ballots
  • What is the life cycle of an absentee/mail-in ballot?
  • What happens if I vote by mail and want to change my ballot at a later date?
  • What happens if someone votes by mail and then tries to vote in person?
  • How do states protect and verify absentee/mail-in ballots?
  • How do election workers match signatures?
  • Are results reported on election night coming from in-person or absentee/mail-in votes?
  • Do states report how many mail-in/absentee ballots are outstanding on election night?
  • Do absentee/mail-in ballots take longer to count than in-person ballots?
  • What happens if someone votes by mail-in ballot or absentee ballot and subsequently passes away before Election Day?

• Disputing election results
  • How will election recounts work?
  • How close does an election have to be to trigger an automatic recount?
  • Can a candidate or voter request a recount?
  • Who pays for recounts and contested elections?
  • What are poll watchers?
  • What does it mean to challenge a voter's eligibility, and who can do it?
  • What is a redo election?
  • Who can file election-related lawsuits?
  • What are the reasons to call a redo election?
  • Who can call a redo election?
  • Can a redo be held for a presidential election?

• Election result reporting and certification
  • What happens if candidates declare victory in the 2020 election before results are final?
  • Can candidates win an election if they have already conceded?
  • How and when are election results finalized?
  • How do major media outlets declare winners?

• Transitions of power and taking office
  • Who is the president if election results are unknown by January 20, 2021?
  • Who serves in Congress if election results are unknown by January 2021?
  • Who serves in a state or local government if election results are unknown?
  • What happens if the winning presidential candidate becomes incapacitated before taking office?

• Articles about potential scenarios in the 2020 election
• U.S. Supreme Court actions affecting the November 3, 2020, general election

See also

• Disputing election results
  • Challenging absentee/mail-in ballots, 2020
  • Can candidates challenge the results of the 2020 elections?
  • How will election recounts work in the 2020 elections?

Additional reading

• Congressional Research Service, "Legal Processes for Contesting the Results of a Presidential Election," Oct. 24, 2016
• Matt Vasilogambros, "When Elections Get a Do-Over," Dec. 26, 2018
• Steven Huefner, "Remedying Election Wrongs," accessed Oct. 12, 2020
• Steven Mulroy, "Right Without Remedy? The 'Butterfly Ballot' Case and Court-Ordered Federal Election 'Revotes,'" accessed Oct. 12, 2020
• U.S. Election Assistance Commission, "Recounts and Contests Study," accessed Oct. 12, 2020