Louisiana Amendment 1, No Right to Abortion in Constitution Amendment (2020)
| Louisiana Amendment 1 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Election date November 3, 2020 | |
| Topic Abortion | |
Status Approved | |
| Type Constitutional amendment | Origin State legislature |
Louisiana Amendment 1, the No Right to Abortion in Constitution Amendment, was on the ballot in Louisiana as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on November 3, 2020.[1] It was approved.
A "yes" vote supported adding language to the Louisiana Constitution stating that "nothing in this constitution shall be construed to secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion." |
A "no" vote opposed adding language to the Louisiana Constitution stating that "nothing in this constitution shall be construed to secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion." |
Election results
|
Louisiana Amendment 1 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
|
|
1,274,167 | 62.06% | ||
| No | 779,005 | 37.94% | ||
Overview
What did Amendment 1 add to the Louisiana Constitution?
The constitutional amendment added a sentence to the Louisiana Declaration of Rights: "To protect human life, nothing in this constitution shall be construed to secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion."[1]
What did Amendment 1 have to do with state courts?
As of 2019, at least 10 states, according to The Guttmacher Institute, provided a state constitutional right to abortion based on court rulings. In April 2019, the Kansas Supreme Court held that the Kansas Bill of Rights included "a woman's right to make decisions about her body, including the decision whether to continue her pregnancy."[2] Tennessee (2014), Alabama (2018), and West Virginia (2018) each passed constitutional amendments that, like the proposed amendment to the Louisiana Constitution, declared that their constitutions cannot be interpreted as securing or protecting a right to abortion or requiring the funding of abortion.
What did Amendment 1 have to do with Roe v. Wade?
If the U.S. Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, which held that abortion could not be banned before fetal viability under the U.S. Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment, states could be permitted to prohibit abortions. In the 10 states where courts have held that abortion is a constitutional right under their state constitutions, state governments would not be able to ban abortion without a state constitutional amendment or a different ruling in the future.
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title was as follows:[1]
| “ |
Do you support an amendment declaring that, to protect human life, a right to abortion and the funding of abortion shall not be found in the Louisiana Constitution? (Adds Article I, Section 20.1)[3] |
” |
Ballot summary
The ballot summary was as follows:[4]
| “ | Proposed Constitutional Amendment provides that in order to protect human life, nothing in the present constitution shall be construed to secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion.[3] | ” |
Constitutional changes
- See also: Article I, Louisiana Constitution
The measure added a Section 20.1 to Article I of the Louisiana Constitution. The following underlined text would be added:[1]
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2020
| Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The state legislature wrote the ballot language for this measure.
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Support
The Louisiana Pro-Life Amendment Coalition led the campaign in support of Amendment 1.[5] Supporters referred to the constitutional amendment as the Love Life Amendment.[6]
Supporters
Officials
- Governor John Bel Edwards (D)
- State Senator Katrina Jackson (D)
Organizations
- Americans United for Life
- Democrats for Life of America
- Louisiana Conference of Catholic Bishops
- Louisiana Right to Life
Arguments
Campaign advertisements
The following video was released by Louisiana Right to Life:[7][8]
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Opposition
Louisiana for Personal Freedoms led the campaign in opposition to the amendment.[9]
Opponents
Organizations
- ACLU of Louisiana
- Choice Louisiana
- Democracy for America
- Forum for Equality
- Hope Medical Group for Women
- Independent Women's Organization
- League of Women Voters of Louisiana
- Louisiana Trans Advocates
- National Council of Jewish Women
- National Organization for Women PAC
- New Orleans Abortion Fund
- Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast
- Reproductive Justice Action Collective
- Women With a Vision
Arguments
Campaign finance
Ballotpedia identified one committee—Louisiana Pro-Life Amendment Coalition—registered in support of Amendment 1 and one committee—Louisiana for Personal Freedoms, Inc.—registered in opposition to Amendment 1.[10]
| Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support | $680,741.75 | $450.00 | $681,191.75 | $680,921.75 | $681,371.75 |
| Oppose | $346,104.00 | $82,720.22 | $428,824.22 | $165,035.21 | $247,755.43 |
| Total | $1,026,845.75 | $83,170.22 | $1,110,015.97 | $845,956.96 | $929,127.18 |
Support
The following were contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in support of Amendment 1.[10]
| Committees in support of Amendment 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
| Louisiana Pro-Life Amendment Coalition | $680,741.75 | $450.00 | $681,191.75 | $680,921.75 | $681,371.75 |
| Total | $680,741.75 | $450.00 | $681,191.75 | $680,921.75 | $681,371.75 |
Top donors
The following is a list of the top donors that contributed to Louisiana Pro-Life Amendment Coalition:[10]
| Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| LA Right to Life Educational Committee | $280,000.00 | $0.00 | $280,000.00 |
| Edward L. Rispone | $50,000.00 | $0.00 | $50,000.00 |
| Donald T. Bollinger | $25,000.00 | $0.00 | $25,000.00 |
| Kenneth Wood Sr. | $25,000.00 | $0.00 | $25,000.00 |
| William Henry Shane Jr. | $20,000.00 | $0.00 | $20,000.00 |
Opposition
| Committees in support of Amendment 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
| Louisiana for Personal Freedoms, Inc. | $346,104.00 | $82,720.22 | $428,824.22 | $165,035.21 | $247,755.43 |
| Total | $346,104.00 | $82,720.22 | $428,824.22 | $165,035.21 | $247,755.43 |
Top donors
The following is a list of the top donors that contributed to Louisiana for Personal Freedoms, Inc.:[10]
| Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| BYP 100 | $150,000.00 | $0.00 | $150,000.00 |
| Open Society | $100,000.00 | $0.00 | $100,000.00 |
| Lift Louisiana | $0.00 | $80,758.12 | $80,758.12 |
| Planned Parenthood Action Fund | $50,000.00 | $1,448.10 | $51,448.10 |
| Catholics for Choice | $5,000.00 | $0.00 | $5,000.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Background
Senate Bill 184 (2019)
In 2019, the Louisiana State Legislature passed Senate Bill 184 (SB 184), which Gov. John Bel Edwards (D) signed on May 30, 2019.[11]
SB 184 was designed to ban abortion when a fetal heartbeat is present, except to prevent death or substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman.
SB 184 also included a provision that would prohibit knowingly performing an abortion, except to prevent death, a substantial risk of death, or a serious and permanent impairment to life-sustaining organs of a pregnant woman, should the U.S. Supreme Court allow states to prohibit elective abortions or a federal constitutional amendment is passed to allow states to prohibit elective abortions.[11]
The legislative votes on SB 184 were as follows:[11]
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U.S. Supreme Court on abortion
Roe v. Wade
In 1973, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its ruling in Roe v. Wade, finding that state laws prohibiting abortion prior to fetal viability violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The high court held that states can regulate and/or prohibit abortions (except to preserve the life or health of the mother) once a fetus reaches the point of viability. In Roe v. Wade, the court defined fetal viability as "the interim point at which the fetus becomes 'viable,' that is, potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid." The high court further stated that "viability is usually placed at about seven months (28 weeks) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks."[12]
The ruling established a strict trimester framework to guide state abortion policies. States, according to this framework, were prohibited from banning or regulating abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. During the second trimester, states were permitted to regulate abortion to protect the mother's health. During the third trimester, states were allowed to ban abortion, except in cases where an abortion is needed to preserve the life or health of the mother.[12]
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
In Planned Parenthood v. Casey of 1992, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the essential holding of Roe v. Wade but rejected the strict trimester framework established in that case. The high court affirmed that states could not ban abortions before fetal viability. However, according to the court, neonatal care developments since Roe v. Wade meant fetal viability occurred somewhat earlier than the start of the third trimester of pregnancy.[13]
The ruling in Planned Parenthood v. Casey also provided for a standard of undue burden to determine whether a law created substantial obstacles for a woman seeking an abortion before fetal viability. Unlike in Roe v. Wade, the court permitted states to regulate abortion during the first trimester if the regulations did not create an undue burden for women.[13]
State constitutions on abortion
As of 2019, at least nine states provided a state constitutional right to abortion based on court rulings.[14] Ballotpedia has identified five ballot measures to amend state constitutions to declare that nothing in the state constitution provides a right to abortion. In Tennessee (2014), Alabama (2018), and West Virginia (2018), these constitutional amendments were passed. In Massachusetts (1986) and Florida (2012), these constitutional amendments were defeated.
The following map illustrates the states where courts have ruled that a right to abortion exists under the state constitution and states with constitutional amendments stating that no right to abortion exists under the state constitution:
Rulings for state constitutional rights
At least nine states provide a right to abortion under their state constitutions based on court rulings. None of these states provide an explicit constitutional right to abortion; rather, state courts have ruled that provisions related to privacy, liberty, and equality provide a right to abortion. The following is a list of states where courts have ruled that state constitutions provide a right to abortion:[14]
- Alaska: In Valley Hospital Association v. Mat-Su Coalition for Choice (1997), the Alaska Supreme Court ruled that Amendment 3 (1972), which declared that people have a right to privacy, provided a right to abortion.[15] Attorney General Kevin Clarkson (R), appointed in 2018, said, "Basically, Alaska provides more protection for abortion rights than the federal Constitution. So if Roe vs. Wade were overturned, in Alaska, nothing would change. ... What could change things in Alaska to move it towards a more protective-of-life perspective would be an amendment to the Alaska Constitution."[16]
- California: In People v. Belous (1969), the California Supreme Court ruled that women have "[constitutional] rights to life and to choose whether to bear children." The court's ruling stated that "the fundamental right of the woman to choose whether to bear children follows from the Supreme Court's and this court's repeated acknowledgment of a "right of privacy" or "liberty" in matters related to marriage, family, and sex."[17] Voters approved Proposition 11 in 1972, which established a constitutional right to privacy. The state Supreme Court cited Proposition 11 in Committee to Defend Reproductive Rights v. Myers (1981), which stated that "the protection afforded the woman's right of procreative choice as an aspect of the right of privacy under the explicit provisions of our Constitution."[18] In 2002, the California State Legislature passed the Reproductive Privacy Act, which added language to state statute declaring that women have a "fundamental right to choose to bear a child or to choose and to obtain an abortion."[19] Voters rejected the constitutional amendment.
- Florida: The Florida Supreme Court decided the case In re T.W., a Minor in 1989, holding that Amendment 2, passed in 1980, included a right to abortion before viability. The state Supreme Court's ruling said that Amendment 2, which established a state constitutional right to privacy, "is clearly implicated in a woman's decision of whether or not to continue her pregnancy."[20] In 2004, the Florida State Legislature referred Amendment 1, which required parental notification for a minor to receive an abortion, to the ballot.[21] Amendment 1 exempted the notification from the constitutional right to privacy. Voters approved Amendment 1. In 2011, the state legislature referred a Amendment 6 to the ballot for November 6, 2012. Amendment 6 contained a provision that stated, "This constitution may not be interpreted to create broader rights to an abortion than those contained in the United States Constitution."[22] Voters rejected Amendment 6.
- Iowa: In 2018, the Iowa Supreme Court held that women have a state constitutional right to abortion in Planned Parenthood v. Reynolds. Chief Justice Mark Cady wrote, "Autonomy and dominion over one’s body go to the very heart of what it means to be free. ... We therefore hold, under the Iowa Constitution, that implicit in the concept of ordered liberty is the ability to decide whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy."[23] During the 2019 legislative session, several joint resolutions were introduced to amend the Iowa Constitution to state that nothing in the constitution secured or protected a right to abortion or abortion funding. However, none of the resolutions were passed.[24]
- Kansas: The Kansas Supreme Court ruled in Hodes & Nauser v. Schmidt (2019) that Section 1 of the Kansas Bill of Rights included "a woman's right to make decisions about her body, including the decision whether to continue her pregnancy." Section 1 was part of the original Kansas Constitution of 1861, reading, "All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natural rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."[2] Senate President Susan Wagle (R-30) said a ballot measure to amend the state constitution in response to the ruling was possible. Sen. Wagle stated, "I think the consequences of that ruling are still being determined. We really need some time to figure out how we’ll address it and I think the voters of Kansas will want to have a say in an election year."[25]
- Massachusetts: In Moe v. Secretary of Administration and Finance (1981), the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court held that "The Massachusetts Declaration of Rights affords a greater degree of protection to a woman's right to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy by abortion than does the Federal Constitution."[26] The Massachusetts General Court referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot in 1986, which stated, "Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the General Court from regulating or prohibiting abortion unless prohibited by the United States Constitution, nor shall anything in this Constitution require public or private funding of abortion, or the provision of services or facilities therefor, beyond that required by the United States Constitution."[27]
- Minnesota: The Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in Women of Minnesota v. Gomez (1995) that "under our interpretation of the Minnesota Constitution's guaranteed right to privacy, the difficult decision whether to obtain a therapeutic abortion will not be made by the government, but will be left to the woman and her doctor." The state Supreme Court cited Sections 2, 7, and 10 of Article I of the Minnesota Constitution to determine that women had a constitutional right to abortion.[28]
- Montana: In Armstrong v. State (1999), the Montana Supreme Court held that Section 10 of Article II of the Montana Constitution provided women with a right of procreative autonomy, including an abotion before fetal viability. Section 10 read, "The right of individual privacy is essential to the well-being of a free society and shall not be infringed without the showing of a compelling state interest." The provision was included as part of the 1972 Montana Constitution.[29]
- New Jersey: In 2000, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that abortion is a state constitutional right in Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Farmer. The ruling stated that Section 1 of Article I of the New Jersey Constitution "incorporates within its terms the right of privacy and its concomitant rights, including a woman's right to make certain fundamental choices."[30]
Amendments declaring no state constitutional rights
As of 2019, three states had constitutional amendments declaring that their constitution does not secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion. The first state to pass a constitutional amendment was Tennessee in 2014. In 2018, Alabama and West Virginia passed constitutional amendments. Arkansas has a constitutional amendment, passed in 1988, that says "The policy of Arkansas is to protect the life of every unborn child from conception until birth, to the extent permitted by the Federal Constitution."
- Tennessee Amendment 1 (2014): Amendment 1 received 52.6 percent of the vote, making Tennessee the first state with an amendment proclaiming that the state constitution does not secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion. Amendment 1 was proposed as a response to the Tennessee Supreme Court's ruling in Planned Parenthood v. Sundquist (2000), which held that the state constitution provided a right to procreational autonomy. Sen. Mae Beavers (R-17), who was a legislative sponsor of Amendment 1, said, "[The amendment] is meant to neutralize the 2000 [state] Supreme Court decision."[31]
- Alabama Amendment 2 (2018): Amendment 2 received 59.0 percent of the vote. Amendment 2 declared that the state constitution does not secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion. The constitutional amendment also said the state's public policy was to "recognize and support the sanctity of unborn life and the rights of unborn children, including the right to life." In the Alabama State Legislature, Amendment 2 received the vote of Republicans, but Democrats voted 3-31.[32]
- West Virginia Amendment 1 (2018): Amendment 1 passed with 51.7 percent of the vote. Amendment 1 declared that the state constitution does not secure or protect a right to abortion or require the funding of abortion. According to the West Virginia Bureau for Medical Services, Amendment 1 invalidated the state Supreme Court's ruling in West Virginia Women’s Health Center v. Panepinto (1993), which held that the state had to fund abortion via Medicaid.[33] Legislative Republicans voted to put the constitutional amendment on the ballot. Democrats voted 3-9 in the House and 10-25 in the Senate.[34]
Path to the ballot
- See also: Amending the Louisiana Constitution
In Louisiana, a two-thirds vote is needed in each chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature to refer a constitutional amendment to the ballot for voter consideration.
State Rep. Katrina Jackson (D-16) introduced the constitutional amendment as House Bill 425 (HB 425) on March 29, 2019. The House Civil Law and Procedure Committee passed HB 425 in a 7-0 vote on April 16. The full state House approved the constitutional amendment on April 23, with 81 members supporting the bill, 10 members opposing the bill, and 14 members not voting. At least 70 votes were needed to pass HB 425.[35]
The state Senate approved HB 425 on May 21, 2019, but modified the intent and purpose section of the bill. The state Senate voted 31 to four with four members absent. At least 26 votes were needed to pass HB 425.[35] Because the state Senate modified HB 425, a concurrence vote was needed in the state House to refer the constitutional amendment to the ballot.
The state House rejected concurrence with the Senate's modified HB 425 and instead asked for a conference committee. The state House appointed Katrina Jackson (D-16), Ray Garofalo (R-103), and Dustin Miller (D-40) to the committee. The state Senate appointed Rick Ward III (R-17), Gerald Boudreaux (D-24), and Beth Mizell (R-12) to the committee. The conference committee recommended passing HB 425 without the Senate's change and changing the election date from October 12, 2019 to November 3, 2020.[35] Rep. Jackson said she wanted the election date changed because "I think it'll help the pro-life Democrats, but at the same time it may hurt other Democrats. I think it'll help my election but it's not all about me."[36] In Louisiana, state legislative and executive elections were held in odd-numbered years, such as 2019.
On June 5, 2019, the state House approved the conference's HB 425 in a vote of 78 to 21, and the state Senate approved the conference's HB 425 in a vote of 33 to five.[35] With approval in both legislative chambers, HB 425 was referred to the ballot for the election on November 3, 2020.
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How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Louisiana
Click "Show" to learn more about voter registration, identification requirements, and poll times in Louisiana.
| How to cast a vote in Louisiana | |||||
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Poll timesIn Louisiana, polls are open from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Central time for Tuesday elections. For Saturday elections, polls open at 7:00 a.m. If the polls close while a voter is in line, he or she will still be permitted to vote.[37][38] Registration
To vote in Louisiana, one must provide documentary proof of United States citizenship and be a resident of the state and parish in which they register. A voter must be at least 18 years old by Election Day.[39] Registration completed via mail or in person must occur at least 30 days before Election Day. Registration completed online must occur at least 20 days before Election Day. Registrants must present a valid form of identification to register. Pre-registration is available beginning at age 16.[39] Voters may register in person at any Registrar of Voters office or any of the following places:[39]
Automatic registrationLouisiana does not practice automatic voter registration. Online registration
Louisiana has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website. Same-day registrationLouisiana does not allow same-day voter registration. Residency requirementsLouisiana law requires 20 days of residency in the state before a person may vote. Verification of citizenshipLouisiana state law requires a voter registration applicant to provide proof of citizenship to register to vote. As of June 2025, the state had not implemented the requirement.[40][41] All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[42] Seven states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Wyoming — have laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration, whether in effect or not. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allows noncitizens to vote in some local elections. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters. Verifying your registrationThe site Geaux Vote, run by the Louisiana Secretary of State office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Voter ID requirementsLouisiana requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[43] Voters can present the following forms of identification. This list was current as of August 14, 2024. Click here to ensure you have the most current information.
Voters who do not have accepted ID may vote by completing a voter identification affidavit. By law, voters who sign an affidavit may be challenged.[44] Registered voters can bring their voter information card to the Office of Motor Vehicles to receive a free Louisiana special identification card.[43] | |||||
See also
External links
Support |
Opposition |
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Louisiana State Legislature, "HB 425," accessed April 24, 2019
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NPR, "Kansas Supreme Court Rules State Constitution Protects Right To Abortion," April 26, 2019 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "kansasruling" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "2020 Ballot Questions," accessed August 20, 2020
- ↑ Louisiana Pro-Life Amendment Coalition, "Homepage," accessed June 5, 2019
- ↑ The News Star, "Louisiana voters to decide whether to add abortion ban to constitution," June 5, 2019
- ↑ YouTube, "‘Protect Dogs’ drops new video on greyhound industry," accessed July 21, 2018
- ↑ YouTube, "Love Life and Vote Yes on Nov. 3, 2020!" accessed September 10, 2020
- ↑ Louisiana for Personal Freedoms, "Home," accessed July 23, 2020
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Louisiana Ethics Administration Porgram, "Campaign Finance Portal: Louisiana Political Action Committees," accessed June 8, 2020
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Louisiana State Legislature, "Senate Bill 184," accessed June 5, 2019
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 U.S. Supreme Court, "Roe v. Wade," January 22, 1973
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 U.S. Supreme Court, "Planned Parenthood v. Casey," June 29, 1992
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 The Guttmacher Institute, "Ensuring Access to Abortion at the State Level: Selected Examples and Lessons," January 9, 2019
- ↑ Alaska Supreme Court, "Valley Hospital Association v. Mat-Su Coalition for Choice," November 21, 1997
- ↑ Alaska Public Media, "What happens if Roe v. Wade goes? In Alaska, ‘nothing’," September 10, 2018
- ↑ California Supreme Court, "People v. Belous, September 5, 1969
- ↑ California Supreme Court, "Committee to Defend Reproductive Rights v. Myers," March 20, 1981
- ↑ California State Legislature, "Reproductive Privacy Act," September 5, 2002
- ↑ Florida Supreme Court, "In re T.W., a Minor," October 5, 1989
- ↑ Florida State Legislature, "House Joint Resolution 1," accessed June 25, 2019
- ↑ Florida State Legislature, "House Joint Resolution 1179," accessed June 25, 2019
- ↑ Iowa Supreme Court, "Planned Parenthood v. Reynolds," September 18, 2018
- ↑ Des Moines Register, "Gov. Kim Reynolds supports anti-abortion language in the Iowa Constitution," February 5, 2019
- ↑ The Wichita Eagle, "Abortion opponents say they’ll wait until 2020 to seek to change Kansas constitution," May 3, 2019
- ↑ Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, "Moe v. Secretary of Administration and Finance," February 18, 1981
- ↑ Massachusetts General Court, "House Bill 3310," accessed June 25, 2019
- ↑ Minnesota Supreme Court, "Women of Minnesota v. Gomez," December 15, 1995
- ↑ Montana Supreme Court, "Armstrong v. State," October 26, 1999
- ↑ New Jersey Supreme Court, "Planned Parenthood of Central New Jersey v. Farmer," August 15, 2000
- ↑ Commercial Apparel, "Tennessee Senate advances abortion amendment," April 18, 2011
- ↑ Alabama State Legislature, "House Bill 98," accessed March 16, 2017
- ↑ West Virginia Metro News, "West Virginia’s rapid political shift on abortion," August 29, 2015
- ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "Senate Joint Resolution 12," accessed February 9, 2018
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Louisiana State Legislature, "HB 425 Overview," accessed April 24, 2019
- ↑ Vice, "This Democrat Is Backing Louisiana’s Attack on Abortion," June 1, 2019
- ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "FAQ: Voting on Election Day," accessed August 15, 2024
- ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "Vote on Election Day," accessed August 15, 2024
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Louisiana Secretary of State, "Register to Vote," accessed August 15, 2024
- ↑ WWNO, "Louisiana now requires proof of citizenship to vote, but hasn’t issued any guidance," January 15, 2025
- ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "Louisiana Voter Registration Application," accessed June 30, 2025
- ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Louisiana Secretary of State, "Vote on Election Day," accessed August 15, 2024
- ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "Louisiana voters' bill of rights and voting information," accessed August 15, 2024
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