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State ballot measure campaign finance analyses

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State Ballot Measure
Campaign Finance Analyses

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2024 campaign finance
2023 campaign finance
2022 campaign finance
2021 campaign finance
2020 campaign finance
2019 campaign finance
2018 campaign finance
2017 campaign finance

Ballotpedia tracks campaign finance for statewide ballot measures. This page provides summaries and highlights for ballot measure campaign finance from 2016 through 2024.

Top measures since 2016

Top 10 by total contributions

The following is a list of the 10 state ballot measures that saw the most total contributions (combined support and opposition) between 2016 and 2024.

State Year Measure Contributions
California 2022 Proposition 27: Legalize Sports Betting and Revenue for Homelessness Prevention Fund Initiative $418,542,466
California 2020 Proposition 22 $224,253,018
Florida 2024 Proposition 22: Marijuana Legalization Initiative $187,397,117
California 2022 Proposition 26: Legalize Sports Betting on American Indian Lands Initiative $175,878,293
California 2024 Proposition 33: Prohibit State Limitations on Local Rent Control Initiative $175,776,441
California 2020 Proposition 15: Tax on Commercial and Industrial Properties for Education and Local Government Funding Initiative $144,006,082
Florida 2024 Amendment 4: Right to Abortion Initiative $135,231,316
California 2018 Proposition 8: Limits on Dialysis Clinics' Revenue and Required Refunds Initiative $130,426,208
California 2016 Proposition 61: Drug Price Standards $128,276,770
California 2020 Proposition 21: Local Rent Control Initiative $124,424,014

Top measures by state

The following is a list of the most expensive campaigns surrounding ballot measures in each state between 2016 and 2024.

State Year Measure Contributions
Alabama 2018 Amendment 2 $1,572,743
Alaska 2020 Ballot Measure 1 $22,594,810
Arizona 2018 Proposition 127 $65,005,771
Arkansas 2024 Issue 2 $31,069,208
California 2022 Proposition 27 $418,542,466
Colorado 2018 Proposition 112 $33,558,955
Connecticut 2024 Amendment $790,644
Delaware N/A N/A N/A[1]
Florida 2024 Amendment 3 $187,397,117
Georgia 2018 Amendment 4 $8,730,000
Hawaii 2018 Question $740,000
Idaho 2018 Proposition 1 $13,199,945
Illinois 2020 Amendment $123,581,218
Indiana N/A N/A $0[2]
Iowa 2022 Amendment 1 $31,073.00
Kansas 2022 Abortion Amendment $19,478,115
Kentucky 2024 Amendment 2 $13,207,749
Louisiana 2018 Amendment 2 $2,151,940
Maine 2021 Question 1 $99,619,880
Maryland 2020 Question 2 $5,462,649
Massachusetts 2020 Question 1 $51,457,963
Michigan 2022 Proposal 3 $63,101,415
Minnesota N/A N/A $0[2]
Mississippi 2020 Ballot Measure 1 $7,901,552
Missouri 2024 Amendment 2 $59,724,222
Montana 2018 I-185 $27,363,934
Nebraska 2024 Initiative 435 and Initiative 439 $28,615,714
Nevada 2018 Question 3 $97,392,955
New Hampshire 2018 Question 1 $17,564
New Jersey 2016 Public Question 1 $24,095,545
New Mexico 2022 Amendment 1 $5,458,749
New York 2024 Proposal 1 $7,905,294
North Carolina 2018 Amendment $17,313,902
North Dakota 2016 Measure 4 $3,957,051
Ohio 2023 Issue 1 $89,912,196
Oklahoma 2020 Question 805 $10,056,306
Oregon 2016 Measure 97 $47,293,418
Pennsylvania 2019 Amendment $6,850,000
Rhode Island 2016 Question 1 $4,952,621
South Carolina N/A N/A $0[2]
South Dakota 2018 Measure 25 $7,532,659
Tennessee 2022 Amendment 3 $106,831
Texas 2017 Proposition 2 $1,576,678
Utah 2018 Proposition 3 $3,844,867
Vermont 2022 Proposal 5 $590,019
Virginia 2020 Question 1 $2,696,452
Washington 2018 Initiative 1631 $47,989,746
West Virginia 2018 Amendment 1 $9,299
Wisconsin 2020 Amendment $4,428,884
Wyoming 2016 Amendment A $58,376.00

Annual highlights

2024 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2024
  • Total for 2024: In 2024, campaigns surrounding the 159 statewide ballot measures raised $1.32 billion.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $8.28 million in 2024.
  • State with most contributions: California had 11 measures on the ballot in 2024. The total combined contributions between the measures was $392.69 million.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of Florida Amendment 3 received $153.79 million, with 94.0% from Trulieve.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of California Proposition 33 received $125.06 million, with the top five donors being the California Apartment Association, California Association of Realtors, National Association of Realtors, Michael K. Hayde (Western National Group), and California Business Roundtable Issues PAC.

2023 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2023
  • Total for 2023: In 2023, campaigns surrounding the 41 statewide ballot measures raised $189.82 million.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $5.6 million in 2023.
  • State with most contributions: Ohio had three measures on the ballot in 2023. The total combined contributions between the measures was $126.72 million.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of Maine Question 3 received $39.97 million, with the top five donors being Avangrid Management Company, Enmax, Clean Energy Matters, Versant Power, and Maine Affordable Energy.

2022 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2022
  • Total for 2022: In 2022, campaigns surrounding the 140 statewide ballot measures raised $1.10 billion.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $8.9 million in 2022.
  • State with most contributions: California had seven measures on the ballot in 2022. The total combined contributions between the measures was $713.5 million.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of California Proposition 27 received $169.3 million, with the top five donors being sportsbooks: Betfair Interactive US LLC (Fanduel Sportsbook); Crown Gaming, Inc. (Draftkings); BetMGM LLC; FBG Enterprises LLC; and Penn National Gaming, LLC.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of California Proposition 27 received $249.2 million, with the top five donors being various Indian tribes: San Manuel Band of Mission Indians; Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria; Pechanga Band of Indians; Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation; and Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians.

2021 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2021
  • Total for 2021: In 2021, campaigns surrounding the 39 statewide ballot measures raised $107.00 million.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $2.74 million in 2021.
  • State with most contributions: Maine had three measures on the ballot in 2021. The total combined contributions between the measures was $99.69 million.
  • Measure with most contributions: Maine Question 1 saw $99.62 million in contributions.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of Maine Question 1 received $27.65 million, including $20.20 million from NextEra Energy Resources, LLC, which owned a natural gas-fired plant in Cumberland, Maine, and six solar fields or projects in southern and central Maine; $3.61 million from Vistra Energy Corp., which owned a natural gas-fired plant in Veazie, Maine; and $3.26 million from Calpine Corp., which owned a natural gas-fired plant in Westbrook, Maine.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of Maine Question 1 received $71.97 million, including $48.45 million from Central Maine Power (CMP), NECEC Transmission LLC, and the companies' parent firm Avangrid; and $20.59 million from H.Q. Energy Services (U.S.) Inc., which was a subsidiary of Hydro-Québec.

2020 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2020
  • Total for 2020: In 2020, campaigns surrounding the 129 statewide ballot measures raised $1.24 billion.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $9.84 million in 2020.
  • State with most contributions: California had 13 measures on the ballot in 2020. The total combined contributions between the measures was $763.49 million.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of California Proposition 22 received $205.37 million, including $59.53 million from Uber; $52.07 million from DoorDash; $48.96 million from Lyft; $31.60 million from InstaCart; and $13.33 million from Postmates.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of California Proposition 23 received $105.24 million, including $66.82 million from DaVita, Inc.; $29.79 million from Fresenius Medical Care; and $7.64 million from US Renal Care, Inc.

2019 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2019
  • Total for 2019: In 2019, campaigns surrounding the 36 statewide ballot measures raised $28.04 million.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $778,897 in 2019.
  • State with most contributions: Colorado had two measures on the ballot in 2019. The total combined contributions between the measures was $10.43 million.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of Washington Initiative 976 received $5.21 million, including $650,000 from Microsoft; $500,048 from Amazon; and $244,894 from Vulcan, Inc.

2018 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2018
  • Total for 2018: In 2018, campaigns surrounding the 167 statewide ballot measures raised $1.186 billion.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $7.10 million in 2018.
  • State with most contributions: California had 16 measures on the ballot in 2019. The total combined contributions between the measures was $369.31 million.
  • Measure with second most contributions: Nevada Question 3 saw $97.39 million in contributions.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of Florida Amendment 3 received $46.15 million, including $24.35 million from the Seminole Tribe of Florida and $20.56 million from Disney Worldwide Services, Inc.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of California Proposition 8 received $111.48 million, including $67.03 million from DaVita, Inc.; $33.98 million from Fresenius Medical Care; and $8.18 million from US Renal Care, Inc.

2017 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2017
  • Total for 2017: In 2017, campaigns surrounding the 27 statewide ballot measures raised $108.8 million.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $4.03 million in 2017.
  • State with most contributions: Ohio had two measures on the ballot in 2017. The total combined contributions between the measures was $87.99 million.
  • Measure with most contributions: Ohio Issue 2 saw $77.41 million in contributions.
  • Measure with second most contributions: Maine Question 1 saw $10.16 million in contributions.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of Ohio Issue 2 received $59.13 million, all of which was from the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and a PhRMA-owned LLC called Ohioans Against the Deceptive Rx Ballot Issue.

2016 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2016
  • Total for 2016: In 2016, campaigns surrounding the 162 statewide ballot measures raised $886.2 million. Of the 162 measures, 116 had campaign finance activity.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $6.13 million in 2016.
  • State with most contributions: California had 18 measures on the ballot in 2016. The total combined contributions between the measures was $480.23 million.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of California Proposition 52 received $60.28 million, including $11.50 million from the California Health Foundation and Trust; $8.48 million from Dignity Health; and $4.16 million from Sutter Health.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions: Opponents of California Proposition 61 received $109.11 million, including $9.42 million from Merck & Co. Inc.; $9.42 million from Pfizer, Inc.; and $9.30 million from Johnson & Johnson.

2015 ballot measures

See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2015
  • Total for 2015: In 2015, campaigns surrounding twelve statewide ballot measures raised $46.7 million. While 28 total measures were on the ballot, twelve had campaign finance acitivty.
  • Average contributions per measure: The average amount of contributions per measure was $3.89 million when considering only measures with campaign finance activity. When considering all 28 measures, the average was $1.67 million.
  • State with most contributions: Ohio had three measures on the ballot in 2015. The total combined contributions between the measures was $22,589,110.61.
  • Measure with most contributions: Ohio Issue 3, a marijuana legalization initiative, had $22.27 million in contributions.
  • Measure with second most contributions: Michigan Proposal 1 had $9.55 million in contributions.
  • Support campaign with most contributions: Supporters of Ohio Issue 3 received $20,095,036.15. Top donors included RC Operations LLC, Bridge Property Group LLC, Ohioven LLC, Verdure GCE LLC, and DGF LLC.
  • Opposition campaign with most contributions:Ohio Issue 3 received $2,174,608.46. Top donors included Partnership for Ohio's Future, Ohio Hospital Association, Ohio Chamber of Commerce, Protect our Constitution, and L Brands.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Since 2016, there were no measures on the ballot in this state.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nocontributions
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