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States and cities with police union agreements that reference citizen review boards

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This page contains information from a Ballotpedia analysis about which states and cities have police union agreements that reference citizen review boards. It is part of an analysis of police union collective bargaining agreements and related arrangements with police unions concerning hiring, training, and disciplinary requirements in the 50 states and top 100 cities by population.

According to the analysis, zero states and 12 cities have police union agreements that reference citizen review boards as of December 2023.

This page features the following sections:

Maps

Map of states that have police union agreements that reference citizen review boards

Map of cities that have police union agreements that reference citizen review boards

Background

Through the lens of more than 30 research questions related to police hiring, training, and discipline, Ballotpedia examined the collective bargaining agreements, statutes, and regulatory codes governing the 50 states and the top 100 US cities by population.

Some of the hiring, training, and discipline standards for police officers not established by statutes or regulations arise from negotiations with police unions. Those negotiations are often codified in collective bargaining agreements. Those agreements are the contracts that states and cities sign following negotiations with police unions. Some states and cities restrict collective bargaining, but may still negotiate with police unions using other methods. After negotiating with the unions, those jurisdictions sometimes establish police standards through documents including memoranda of understanding or meet and confer agreements.

You can find lists of all the collective bargaining agreements and other documents used by Ballotpedia for this survey here for states and here for cities.

Summary of findings

Ballotpedia's analysis of state and city union policies produced the following key takeaways (as of December 2023):

  • There are zero state CBAs and 12 city CBAs that reference citizen review boards
  • There are 26 state CBAs and 67 city CBAs that do not reference citizen review boards
  • There are 22 states and 21 cities that do not have police CBAs
  • There are two states and one city in which the request for information on police CBAs was denied or information could not be verified

Results

The tables below include each state and city in alphabetical order and indicate those that have police union agreements that reference citizen review boards. To see the provisions Ballotpedia used to support these results, click here.

  • YES means that the police union agreement does reference citizen review boards
  • NO means that the police union agreement does not reference citizen review boards
  • UNKNOWN means that Ballotpedia could not verify whether the jurisdiction had police union agreements that allow for citizen review boards to look into complaints of officer misconduct
  • NO CBA means that the jurisdiction does not have a police union agreement
  • FOIA DENIED means that the jurisdiction rejected Ballotpedia's request to review any collective bargaining agreements
Citycitizen-review-boards
Albuquerque, New MexicoYES

Board name: Civilian Police Oversight Agency

States that information will be given and looked into by the Civilian Police Oversight Agency

Anaheim, CaliforniaNO
Anchorage, AlaskaNO
Arlington, TexasNO CBA
Atlanta, GeorgiaNO CBA
Aurora, ColoradoNO
Austin, TexasYES

Board name: "citizen oversight"

No details

Bakersfield, CaliforniaNO
Baltimore, MarylandYES

Board name: Departmental Hearing Boards

Two civilians are allowed on the Departmental Administrative Hearing Board; but, there is not a designated civilian oversight board

Baton Rouge, LouisianaNO
Birmingham, AlabamaNO CBA
Boise, IdahoNO
Boston, MassachusettsNO
Buffalo, New YorkUNKNOWN
Chandler, ArizonaNO
Charlotte, North CarolinaNO CBA
Chesapeake, VirginiaNO CBA
Chicago, IllinoisNO
Chula Vista, CaliforniaNO
Cincinnati, OhioNO
Cleveland, OhioNO
Colorado Springs, ColoradoNO CBA
Columbus, OhioYES

Board name: Civilian Review Board

No details, referenced in relation to investigations

Corpus Christi, TexasNO
Dallas, TexasNO
Denver, ColoradoNO
Detroit, MichiganNO
Durham, North CarolinaNO CBA
El Paso, TexasNO
Fort Wayne, IndianaNO
Fort Worth, TexasNO
Fremont, CaliforniaNO
Fresno, CaliforniaNO
Garland, TexasNO CBA
Gilbert, ArizonaNO CBA
Glendale, ArizonaNO
Greensboro, North CarolinaNO CBA
Henderson, NevadaNO
Hialeah, FloridaNO
Honolulu, HawaiiNO
Houston, TexasYES

Board name: Civil Service Commission

Comprises 12-15 members; appointed by mayor for terms of three years

Indianapolis, IndianaNO
Irvine, CaliforniaNO
Irving, TexasNO CBA
Jacksonville, FloridaNO
Jersey City, New JerseyNO
Kansas City, MissouriNO
Laredo, TexasNO
Las Vegas, NevadaNO
Lexington, KentuckyYES

Board name: Disciplinary Review Board (DRB)

DRB consists of nine members, two of which are civilians

Lincoln, NebraskaNO
Long Beach, CaliforniaNO
Los Angeles, CaliforniaNO

A civilian member of the Police Commission is selected to serve as the hearing officer for administrative appeal hearings, which can include misconduct cases

Louisville, KentuckyYES

Board name: Civilian Review and Accountability Board

No details

Lubbock, TexasNO CBA
Madison, WisconsinNO
Memphis, TennesseeNO
Mesa, ArizonaNO CBA
Miami, FloridaNO

Board name: Civilian Investigative Panel

No details

Milwaukee, WisconsinNO
Minneapolis, MinnesotaNO
Nashville, TennesseeNO
Newark, New JerseyNO
New Orleans, LouisianaNO CBA
New York, New YorkNO
Norfolk, VirginiaNO CBA
North Las Vegas, NevadaNO
Oakland, CaliforniaNO
Oklahoma City, OklahomaNO
Omaha, NebraskaYES

Board name: Citizen Complaint Review Board

Board has seven members; one representing each police precinct, one at-large member and an alternate

Orlando, FloridaYES

Board name: Citizen Review Board

City may establish board, but it cannot impose or modify disciplinary actions against employees.

Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaYES

Board name: Citizen Police Oversight Commission

Mediation and internal investigations

Phoenix, ArizonaNO
Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaNO
Plano, TexasNO CBA
Portland, OregonNO

Board name: Civilian Review Committee

No details

Raleigh, North CarolinaNO CBA
Reno, NevadaNO
Richmond, VirginiaNO CBA
Riverside, CaliforniaNO
Sacramento, CaliforniaNO
San Antonio, TexasYES

Board name: Citizen's portion of the Complaint and Administrative Review Board

Seven citizens serve on the citizen's portion of the board, but chief of police makes final rulings

San Bernardino, CaliforniaNO
San Diego, CaliforniaNO
San Francisco, CaliforniaNO
San Jose, CaliforniaYES

Board name: Civil Service Commission

The Civil Service Commission hears officer appeals, but it is not stated whether they review complaints of misconduct

Santa Ana, CaliforniaNO
Scottsdale, ArizonaNO CBA
Seattle, WashingtonNO
St. Louis, MissouriNO
Stockton, CaliforniaNO
St. Paul, MinnesotaNO
St. Petersburg, FloridaNO
Tampa, FloridaNO
Toledo, OhioNO
Tucson, ArizonaNO
Tulsa, OklahomaNO
Virginia Beach, VirginiaNO CBA
Wichita, KansasNO
Winston-Salem, North CarolinaNO CBA
Statecitizen-review-boards
AlabamaNO CBA
AlaskaNO
ArizonaNO CBA
ArkansasNO CBA
CaliforniaNO
ColoradoNO CBA
ConnecticutNO
DelawareFOIA DENIED
District of ColumbiaNO
FloridaNO
GeorgiaNO CBA
HawaiiNO
IdahoNO CBA
IllinoisNO
IndianaNO CBA
IowaNO
KansasNO
KentuckyNO CBA
LouisianaNO CBA
MaineNO
MarylandNO
MassachusettsNO
MichiganNO
MinnesotaNO
MississippiNO CBA
MissouriNO CBA
MontanaNO
NebraskaNO
NevadaNO
New HampshireNO
New JerseyNO
New MexicoNO CBA
New YorkNO
North CarolinaNO CBA
North DakotaNO CBA
OhioNO
OklahomaNO CBA
OregonNO
PennsylvaniaNO
Rhode IslandNO
South CarolinaNO CBA
South DakotaNO CBA
TennesseeNO CBA
TexasNO CBA
UtahNO CBA
VermontNO
VirginiaNO CBA
WashingtonNO
West VirginiaUNKNOWN
WisconsinNO
WyomingNO CBA

See also

Footnotes