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The Federal Tap: SCOTUS illuminates the lights on its vacancy sign

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June 29, 2018Issue No. 119

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Week in review
On tap next week

THE WEEK IN REVIEW

Here's what happened in federal politics last week. To see what happened in state and local politics, click here.

Saturday, June 23

Trump administration releases plan on reunifying children separated from parents crossing the U.S. border illegally

  • The Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a press release detailing the planned reunification process for children separated from parents who crossed the U.S. border illegally. According to the release, the federal government had reunified 522 Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) with their families and was in the process of reuniting another 16 UAC with their families at the time the statement was issued. This left 2,053 unaccompanied minors being housed in HHS facilities, with 83 percent of those having arrived in the United States without a parent or guardian, according to the press release.
    • This action came as the result of an executive order signed by the President Donald Trump on June 20, 2018, which directed DHS to keep detained families together. The executive order was itself a response to a policy issued by the administration in May, under which federal authorities were directed to prosecute parents crossing the U.S. border illegally with their children and to separate the parents from their children pending resolution of their cases.

Sunday, June 24

Harley Rouda wins second spot on ballot in California's 48th Congressional District

  • Scientist Hans Keirstead (D) conceded the second spot on the general election ballot in California's 48th Congressional District to businessman Harley Rouda (D) Sunday after the final mail-in ballots left Rouda 126 votes ahead. As the second-place finisher in the June 5 top-two primary, Rouda will face incumbent Dana Rohrabacher (R) in the November general election for the Orange County seat.
  • Rouda, a businessman and former attorney with a background in real estate, was the preferred candidate of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), which added him to its Red to Blue list in May and aired television ads in support of his campaign. Keirstead, a biologist with a background in stem cell research, was the endorsed candidate of the Democratic Party of California and had benefited from television and direct mail campaigns launched by 314 Action.
  • Among Rouda and Keirstead's opponents was former Orange County Republican Party Chairman Scott Baugh (R). Ahead of the election, political observers and Democratic strategists discussed the possibility that Baugh could finish in second place, leaving two Republicans on the November ballot. Three Democratic candidates unofficially withdrew after the filing deadline, citing the need to clear the field—two endorsed Rouda while the third did not issue an endorsement. A Republican candidate, Stelian Onufrei, also unofficially withdrew and endorsed Baugh. The DCCC and House Majority PAC ran ads opposing Baugh while the American Future Fund ran ads supporting him.
  • The eight Democratic candidates on the ballot received a combined 80,058 (46.0 percent) votes. The six Republican candidates on the ballot received a combined 92,305 (53.0 percent) votes.

Monday, June 25

Senate passes first minibus spending bill

  • The Senate approved a $146.6 billion minibus that included three appropriations bills—Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs—by a vote of 86-5. The bills passed the House on June 8, 2018, and were sent back for conferencing. The bill proposed funding for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, energy infrastructure, and legislative bodies including the Senate and the Government Accountability Office.
  • Senators said the minibus bill demonstrated a bipartisan consensus. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) said, "The process thus far has been governed by levelheaded bipartisanship." Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) agreed that the bill was passed "in a bipartisan way, through regular order, something the Senate hasn’t achieved in some time."
  • Congress must pass all 12 spending bills and Trump must sign them into law by October 1, 2018, to avoid a government shutdown at the beginning of the 2019 fiscal year.

SCOTUS rules in Abbott v. Perez, upholding all but one of 11 challenged Texas districts

  • The Supreme Court of the United States issued a 5 to 4 ruling in Abbott v. Perez, upholding the legality of all but one of 11 challenged Texas congressional and state legislative districts that had been struck down as unconstitutional racial gerrymanders by a federal district court. Associate Justice Samuel Alito penned the court's majority opinion, which was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Neil Gorsuch. The majority found that the district court had applied an improper standard of intent in striking down the following district maps: Congressional District 35 and House Districts 54, 55, 93, 103, 104, and 105. The majority also held that the maps' challengers had failed to satisfy the legal test for proving a violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act for the following district maps: Congressional District 27 and House Districts 32 and 34. The court upheld the district court's finding with respect to House District 90, affirming that the district had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor penned a dissent, joined by Associate Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Elena Kagan, in which she contended that the district court's decision should have been affirmed.

Illinois filing deadline for independent and new party candidates

  • The Illinois statewide filing period for independent and new party candidates began on June 18 and ended on June 25. To appear on the general election ballot, independent and new party candidates had to file a certain number of nominating papers based on the number of voters who voted in the previous election. The filing deadline for major party candidates was December 4, 2017, and the primary was on March 20.

Tuesday, June 26

Supreme Court overturns preliminary injunction of Trump administration's travel ban

  • In Trump v. Hawaii, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit’s ruling on the Trump administration’s travel ban, ruling that the plaintiffs who filed suit to block the ban had not shown a likelihood of success on the merits. The court reversed a lower court’s grant of a preliminary injunction and remanded the case to the lower courts for further proceedings. The court had previously stopped the majority of the injunction from going into effect.
  • On September 24, 2017, President Donald Trump issued a presidential proclamation outlining new travel restrictions for individuals traveling from eight different countries: Chad, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela, Yemen, and Somalia. The proclamation replaced two earlier executive orders that also imposed travel restrictions. Plaintiffs who had challenged those earlier orders amended their suit to include the September 2017 order. The Supreme Court issued a stay that prevented lower courts' injunctions against the order from going into effect while the appeal was pending. On December 22, 2017, the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part a district court's ruling enjoining the September 2017 order from going into effect. The Ninth Circuit upheld an injunction against part of the proclamation, concluding that the president had exceeded his authority in issuing it.
  • In a 5 -4 decision authored by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit’s ruling. Roberts was joined by Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch. Focusing its decision on the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction, the court concluded that the plaintiffs could not show likelihood that they would succeed on the merits in the case (plaintiffs must show they are likely to succeed on the merits in order for a court to grant a preliminary injunction) because the order fell within the president’s broad power over immigration matters. Reviewing immigration law and presidential authority over immigration, Roberts wrote, “The Proclamation does not exceed any textual limit on the president's authority.” The plaintiffs had argued that the proclamation was motivated by religious animus and argued that President Trump’s other public statements about immigration and Islam supported their case. Roberts ruled that while the court may consider those arguments, the court “will uphold the policy so long as it can reasonably be understood to result from a justification independent of unconstitutional grounds.” He concluded, “Under these circumstances, the Government has set forth a sufficient national security justification to survive rational basis review. We express no view on the soundness of the policy. We simply hold today that plaintiffs have not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of their constitutional claim.”
  • Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan dissented from the court’s ruling. In her dissent, Sotomayor wrote that she believed the plaintiffs had demonstrated likelihood of success on the merits. She wrote, “The majority holds otherwise by ignoring the facts [and] misconstruing our legal precedent . . . Whatever the merits of plaintiffs’ complex statutory claims, the Proclamation must be enjoined for a more fundamental reason: It runs afoul of the Establishment Clause’s guarantee of religious neutrality.”

Judge Dana Sabraw rules separated families must be reunited within 30 days

  • Judge Dana Sabraw ruled that migrant families separated at the border must be reunited and issued a nationwide injunction against separating migrant families at the border. The ruling specified that children under the age of five held in federal shelters should be returned to their parents within 14 days and children older than the age of five should be returned within 30 days. The injunction said families were not to be separated unless parents were deemed unfit and added that parents were entitled to speak with their children within 10 days.
  • The ruling was the result of a lawsuit, Ms. L v. ICE, brought by the American Civil Liberties Union in March 2018 and followed President Donald Trump's executive order on June 20, 2018, which ended the administration's family separation policy without providing a deadline for reunification.
  • Judge Sabraw is a federal judge in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. He joined the court in 2003 after being nominated by President George W. Bush.

Colorado primary review

  • Colorado’s statewide primary was held on June 26. Ballotpedia covered elections for seven U.S. House seats, governor and 10 additional state executive seats, 17 state senate seats, and all 65 state house seats. Ballotpedia also covered municipal elections in Adams County, Arapahoe County, and El Paso County. The general election will be held on November 6, 2018.
  • Rep. Diana DeGette (D) defeated Saira Rao (D), just the third Democratic challenger DeGette has faced in over 20 years, in the 1st Congressional District primary. The general election is a re-match between DeGette and Republican Casper Stockham.
  • Incumbent Rep. Doug Lamborn (R) defeated four challengers in his bid for a seventh term in Colorado’s 5th Congressional District. The NRA, The Gazette, and the National Federation of Independent Business backed Lamborn in the primary. His campaign focused on fully funding the military, using American energy sources, replacing the Affordable Care Act, and protecting the Second Amendment.
  • Attorney and former Army Ranger Jason Crow (D) defeated entrepreneur and academic Levi Tillemann(D) in the Democratic primary for Colorado's 6th District. The primary was another showdown between a candidate supported by the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and one running with progressive support. Crow received early support from the DCCC, which named him to its "Red to Blue" program. Tillemann had endorsements from state Sen. Rhonda Fields (D) and the Progressive Democrats of America.

Maryland primary review

Mississippi primary runoff review

  • Mississippi’s primary runoff on June 26 featured two congressional races:
    • In the Democratic primary runoff for the U.S. Senate race, David Baria defeated Howard Sherman 58 to 42 percent. Baria will run against Republican incumbent Roger Wicker, Libertarian Danny Bedwell, and Reform Party candidate Shawn O’Hara in the general election. In the June 5 primary, Wicker held off his Republican challenger with more than 82 percent of the vote. He last won re-election in 2012 with a 17 percentage point margin of victory.
    • There was also a Republican primary runoff on the ballot for Mississippi’s third congressional district. Michael Guest defeated Whit Hughes 65 to 35 percent, advancing as the Republican nominee in the general election against Democrat Michael Evans and Reform Party candidate Matthew Holland. The contest for District 3 is an open race; incumbent Gregg Harper (R) announced in January 2018 that he would not seek re-election. Entering the 2018 election, Republicans hold three of the state's four U.S. House seats.

New York primary review

  • New York’s congressional primaries were held for the U.S. Senate and 27 U.S. House seats.
    • Ballotpedia is also covering elections for governor and three other state executive seats, all 63 state senate seats, all 150 state house seats, and municipal elections in Buffalo. The filing deadline for candidates running in these elections is July 12, 2018. The primary will be held on September 13, 2018. The general election for all New York races will be held on November 6, 2018.
    • Challenger and self-described democratic socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D) defeated ten-term incumbent Joseph Crowley, the fourth-ranking Democrat in the U.S. House, in the Democratic primary in New York’s 14th Congressional District. She received 57.5 percent of the vote to Crowley’s 42.3 percent.
    • Businessman Perry Gershon won a five-candidate Democratic primary in New York’s 1st Congressional District to take on incumbent Lee Zeldin (R) in November. Zeldin, who was the top fundraiser in the field, beat out top rival Kate Browning 35.5 percent to 30.3 percent.
    • U.S. Rep. Dan Donovan (R) beat former incumbent Michael Grimm (R) in the Republican primary for New York’s 11th District by 28 percentage points. President Trump endorsed Donovan, saying he had a better chance of holding the district against a Democratic challenger in November.
    • Attorney Antonio Delgado won the Democratic nomination in New York's 19th Congressional District. Seven Democratic candidates competed for the seat that Democrats believe can be flipped from vulnerable incumbent Rep. John Faso (R). The district last backed a Democratic representative in 2010 and, in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, supported Barack Obama (D).
    • Tedra Cobb (D) won more than 50 percent of the vote in a five-way Democratic primary in New . York's 21st Congressional District and will face incumbent Elise Stefanik (R) Nov. 6. Cobb received the Our Revolution endorsement from the Capital New York Progressive Action Network (NYPAN) organization.
    • Dana Balter (D) won 62 percent of the vote and the 24th Congressional District Democratic primary, defeating Juanita Perez Williams (D), who was part of the DCCC’s "Red to Blue" program and entered the race after local county delegates agreed to support Balter in the general election.

The DCCC’s decision to back a different candidate than the local party fueled debate over the national organization’s role in primary elections. Balter is the second person to defeat a DCCC-backed candidate. Balter received NYPAN's Our Revolution endorsement, as well as support from MoveOn.org and the Working Families Party.

Oklahoma primary review

  • Oklahoma held its statewide primary on June 26. Ballotpedia covered elections for five U.S. House seats, governor and eight additional state executive seats, 24 state senate seats, and all 101 state house seats. Ballotpedia also covered municipal elections in the following municipalities: Canadian County, Cleveland County, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma County, Osage County, Tulsa, and Tulsa County. The general election will be held on November 6, 2018.
    • Former Tulsa County District Attorney Tim Harris and businessman Kevin Hern advanced to an August 28 Republican primary runoff in Oklahoma’s 1st District. The safe Republican seat was previously held by Jim Bridenstine, a member of the House Freedom Caucus who resigned to become the director of NASA. The Freedom Caucus’ pick to replace Bridenstine, former military intelligence officer Andy Coleman, finished third.
    • Since no candidate received more than 50 percent of the vote in the Republican primary for Governor of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett and mortgage industry executive Kevin Stitt advanced to a runoff on August 28, 2018. Ten candidates ran for the Republican nomination for governor of Oklahoma on June 26, 2018. Incumbent Gov. Mary Fallin (R), who was first elected in 2010, is term-limited, leaving the safe Republican seat open.

South Carolina primary runoff review

Utah primary review

  • Utah’s statewide primary was held on June 26. Ballotpedia is covering elections for U.S. Senate, U.S. House, the state board of education, the state senate, and state house. Ballotpedia is also covering school board elections in Salt Lake County, Utah County, and Davis County. The general election will be held on November 6, 2018.
    • Former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney defeated state Rep. Mike Kennedy (R) in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate seat from Utah. Senator Orrin Hatch (R), who announced in January 2018 that he would not run for re-election after 42 years in office, said in March 2017 that Romney would be perfect to replace him. Romney also received President Donald Trump’s endorsement in February 2018.

Wednesday, June 27

Justice Kennedy announces retirement

  • Justice Anthony Kennedy announced he was retiring from the Supreme Court of the United States, effective July 31, 2018. Kennedy was considered by many to be the court's swing vote, often casting the deciding vote between the court's more conservative and liberal members. His retirement will allow President Donald Trump (R) an opportunity to make his second appointment to the nation's highest court.
  • In his 30-year career on the bench, Kennedy authored a number of noteworthy opinions: Obergefell v. Hodges, Citizens United v. FEC, and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey.
  • Notable facts.
    • The two supreme court confirmations that happened under Barack Obama took an average of 109 days from retirement announcement to confirmation of the successor.
    • The last vacancy to occur on the Supreme Court during a midterm election year was in 1994 when Harry Blackmun retired. Then-President Bill Clinton replaced him with Stephen Breyer.
    • The average number of Supreme Court nominations made by presidents is 2.5, not including George Washington or Trump. Franklin D. Roosevelt made eight nominations, the most of any president. The second-highest number was five, which were made by four presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, William Howard Taft, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Jackson.
    • The next justice appointed will be the 114th United States Supreme Court Justice.
  • Next in the process.
    • It usually starts with the president choosing a nominee. It is not uncommon for the president to consult Senate leadership and the leaders of the Senate Judiciary Committee before deciding on a nominee. President Trump said on Tuesday that his nominee will come from a list of 25 possible nominees that the White House released in November.

SCOTUS rules public sector union agency fees unconstitutional

  • The U.S. Supreme Court issued its ruling in Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (Janus v. AFSCME), a case challenging the constitutionality of public sector employee union agency fees (i.e., fees required of non-members to cover the costs of non-political union activities). The court’s 5-4 decision overturned the precedent established in Abood v. Detroit Board of Education that public sector unions can require employees to pay agency fees.
    • Writing for the majority, Associate Justice Samuel Alito said the following: "Abood was poorly reasoned. It has led to practical problems and abuse. It is inconsistent with other First Amendment cases and has been undermined by more recent decisions. Developments since Abood was handed down have shed new light on the issue of agency fees, and no reliance interests on the part of public-sector unions are sufficient to justify the perpetuation of the free speech violations that Abood has countenanced for the past 41 years." Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Neil Gorsuch concurred with Alito’s opinion.
    • In a dissent, Associate Justice Elena Kagan, joined by Associate Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor, wrote, "Rarely if ever has the Court overruled a decision—let alone one of this import—with so little regard for the usual principles of stare decisis." Kagan said Abood was a workable and "deeply entrenched” precedent both in the law and the real world. "The balance Abood struck between public employers’ interests and public employees’ expression is right at home in First Amendment doctrine," Kagan said.

Rhode Island filing deadline

  • The filing deadline passed for major party candidates to run in Rhode Island. Elections on the ballot in 2018 include one U.S. Senate seat, two U.S. House seats, the governor’s office and four other state executive positions, all 38 state senate seats, and all 75 state house seats. Gov. Gina Raimondo (D) is running for re-election. The filing deadline for independent candidates is July 16. The primary is on September 12, and the general election is on November 6, 2018.

White House announces summit meeting between Trump and Putin in July

  • White House officials announced that President Donald Trump (R) would meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Helsinki, Finland, for a formal one-on-one meeting, the first such meeting between the two (prior encounters were incidental to other events that both Trump and Putin attended). According to a press release issued by the White House, "the two leaders will discuss relations between the United States and Russian and a range of national security issues." The announcement came one day after John Bolton, national security adviser, met with Putin in Moscow to discuss plans for the meeting. On June 27, 2018, prior to the meeting's formal announced, Trump told reporters, "I think we'll be talking about Syria. I think we'll be talking about Ukraine. I think we'll be talking about many other subjects. Maybe something positive will come out of it. I've said from day one, getting along with Russia and China and with everybody is a very good thing. It's good for the world. It's good for us. It's good for everybody."

Thursday, June 28

New Mexico independent filing deadline

  • The filing deadline passed for independent candidates in New Mexico. Democrats hold the one U.S. Senate seat and two of the three U.S. House seats up for election in New Mexico in 2018. The filing deadline for major party candidates was March 13 and the primary was held on June 5. The general election is on November 6, 2018.

House passes resolution demanding information from Department of Justice on Russia investigation

  • The United States House of Representatives approved House Resolution 970 directing the Department of Justice to hand over documents subpoenaed by the House related to the Russia investigation. The resolution, sponsored by Rep. Mark Meadows (R-N.C.), cleared the House by a vote of 226 to 183, with one member voting present. No Democrats voted in support of the resolution. The non-binding resolution set a deadline of July 6, 2018, for compliance. The full text of the resolution can be accessed here.
    • Meadows said, "For over eight months, they have had the opportunity to choose transparency. But they've instead chosen to withhold information and impede any effort of Congress to conduct oversight. If Rod Rosenstein [deputy attorney general] and the Department of Justice have another to hide, they certainly haven't acted like it." Rep. Jim Jordan (R-Ohio) said, "Enough is enough. Give us the documents we are entitled to have. Let's have the full weight of the House behind a resolution saying you've got seven days to get your act together." Rep. Paul Gosar said, "If the DOJ fails to comply, then we'll be forced to take it to the next level, to hold Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein in contempt or even impeach, which would be my preferred course of action right now." Democrats criticized the resolution. Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D-N.Y.) said, "This resolution is wrong on the facts, wrong on the law, wrong on the rules, and a dangerous precedent for the House of Representatives." Rep. Adam Schiff (D-Calif.) said, "This is not oversight. This is collaboration with the president masquerading as oversight."
    • In testimony before the House Judiciary Committee on June 28, 2018, in advance of the House vote on the resolution, Rosenstein said, "I understand that some people still state concerns about the speed of the production, but those concerns are mistaken. Most requests have been fulfilled, and other document productions are in progress. Trump administration officials are meeting and talking with committee staff every day and working overtime with teams of FBI employees to accommodate requests and produce relevant information."

Congress is in session

Both the House and the Senate will be in session next week.

SCOTUS is out of session

The Supreme Court has finished its argument scheduled for the term. To learn more about this term, read our review.

WHAT'S ON TAP NEXT WEEK

Here's what is happening in federal politics this week. To see what happened in state and local politics, click here.

Saturday, June 30

Special election to replace Farenthold (R) in Texas’ 27th District

  • Nine candidates are on the ballot in a special election to replace U.S. Rep. Blake Farenthold (R) in Texas’ 27th Congressional District. Fahrenthold resigned on April 6, 2018, after it was revealed that a sexual harassment lawsuit had been filed against him while in office.
  • At the time of his resignation, Fahrenthold had already announced he would not seek re-election and a regularly-scheduled election was underway to replace him. The primaries were held on March 6 and the primary runoffs were scheduled for May 22. However, Gov. Greg Abbott (R) said the Corpus Christi-area seat needed representation so that it would have a say in the federal response to Hurricane Harvey for the rest of 2018. On April 24, he called a special election for June 30 and said a runoff would be held in September if no candidate received more than 50 percent of the vote.
  • The candidates on the ballot include the four candidates who advanced from the March 6 primaries and were competing in the May 22 runoffs at the time Abbott called the special election. They are Republicans Michael Cloud and Bech Bruun and Democrats Eric Holguin and Roy Barrera. Cloud and Holguin won the May 22 runoffs, leading Bruun and Barrera to suspend their special election campaigns, although they will still appear on the ballot. The other five candidates who filed to run were Marty Perez (R), Mike Westergren (D), Daniel Tinus (Libertarian), Judith Cutright (Independent), and Chris Suprun (Independent).
  • After calling the special election, Abbott sent a letter to Farenthold asking him to pay $84,000 to the counties holding the special election because that was the amount the government paid to settle a sexual harassment lawsuit against Farenthold. He declined to pay for the special election, saying he did not believe it was necessary. According to Politico, officials in the 13 counties inside the district expressed concern over whether they could afford the $157,000 the special election would cost.

Monday, July 2

Indiana independent and write-in filing deadline

  • The filing deadline to run as an independent or write-in candidate in Indiana’s statewide general elections will pass. The election will be held on November 6, 2018. Ballotpedia is covering elections for one U.S. Senate seat, nine U.S. House of Representatives seats, three state executive positions, 25 state senate seats, and all 100 state house seats. The filing deadline for major party candidates was February 9 and the primary was on May 8.
    • There are also retention elections for judges on the Indiana Supreme Court as well as the Indiana Court of Appeals and municipal elections in Allen County and Marion County.

Where was the president last week?

 

  • On Monday, President Donald Trump welcomed King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein and Queen Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan to the White House.
  • On Tuesday, Trump presented the Medal of Honor to the late First Lt. Garlin M. Conner.
  • On Wednesday, Trump spoke to "members of the Millenial and Gen Z cohorts for a discussion about America's future" at the White House.
  • On Thursday, Trump was in Mt. Pleasant, Wisconsin, for a groundbreaking ceremony at a new Foxconn plant.
  • On Friday, Trump hosted an event celebrating the 2017 GOP tax bill at the White House. Later, he and Melania Trump left for the summer home in Bedminster, New Jersey.

Federal Judiciary

 

  • 146 federal judicial vacancies
  • 85 pending nominations
  • 31 future federal judicial vacancies


About

The Tap covered election news, public policy, and other noteworthy events from February 2016 to February 2022.

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