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Mayoral election in Oakland, California (2025)

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2024
2025 Oakland elections
Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png
Election dates
Filing deadline: January 17, 2025
General election: April 15, 2025
Election stats
Offices up: Mayor (special)
Total seats up: 1 (click here for other city elections)
Election type: Nonpartisan
Other municipal elections
U.S. municipal elections, 2025

Barbara Lee defeated Loren Taylor and seven other candidates in the April 15 nonpartisan, special general election for mayor of Oakland.[1]

Incumbent Kevin Jenkins did not run for re-election. The Oakland City Council selected Jenkins to serve as interim mayor after voters recalled former Mayor Sheng Thao 60.6%-39.4% on November 5, 2024.[2] Click here to learn more about the recall. This was the first time in the city's history that a mayor was successfully recalled.[3]

Lee, Taylor, and Renia Webb led in media attention and endorsements.[4]

Lee served in the U.S. House from 1998 to 2025 and placed fourth out of seven candidates in the 2024 U.S. Senate primary. Lee highlighted her record in Congress and as a state legislator, saying she "focused on local issues in terms of bringing home billions of dollars to make sure that my community benefits from my work on the national and state level." Lee also said she would focus on unifying the city around an agenda that prioritized public safety, housing, government accountability, and economic development and jobs.[5]

Taylor was a member of the Oakland City Council from 2019 to 2023 and ran for mayor in 2022. In that race, Thao defeated Taylor 50.3%-49.7% after nine rounds of ranked-choice voting. Taylor ran on his record as a former city council member and his experience working as an engineer and consultant. He said, "We need new energy, fresh perspective, and a deliberate focus on making hard but necessary choices to get us through this current period. ... My vision for Oakland is that we are the safe, clean city that we know we can be, that we are full of opportunities, and we are founded on a solid foundation of fiscal solvency."[5]

Webb was an elementary school teacher and worked as Thao's chief of staff when Thao was on Oakland's City Council.[4] Webb also worked as a communications manager at Urban Lynx Consulting and a construction community liaison for the Oakland Unified School District.[6] Webb's campaign website said, "My mission is to bridge the gaps, amplify underrepresented voices, and create a city where everyone can thrive."[7] Webb also highlighted public safety, saying she saw how the issue affected her students: "When I hear stories of them telling me that their car got stolen the night before and their teddy bear was in it, and they couldn't sleep last night. You see the impacts that crime has on our city."[5]

Lee, Taylor, and Webb all participated in a forum on February 18, 2025.[4] At the forum, the candidates discussed public safety, homelessness, economic conditions, and government accountability.[5] Click here to watch the forum. The League of Women Voters of Oakland also held a forum on March 15, 2025, including all nine candidates. During the forum, the candidates spoke about the city's budget, public safety, homelessness, and the city's form of government. Click here to learn more.

Before the election, Lee and Taylor led in campaign spending, with Lee spending more than $371,000 and Taylor spending more than $394,000.[8] In the 2022 election, Thao and Taylor — the top two vote-getters — spent more than $450,000 and $593,000 respectively.[9]

President Cristina Grappo, Peter Liu, Mindy Pechenuk, Suz Robinson, Eric Simpson, and Elizabeth Swaney also ran.

Liu and Robinson completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Click here to read the responses.

This election happened at the same time as Measure A, a local ballot measure which asked voters to decide whether the city should enact a 0.5% sales and use tax for 10 years to provide general government funding. According to CBS News, "City leaders estimate the tax hike would generate approximately $30 million annually for Oakland's general fund, helping to close a projected $140 million budget deficit for the next fiscal year."[10] Click here to learn more about the local ballot measure.

Oakland used ranked-choice voting (RCV) for this election, which asked voters to rank candidates by preference on their ballots. Click here to learn more about that process. The filing deadline for this election was January 17, 2025.

Elections

Click on the tabs below to show more information about those topics.

Candidates and results

General election

General election for Mayor of Oakland

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Barbara Lee in round 9 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.


Total votes: 94,305
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

Additional elections on the ballot

See also: California elections, 2025

What's on your ballot?
Click here to find out!

Voting information

See also: Voting in California

What was the voter registration deadline?

  • In-person: March 31, 2025
  • By mail: Received or postmarked by March 31, 2025[11]
  • Online: March 31, 2025[11]


What was the absentee/mail-in ballot request deadline? California provides for universal, automatic mail-in voting in all elections. Local election officials automatically deliver mail-in ballots to all registered voters.

What was the absentee/mail-in ballot return deadline? California voters can return their absentee/mail-in ballot by mail or in person to their county election office or a ballot drop-off location. Ballots returned in person must be received by 8 p.m. on Election Day. Ballots returned by mail must be postmarked on or before Election Day and received no later than seven days after the election. Voters who are unable to return their ballot may designate another person to return it for them.

Was early voting available to all voters? Yes

What were the early voting start and end dates? The first day of early voting at the Registrar of Voters' Office is March 17. In-person voting locations open either 11 days or four days before Election Day. 11-day vote centers open on April 5, 4-day vote centers open on April 12.[12]

Were all voters required to present ID at the polls? California does not require voters to present identification before casting a ballot in most cases. However, some voters may be asked to show a form of identification when voting if they are voting for the first time after registering to vote by mail and did not provide a driver license number, California identification number, or the last four digits of their social security number.[13][14]

When were polls open on Election Day? 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Pacific Time

Candidate comparison

Candidate profiles

This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.

Image of Barbara Lee

WebsiteFacebookTwitterYouTube

Incumbent: No

Political Office: 

Biography:  Lee received a bachelor's degree from Mills College in 1973 and a master's degree in social work from the University of California at Berkeley in 1975. Lee's career experience includes working as a staffer for former U.S. Representative Ronald V. Dellums.



Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.


Lee's campaign website said she would focus on public safety: "Oaklanders deserve to feel safe in their neighborhoods. We must work towards comprehensive public safety strategies that include law enforcement, violence pre­vention, and alternative response models."


Lee's campaign website said she would prioritize solutions to homelessness:  "We must connect unhoused individuals with housing, addiction and mental health services and place unhoused people who transition to supportive housing with a job."


Lee's campaign website said she would focus on accountability. She said, "I support strengthening Oakland's ethics regulations and conducting Charter Review for improved accountability for every part of Oakland's government, improving the efficiency of city services and reducing corruption."


Show sources

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Image of Peter Liu

WebsiteFacebook

Incumbent: No

Political Office: None

Submitted Biography "I am a U.S. Army combat veteran who teach people how to be millionaires in 2 years and billionaires in 10 with my method CESP5."


Key Messages

To read this candidate's full survey responses, click here.


You must be rich to enjoy life, I'll show you how.


You must be armed to protect your riches and your family.


You must be armed to do good things, like running a truck over a pro-sanctuary city politician, its what 2A is for.

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Image of Suz Robinson

WebsiteTwitterYouTube

Incumbent: No

Political Office: None

Submitted Biography "I’m Suz Robinson, a proud Oaklander with over a decade of experience at the intersection of business and public policy. As Vice President of Governance for the Bay Area Council at the region’s leading public policy organization, I am immersed in issues like public safety, business climate, homelessness, housing, climate resilience, healthcare, and workforce development. My diverse career includes leadership roles in a Fortune 16 company, nonprofit organizations, and the startup sector—giving me a broad perspective on governance and economic growth. Since 2017, I’ve been committed to improving public safety in Oakland, particularly through my involvement in the city’s community policing efforts after witnessing a tragic event in my neighborhood. I’ve also served as Chair of the Board for a nonprofit supporting LGBTQAI addiction recovery programs and HIV programs, and volunteered with SF Pride’s Community Partner Program for many years. I have led expedition wilderness trips and served as a volunteer for inner city youth groups. For over a decade I have had the privilege of serving as a whitewater rafting guide, navigating some of the world’s biggest rapids and participating in expedition wilderness trips. These experiences taught me valuable lessons in leadership, resilience, and the importance of bold action in difficult circumstances. My connection with Native American culture has deeply influenced my worldview, teaching me that we are all part of a larger, inter"


Key Messages

To read this candidate's full survey responses, click here.


A Safe Oakland, Clean & Green Future Oakland stands at a pivotal moment. With bold action and a vision for a safe, sustainable, and thriving city, we will transform Oakland into the safest, cleanest, and greenest city on Earth. My commitment to rebuilding neighborhoods, protecting businesses, and providing job opportunities will create a prosperous future. Together, we will ensure a cleaner, greener, and safer Oakland for generations to come.


Oakland will be the cleanest, greenest city on Earth. I will work to bring thousands of jobs back to our city by revitalizing businesses and transforming empty office spaces into thriving commercial hubs. By promoting green technologies, expanding green spaces, and committing to zero-waste initiatives, Oakland will become a global leader in sustainability. Our community will lead the way in the fight for our planet, creating a city that is both environmentally and economically thriving.


End Unsheltered Homelessness & Strengthen Public Safety As Mayor, I am committed to ending unsheltered homelessness by implementing low-cost, scalable housing solutions and supporting programs like the Haven for Hope Care Campus. I will ensure Oakland has the right number of police officers per capita- 882 officers. We will deliver high quality public safety and foster stronger community-police relationships, rebuilding trust and repairing the culture of OPD. By addressing public safety, homelessness, and rebuilding the Oakland Police Department, we’ll create a city where everyone feels safe and supported.

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Image of Eric Simpson

Incumbent: No

Political Office: None

Submitted Biography "I have been a member of the Socialist Workers Party for decades. I am a longtime unionist. I work in a factory and am a member of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers union."


Key Messages

To read this candidate's full survey responses, click here.


We have to start with the world to understand what workers face in Oakland—attacks on our wages and working conditions, high prices and social problems like addiction. The crisis of the profit-driven capitalist system world-wide and growing rivalries and competition between capitalist powers is the source of the attacks on workers’ standard of living as well as the current wars and threat of World War III. Only by organizing the working class to take political power out of the hands of the capitalist rulers can we put an end to these scourges and open a new future for humanity.


Workers need to organize independently from the capitalist parties. Solidarity with union struggles. Shorten the workweek with no cut in pay to prevent layoffs and increase available jobs. We need to fight for a federally funded public works jobs program to build housing, childcare centers, hospitals, schools, roads and bridges. Cost of living adjustments for wages and benefits to keep up with rising prices.


Amnesty for undocumented immigrants working in the US--to unite working people and cut across divisions used by the bosses to drive down wages. Defend Constitutional protections. Fight Jew-hatred. For the right of Israel to exist as a refuge for Jews.

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Image of Loren Taylor

WebsiteFacebookTwitterYouTube

Incumbent: No

Political Office: 

Biography:  Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Case Western Reserve University in 1999, a graduate degree from the University of Connecticut in 2001, and an MBA from the University of California Berkeley Haas School of Business in 2005. Taylor's professional experience includes working as an engineer and a business management consultant.



Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.


Taylor's campaign website said he would prioritize city hall responsiveness and anti-corruption. Taylor's website said this plan included, among other things, modifying city hall's work-from-home policy, speeding up the city's hiring process, and implementing a performance management program.


On public safety, Taylor's website said he would focus on increasing Oakland police staffing levels and officer efficiency, exiting the city's Negotiated Settlement Agreement, restoring all closed fire stations, speeding up 911 response times, and investing in violence prevention programs, among other things.


Taylor's campaign website said he would prioritize small business and downtown revitalization. Taylor's website said he would establish a police unit dedicated to retail and property crime, eliminate business taxes for businesses earning less than $1.5 million per year, and create an economic development corporation, among other things.


Show sources

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Image of Renia Webb

WebsiteFacebookTwitter

Incumbent: No

Political Office: None

Biography:  Webb studied elementary education and teaching in the Peralta Community College and fashion and apparel design at the Academy of Art University. Webb's professional experience includes teaching at Crocker Highlands Elementary School, and working as a chief of staff to then city council member Sheng Thao in 2022.



Key Messages

The following key messages were curated by Ballotpedia staff. For more on how we identify key messages, click here.


On public safety, Webb's campaign website said she would, "get tougher on crime in a responsible and humane manner," "increase our police force and reduce excessive overtime," "keep fire stations and fire engines open, avoiding unnecessary closures," and prioritize neighborhood community policing, neighborhood watch programs, and violence interruption programs.


On public health, Webb's campaign website said she would work with public works, sanitation services, and local organizations to "support our most vulnerable communities, providing mental health services in partnership with the County Social Services department" and "clean up our streets, complete our pavement plans, and fix the plethora of potholes across our Neighborhoods"


Webb's campaign website said she would prioritize economic revitalization and fiscal responsibility by supporting local businesses and attracting new businesses to Oakland, applying for grant funding, cutting expenditures, and working with Travel Oakland to rebrand the city as a travel destination.


Show sources

This information was current as of the candidate's run for Mayor of Oakland in 2025.

Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses

Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.

No candidate in this race has completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Ballotpedia is seeking 100 percent participation so voters can learn more about all the candidates on their ballots.


Campaign ads

This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.


Barbara Lee

January 8, 2025

View more ads here:


Loren Taylor

February 4, 2025
February 18, 2025

View more ads here:


Renia Webb

Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Renia Webb while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.


Election competitiveness

Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls

We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.

Endorsements

See also: Ballotpedia: Our approach to covering endorsements

Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.

Election spending

Campaign finance

Candidates in this election submitted campaign finance reports to the California Fair Political Practices Commission. Click here to access those reports.

Satellite spending

See also: Satellite spending

Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[15][16][17]

If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.

Noteworthy events

Sheng Thao recall

An election to recall Mayor Sheng Thao took place on November 5, 2024, in Oakland, California.[18] Voters recalled Thao by a margin of 60.6%-39.4%. This was the first time in the city's history that a mayor was successfully recalled.[19]

Governing's Joshua Spivak wrote this election, along with the recall of Alameda County District Attorney Pamela Price also on November 5, "were in part launched due to pushback against approaches to crime and the criminal justice system, with organizers arguing both Thao and Price have failed to stem the tide."[20]

Gail Harbin, a representative of the group Oakland United to Recall Sheng Thao, criticized Thao over her handling of crime. Harbin said, "Under Mayor Thao’s watch, crime has surged, and her incompetence has only deepened the chaos."[21] Former Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf (D), who supported the recall, said in an interview that "Oakland can’t afford another two years of continued damage to our fiscal solvency and our public safety."[22] Critics also cited a June 20 home raid by the FBI as a reason for the recall. The San Francisco Chronicle wrote in an editorial supporting the recall, "While Thao hasn’t been charged with any crime relating to the FBI raid and has vehemently denied wrongdoing, compounded distrust among Oakland residents could hamper her ability to govern effectively."[23]

Thao called the recalls against her and Alameda County District Attorney Pamela Price "a waste of money." Thao said, "The undemocratic part about it is that democratically, [public officials] were elected at large, and they were voted in. It’s unfair for someone with more money than others to come in and say, 'You know what? I want to change the trajectory.'"[24] Former Oakland Mayor Jean Quan said at a rally, "Whether you love Sheng or not, we have to give her a chance to do some good work."[25] In a news conference, Thao highlighted her record handling crime and said "by reinstating proven programs like Ceasefire, strengthening partnerships with law enforcement agencies...and investing in modern public safety technology, we’re seeing meaningful results for Oakland residents."[26]

Election context

Ballot access requirements

Information on ballot access requirements for candidates can be found here.

Election history

See also: Elections in Oakland, California

2022

Sheng Thao defeated Loren Taylor 50.3%-49.7% in the ninth round of ranked-choice voting in the 2022 mayoral election.

General election

General election for Mayor of Oakland

The ranked-choice voting election was won by Sheng Thao in round 9 . The results of Round are displayed below. To see the results of other rounds, use the dropdown menu above to select a round and the table will update.


Total votes: 125,522
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

2018

Incumbent Libby Schaaf defeated nine other candidates in the 2018 mayoral election. Schaaf defeated second-place finisher Cat Brooks 53.3%-25.7%.

General election

General election for Mayor of Oakland

The following candidates ran in the general election for Mayor of Oakland on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Libby Schaaf
Libby Schaaf (Nonpartisan)
 
53.3
 
84,502
Image of Cat Brooks
Cat Brooks (Nonpartisan)
 
25.7
 
40,760
Image of Pamela Price
Pamela Price (Nonpartisan)
 
13.1
 
20,794
Image of Saied Karamooz
Saied Karamooz (Nonpartisan)
 
1.9
 
3,005
Image of Ken Houston
Ken Houston (Nonpartisan)
 
1.7
 
2,640
Marchon Tatmon (Nonpartisan)
 
1.3
 
2,114
Image of Nancy Sidebotham
Nancy Sidebotham (Nonpartisan)
 
1.1
 
1,766
Image of Peter Liu
Peter Liu (Nonpartisan)
 
0.7
 
1,166
Image of Cedric A. Troupe
Cedric A. Troupe (Nonpartisan)
 
0.7
 
1,128
Jesse A.J. Smith (Nonpartisan)
 
0.5
 
743

Total votes: 158,618
(100.00% precincts reporting)
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2014

What was at stake?

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About the city

See also: Oakland, California

Oakland is a city in California. It is the county seat of Alameda County. As of 2020, its population was 440,646.

City government

See also: Council-manager government

The city government of Oakland combines a council-manager system with a strong mayor system. In this form of municipal government, the city council serves as the city's primary legislative body and the mayor serves as the city's chief executive. The mayor, however, appoints a city manager to oversee the city's day-to-day operations and execute city policies.[27]

Demographics

The following table displays demographic data provided by the United States Census Bureau.

Demographic Data for Oakland, California
Oakland California
Population 440,646 39,538,223
Land area (sq mi) 55 155,857
Race and ethnicity**
White 34.4% 56.1%
Black/African American 22.7% 5.7%
Asian 15.8% 14.8%
Native American 0.9% 0.8%
Pacific Islander 0.6% 0.4%
Other (single race) N/A 14.3%
Multiple 8.4% 7.9%
Hispanic/Latino 27% 39.1%
Education
High school graduation rate 84.3% 83.9%
College graduation rate 46.1% 34.7%
Income
Median household income $80,143 $78,672
Persons below poverty level 14.6% 12.6%
Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2015-2020).
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.


Mayoral partisanship

Oakland has a Democratic mayor. As of September 2025, 66 mayors in the largest 100 cities by population are affiliated with the Democratic Party, 23 are affiliated with the Republican Party, one is affiliated with the Libertarian Party, three are independents, five identify as nonpartisan or unaffiliated, and two mayors' affiliations are unknown. Click here for a list of the 100 largest cities' mayors and their partisan affiliations.

Mayoral elections are officially nonpartisan in most of the nation's largest cities. However, many officeholders are affiliated with political parties. Ballotpedia uses one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.

2025 battleground elections

See also: Battlegrounds

This is a battleground election. Other 2025 battleground elections include:

See also

Oakland, California California Municipal government Other local coverage
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External links

Footnotes

  1. San Francisco Chronicle, "Barbara Lee wins Oakland mayoral race," April 18, 2025
  2. ABC7, "Kevin Jenkins selected to serve as next interim mayor of Oakland; third mayor in 3 months," January 6, 2025
  3. The San Francisco Chronicle, "Oakland voters oust Sheng Thao in unprecedented mayoral recall," November 8, 2024
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 ABC7, "Oakland's 3 main mayoral candidates speak on public safety, homelessness solutions," February 19, 2025
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Greenbelt Alliance, "Oakland’s 2025 Candidates Weigh In on Housing, Climate Resilience, and the Environment," February 19, 2025
  6. LinkedIn, "Renia Webb," accessed February 26, 2025
  7. Renia Webb 2025 campaign website, "Home," accessed February 21, 2025
  8. Open Disclosure, "Data for Oakland Election on April 15, 2025," accessed April 14, 2025
  9. The Oaklandside, "Will labor win again in Oakland’s mayoral election?" March 24, 2025
  10. CBS News, "Oakland voters to choose new mayor, decide on controversial sales tax hike," April 12, 2025
  11. 11.0 11.1 City of Oakland, "Voter Registration and Voting Location Information," accessed February 25, 2025
  12. Official Election Site of Alameda County,"April 15, 2025 - City of Oakland Special Municipal Election," accessed February 25, 2025
  13. California Secretary of State, "What to Bring to Your Polling Place," accessed August 12, 2024
  14. BARCLAYS OFFICIAL CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS, "Section 20107," accessed August 12, 2024
  15. OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
  16. OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
  17. National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
  18. The Oaklandside, "Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao will face recall election," June 18, 2024
  19. The San Francisco Chronicle, "Oakland voters oust Sheng Thao in unprecedented mayoral recall," November 8, 2024
  20. Governing, "Oakland Voters May Remove Both Their Mayor and the D.A.," October 28, 2024
  21. KTVU, "What to know about the Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao recall election," October 8, 2024
  22. KQED, "Former Mayor Libby Schaaf Endorses Recall of Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao," October 18, 2024
  23. The San Francisco Chronicle, "Endorsement: Sheng Thao’s repeated fumbles have cost her Oakland’s trust. And ours. She should be recalled," October 29, 2024
  24. Politico, "11 questions for Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao," October 16, 2024
  25. The Oaklandside, "Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao and supporters rally against recall," October 7, 2024
  26. Times-Herald, "In an Oakland election that revolves around crime, the last month has provided an October surprise," October 30, 2024
  27. City of Oakland, "City Government 101," accessed August 26, 2014