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Executive control of agencies: States with elected cabinet members (2020)

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This survey is part of a series of 50-state surveys examining the five pillars key to understanding the administrative state
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•Agency control
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Disclaimer: The research presented on this page was completed in 2020. It has not been regularly updated since its completion. This page is likely outdated and may be incomplete.

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This page contains information from a Ballotpedia survey about state constitutions or administrative procedure acts that provided for the election of cabinet members as of 2020. Looking at how state officers are selected provides insight into how executive control of agencies works at the state level. Executive control is one of the five pillars key to understanding the main areas of debate about the nature and scope of the administrative state.

A state cabinet member is like a federal cabinet-level official. These state officials often include lieutenant governors, attorneys general, secretaries of state, and other similar officers. Most of these state officials are elected, but in some states, the governor appoints them. The appointment power is a way governors can influence what happens inside state agencies. In theory, elected cabinet officials have more autonomy than those appointed by the governor.

Ballotpedia surveyed all 50 state constitutions and administrative procedure acts (APAs) to learn whether cabinet members were elected or appointed. Executive branch structures varied from state to state, but this page includes any elected official who had authority over a government department. In some cases, the constitution and APA did not mention all of the cabinet officials in a particular state. This page only contains the elected officials listed in those documents.

According to the survey, most states, 92%, had elected cabinet members.

State APAs govern procedures for state administrative agencies to propose and issue regulations, adjudicate disputes, and provide for judicial review of agency decisions. Many state APAs are modeled on the federal APA, which governs the administrative processes of federal executive branch agencies. Text of all 50 state APAs is available here.

This page features the following sections:

In 2025, Ballotpedia updated the pillar system used to understand the main areas of debate about the nature and scope of the administrative state. Click here to learn more about this updated structure and to see Ballotpedia's current content related to the administrative state.



Summary of findings

Ballotpedia's survey of state constitutions and APAs produced the following key takeaways (as of February 2020):

  • 46 states, 92%, had constitutions that provide for the election of cabinet members
  • No states had APAs that provided for the election of cabinet members
  • Alaska, Hawaii, Tennessee, and New Jersey had neither an APA nor a constitution that provided for the election of cabinet members
  • Under the Maine Constitution, the state legislature would elect the secretary of state and treasurer

States with APA or constitutions that provide for the election of executive branch leaders

The table below includes each state in alphabetical order and indicates those with specific provisions in their constitutions or APAs providing for the election of cabinet members. Since executive branch structures and cabinet membership vary between states, some cabinet members in a state may be elected while others may be appointed by the governor.

  • ADone means that the state constitution or APA provided for the election of some or all cabinet members
  • A DefeatedA means that the state constitution or APA did not provide for the election of cabinet members
State Constitutional provision for the election of cabinet members State APA provision for the election of cabinet members
Alabama Done DefeatedA
Alaska DefeatedA DefeatedA
Arizona Done DefeatedA
Arkansas Done DefeatedA
California Done DefeatedA
Colorado Done DefeatedA
Connecticut Done DefeatedA
Delaware Done DefeatedA
Florida Done DefeatedA
Georgia Done DefeatedA
Hawaii DefeatedA DefeatedA
Idaho Done DefeatedA
Illinois Done DefeatedA
Indiana Done DefeatedA
Iowa Done DefeatedA
Kansas Done DefeatedA
Kentucky Done DefeatedA
Louisiana Done DefeatedA
Maine Done DefeatedA
Maryland Done DefeatedA
Massachusetts Done DefeatedA
Michigan Done DefeatedA
Minnesota Done DefeatedA
Mississippi Done DefeatedA
Missouri Done DefeatedA
Montana Done DefeatedA
Nebraska Done DefeatedA
Nevada Done DefeatedA
New Hampshire Done DefeatedA
New Jersey DefeatedA DefeatedA
New Mexico Done DefeatedA
New York Done DefeatedA
North Carolina Done DefeatedA
North Dakota Done DefeatedA
Ohio Done DefeatedA
Oklahoma Done DefeatedA
Oregon Done DefeatedA
Pennsylvania Done DefeatedA
Rhode Island Done DefeatedA
South Carolina Done DefeatedA
South Dakota Done DefeatedA
Tennessee DefeatedA DefeatedA
Texas Done DefeatedA
Utah Done DefeatedA
Vermont Done DefeatedA
Virginia Done DefeatedA
Washington Done DefeatedA
West Virginia Done DefeatedA
Wisconsin Done DefeatedA
Wyoming Done DefeatedA

Text of state constitutions that provided for the election of executive branch leaders

This section contains text from the state constitutions that provides for the election of executive branch leaders.

Some sections display whole articles from a state APA while others only show relevant segments.

Alabama

See also: Alabama Constitution and Alabama Administrative Procedure Act

Section 114 of the Alabama Constitution:

The governor, lieutenant governor, attorney-general, state auditor, secretary of state, state treasurer, superintendent of education, and commissioner of agriculture and industries shall be elected by the qualified electors of the state at the same time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislature in the year nineteen hundred and two, and in every fourth year thereafter.[1]

Arizona

See also: Arizona Constitution and Arizona Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 1 of the Arizona Constitution:

A. The executive department shall consist of the governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, attorney general, and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold office for four years beginning on the first Monday of January, 1971 next after the regular general election in 1970.


B. The person having the highest number of the votes cast for the office voted for shall be elected, but if two or more persons have an equal and the highest number of votes for the office, the two houses of the legislature at its next regular session shall elect forthwith, by joint ballot, one of such persons for said office.[2]

Arkansas

See also: Arkansas Constitution and Arkansas Administrative Procedure Act

Article 6, Section 3 of the Arkansas Constitution:

The Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer of State, Auditor of State, and Attorney General shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State at large, at the time and places of voting for members of the General Assembly;[3]

California

See also: California Constitution and California Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 11 of the California Constitution:

The Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Controller, Secretary of State, and Treasurer shall be elected at the same time and places and for the same term as the Governor.[4]

Colorado

See also: Colorado Constitution and Colorado Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Sections 1 and 3 of the Colorado Constitution:

Section 1. (1) The executive department shall include the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, and attorney general, each of whom shall hold his office for the term of four years, commencing on the second Tuesday of January in the year 1967, and each fourth year thereafter. ...


Section 3. The officers named in section one of this article shall be chosen on the day of the general election, by the registered electors of the state.[5]

Connecticut

See also: Connecticut Constitution and Connecticut Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 1 of the Connecticut Constitution:

A general election for governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of the state, treasurer and comptroller shall be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, 1966, and quadrennially thereafter.[6]

Delaware

See also: Delaware Constitution and Delaware Administrative Procedure Act

Article III, Section 21 of the Delaware Constitution:

The terms of the Office of the Attorney General, the Insurance Commissioner, the Auditor of Accounts and the State Treasurer shall be 4 years. These officers shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at general elections, and be commissioned by the Governor.[7]

Florida

See also: Florida Constitution and Florida Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 5 of the Florida Constitution:

(a) At a state-wide general election in each calendar year the number of which is even but not a multiple of four, the electors shall choose a governor and a lieutenant governor and members of the cabinet each for a term of four years beginning on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of the succeeding year.[8]

Georgia

See also: Georgia Constitution and Georgia Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 3 of the Georgia Constitution:

The Secretary of State, Attorney General, State School Superintendent, Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Agriculture, and Commissioner of Labor shall be elected in the manner prescribed for the election of members of the General Assembly and the electors shall be the same. Such executive officers shall be elected at the same time and hold their offices for the same term as the Governor.[9]

Idaho

See also: Idaho Constitution and Idaho Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 1 of the Idaho Constitution:

The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state controller, state treasurer, attorney general and superintendent of public instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for four years beginning on the first Monday in January next after his election, commencing with those elected in the year 1946, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution.[10]

Illinois

See also: Illinois Constitution and Illinois Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Sections 1 and 2 of the Illinois Constitution:

SECTION 1. OFFICERS

The Executive Branch shall include a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller and Treasurer elected by the electors of the State. They shall keep the public records and maintain a residence at the seat of government during their terms of office.

SECTION 2. TERMS These elected officers of the Executive Branch shall hold office for four years beginning on the second Monday of January after their election and, except in the case of the Lieutenant Governor, until their successors are qualified. They shall be elected at the general election in 1978 and every four years thereafter.[11]

Indiana

See also: Indiana Constitution and Indiana Administrative Procedure Act

Article 6, Section 1 of the Indiana Constitution:

There shall be elected, by the voters of the state, a Secretary, an Auditor and a Treasurer of State, who shall, severally, hold their offices for four years.[12]

Iowa

See also: Iowa Constitution and Iowa Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Sections 2 and 22 of the Iowa Constitution:

SEC. 2. The governor and the lieutenant governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for members of the general assembly. ...


SEC. 22. A secretary of state, an auditor of state and a treasurer of state shall be elected by the qualified electors at the same time that the governor is elected and for a four-year term commencing on the first day of January next after their election, and they shall perform such duties as may be provided by law.[13]


Article V, Section 12 of the Iowa Constitution:

The general assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of an attorney general by the people, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his successor is elected and qualifies.[13]

Kansas

See also: Kansas Constitution and Kansas Administrative Procedure Act

Article 1 of the Kansas Constitution:

The constitutional officers of the executive department shall be the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, and attorney general, who shall have such qualifications as are provided by law. Such officers shall be chosen by the electors of this state at the time of voting for members of the legislature in the year 1974 and every four years thereafter ...[14]

Kentucky

See also: Kentucky Constitution and Kentucky Administrative Procedure Act

Section 91 of the Kentucky Constitution:

A Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Commissioner of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the same time the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected, for the term of four years ...[15]

Louisiana

See also: Louisiana Constitution and Louisiana Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 3 of the Louisiana APA:

(A) Election. Except as provided in Section 20 of this Article, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer, commissioner of agriculture, commissioner of insurance, superintendent of education, and commissioner of elections each shall be elected for a term of four years by the electors of the state at the time and place of voting for members of the legislature.[16]

Maine

See also: Maine Constitution and Maine Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Part 2, Section 1 of the Maine Constitution:

The Secretary of State shall be chosen biennially at the first session of the Legislature, by joint ballot of the Senators and Representatives in convention.[17]


Article V, Part 3, Section 1 of the Maine Constitution:

The Treasurer shall be chosen biennially, at the first session of the Legislature, by joint ballot of the Senators, and Representatives in convention.[17]

Maryland

See also: Maryland Constitution and Maryland Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 1 of the Maryland Constitution:

There shall be an Attorney-General elected by the qualified voters of the State ...[18]


Article VI of the Maryland Constitution:

There shall be a Treasury Department, consisting of a Comptroller chosen by the qualified electors of the State, who shall receive such salary as may be fixed by law; and a Treasurer, to be appointed on joint ballot by the two Houses of the Legislature at each regular session in which begins the term of the Governor, who shall receive such salary as may be fixed by law.[19]

Massachusetts

See also: Massachusetts Constitution and Massachusetts Administrative Procedure Act

Amendment Article XVII of the Massachusetts Constitution:

The secretary, treasurer and receiver-general, auditor, and attorney-general, shall be chosen [annually,] on the day in November prescribed for the choice of governor;[20]

Michigan

See also: Michigan Constitution and Michigan Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 21 of the Michigan Constitution:

The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state and attorney general shall be elected for four-year terms at the general election in each alternate even-numbered year.[21]

Minnesota

See also: Minnesota Constitution and Minnesota Administrative Procedure Act

Article 5, Section 1 of the Minnesota Constitution:

The Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer and Attorney General, who shall be chosen by the electors of the State.[22]

Mississippi

See also: Mississippi Constitution and Mississippi Administrative Procedure Act

Section 133 of the Mississippi Constitution:

There shall be a Secretary of State, who shall be elected as herein provided.[23]


Section 134 of the Mississippi Constitution:

A State Treasurer and an Auditor of Public Accounts shall be elected as herein provided ...[23]

Missouri

See also: Missouri Constitution and Missouri Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 17 of the Missouri Constitution:

The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer and attorney general shall be elected at the presidential elections for terms of four years each.[24]

Montana

See also: Montana Constitution and Montana Administrative Procedure Act

Article VI, Section 1 of the Montana Constitution:

(1) The executive branch includes a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and auditor.


(2) Each holds office for a term of four years which begins on the first Monday of January next succeeding election, and until a successor is elected and qualified.[25]

Nebraska

See also: Nebraska Constitution and Nebraska Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 1 of the Nebraska Constitution:

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, and State Treasurer shall be chosen at the general election held in November 1974, and in each alternate even-numbered year thereafter, for a term of four years and until their successors shall be elected and qualified.[26]

Nevada

See also: Nevada Constitution and Nevada Administrative Procedure Act

Article 5, Section 17 of the Nevada Constitution:

A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and places and in the same manner as the Governor and his term of Office, and his eligibility, shall also be the same.[27]


Article 5, Section 19 of the Nevada Constitution:

A Secretary of State, a Treasurer, a Controller, and an Attorney General, shall be elected at the same time and places, and in the same manner as the Governor.[27]

New Hampshire

See also: New Hampshire Constitution and New Hampshire Administrative Procedure Act

Article 60 of the New Hampshire Constitution:

There shall be biennially elected, by ballot, five councilors, for advising the governor in the executive part of government.[28]

New Mexico

See also: New Mexico Constitution and New Mexico Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 1 of the New Mexico Constitution:

The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer, attorney general and commissioner of public lands, who shall, unless otherwise provided in the constitution of New Mexico, be elected for terms of four years beginning on the first day of January next after their election.[29]

New York

See also: New York Constitution and New York Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 1 of the New York Constitution:

The comptroller and attorney-general shall be chosen at the same general election as the governor and hold office for the same term, and shall possess the qualifications provided in section 2 of article IV.[30]

North Carolina

See also: North Carolina Constitution and North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act

Article III, Section 7 of the North Carolina Constitution:

A Secretary of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, an Attorney General, a Commissioner of Agriculture, a Commissioner of Labor, and a Commissioner of Insurance shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State in 1972 and every four years thereafter, at the same time and places as members of the General Assembly are elected.[31]

North Dakota

See also: North Dakota Constitution and North Dakota Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 2 of the North Dakota Constitution:

The qualified electors of the state at the times and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly shall choose a governor, lieutenant governor, agriculture commissioner, attorney general, auditor, insurance commissioner, three public service commissioners, secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction, tax commissioner, and treasurer.[32]

Ohio

See also: Ohio Constitution and Ohio Administrative Procedure Act

Article III, Section 1 of the Ohio Constitution:

The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor of state, treasurer of state, and an attorney general, who shall be elected on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, by the electors of the state, and at the places of voting for members of the General Assembly.[33]

Oklahoma

See also: Oklahoma Constitution and Oklahoma Administrative Procedure Act

Article 6, Section 4 of the Oklahoma Constitution:

The term of office of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Auditor and Inspector, Attorney General, State Treasurer, Commissioner of Labor and Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be four (4) years from the second Monday of January next after their election.[34]

Oregon

See also: Oregon Constitution and Oregon Administrative Procedure Act

Article VI, Section 1 of the Oregon Constitution:

There shall be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at the times and places of choosing Members of the Legislative Assembly, a Secretary, and Treasurer of State, who shall severally hold their offices for the term of four years;[35]

Pennsylvania

See also: Pennsylvania Constitution and Pennsylvania Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 4 of the Pennsylvania Constitution:

A Lieutenant Governor shall be chosen jointly with the Governor by the casting by each voter of a single vote applicable to both offices, for the same term, and subject to the same provisions as the Governor;[36]


Article IV, Section 4.1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution:

An Attorney General shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the Commonwealth on the day the general election is held for the Auditor General and State Treasurer;[36]

Rhode Island

See also: Rhode Island Constitution and Rhode Island Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 1 of the Rhode Island Constitution:

The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general and general treasurer shall be elected on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, quadrennially ...[37]

South Carolina

See also: South Carolina Constitution and South Carolina Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 8 of the South Carolina Constitution:

A Lieutenant Governor shall be chosen at the same time, in the same manner, continue in office for the same period, and be possessed of the same qualifications as the Governor.[38]


Article VI, Section 7 of the South Carolina Constitution:

There shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State a Secretary of State, an Attorney General, a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Education, Comptroller General, Commissioner of Agriculture, and an Adjutant General ...[38]

South Dakota

See also: South Dakota Constitution and South Dakota Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Section 7 of the South Dakota Constitution:

There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state at the general election of the Governor and every four years thereafter the following constitutional officers: attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and commissioner of school and public lands ...[39]

Texas

See also: Texas Constitution and Texas Administrative Procedure Act

Article IV, Sections 1 and 2 of the Texas Constitution:

Sec. 1. OFFICERS CONSTITUTING EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.


The Executive Department of the State shall consist of a Governor, who shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the State, a Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General.


Sec. 2. ELECTION OF OFFICERS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

All the above officers of the Executive Department (except Secretary of State) shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the time and places of election for members of the Legislature.[40]

Utah

See also: Utah Constitution and Utah Administrative Procedure Act

Article VII, Section 1 of the Utah Constitution:

The elective constitutional officers of the Executive Department shall consist of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Auditor, State Treasurer, and Attorney General.[41]

Vermont

See also: Vermont Constitution and Vermont Administrative Procedure Act

Section 43 of the Vermont Constitution:

The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Treasurer, Secretary of State, Auditor of Accounts, Senators, Town Representatives, Assistant Judges of the County Court, Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, State's Attorneys, Judges of Probate and Justices of the Peace, shall be elected biennially on the first Tuesday next after the first Monday of November ...[42]

Virginia

See also: Virginia Constitution and Virginia Administrative Procedure Act

Article V, Section 13 of the Virginia Constitution:

A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term as the Governor ...[43]


Article V, Section 15 of the Virginia Constitution:

An Attorney General shall be elected by the qualified voters of the Commonwealth at the same time and for the same term as the Governor;[43]

Washington

See also: Washington Constitution and Washington Administrative Procedure Act

Article III, Section 3 of the Washington Constitution:

The lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of public lands, shall hold their offices for four years respectively, and until their successors are elected and qualified.[44]

West Virginia

See also: West Virginia Constitution and West Virginia Administrative Procedure Act

Article VII, Section 2 of the West Virginia Constitution:

An election for governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, commissioner of agriculture and attorney general shall be held at such times and places as may be prescribed by law.[45]

Wisconsin

See also: Wisconsin Constitution and Wisconsin Administrative Procedure Act

Article VI, Section 1 of the Wisconsin Constitution:

The qualified electors of this state, at the times and places of choosing the members of the legislature, shall in 1970 and every 4 years thereafter elect a secretary of state, treasurer and attorney general who shall hold their offices for 4 years.[46]

Wyoming

See also: Wyoming Constitution and Wyoming Administrative Procedure Act

Article 4, Section 11 of the Wyoming Constitution:

There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state at the times and places of choosing members of the legislature, a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction ...[47]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ JUSTIA, "Alabama Constitution, Section 114," accessed February 21, 2020
  2. ↑ Arizona State Legislature, "Arizona Constitution, Article V, Section 1," accessed February 21, 2020
  3. ↑ Arkansas Legislature, "Constitution of the State of Arkansas of 1874," accessed February 21, 2020
  4. ↑ FindLaw, "Constitution of the State of California 1879 Art. V, § 11," accessed February 21, 2020
  5. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "United States and Colorado Constitutions," accessed February 21, 2020
  6. ↑ Connecticut General Assembly, "Constitution of the State of Connecticut," accessed February 21, 2020
  7. ↑ State of Delaware, "The Delaware Constitution, Article III," accessed February 21, 2020
  8. ↑ Florida Legislature, "Constitution of the State of Florida," accessed February 21, 2020
  9. ↑ Georgia Senate, "Constitution of the State of Georgia," accessed February 21, 2020
  10. ↑ Idaho Secretary of State, "Constitution of the State of Idaho, Article IV," accessed February 21, 2020
  11. ↑ Illinois General Assembly, "Constitution of the State of Illinois," accessed February 21, 2020
  12. ↑ Indiana University, "Constitution of Indiana, Article 6," accessed February 21, 2020
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 State of Iowa, "Constitution of the State of Iowa," accessed February 21, 2020
  14. ↑ Kansas Secretary of State, "Constitution of the State of Kansas," accessed February 21, 2020
  15. ↑ Kentucky Legislature, "Constitution of Kentucky, Section 91," accessed February 21, 2020
  16. ↑ Louisiana State Senate, "Louisiana Constitution of 1974," accessed February 21, 2020
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 State of Maine, "Maine Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  18. ↑ State of Maryland, "Constitution of Maryland, Article V," accessed February 21, 2020
  19. ↑ State of Maryland, "Constitution of Maryland, Article VI," accessed February 21, 2020
  20. ↑ State of Massachusetts, "Massachusetts Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  21. ↑ Michigan Legislature, "Constitution of Michigan of 1963," accessed February 21, 2020
  22. ↑ Minnesota Historical Society, "Constitution of the State of Minnesota," accessed February 21, 2020
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mississippi Secretary of State, "The Constitution of the State of Mississippi," accessed February 21, 2020
  24. ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Constitution of the State of Missouri," accessed February 21, 2020
  25. ↑ Montana Legislature, "Constitution of the State of Montana," accessed February 21, 2020
  26. ↑ Nebraska Legislature, "Constitution of Nebraska," accessed February 21, 2020
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Nevada Legislature, "Nevada Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  28. ↑ State of New Hampshire, "Constitution of New Hampshire," accessed February 21, 2020
  29. ↑ State of New Mexico, "New Mexico Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  30. ↑ New York Department of State, "New York State Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  31. ↑ North Carolina Legislature, "North Carolina Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  32. ↑ North Dakota Legislature, "North Dakota Constitution, Article V," accessed February 21, 2020
  33. ↑ Ohio Legislature, "Ohio Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  34. ↑ Oklahoma Department of Libraries, "Oklahoma Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  35. ↑ Oregon Legislature, "Oregon Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Pennsylvania Legislature, "Constitution of Pennsylvania," accessed February 21, 2020
  37. ↑ State of Rhode Island, "Constitution of the State of Rhode Island," accessed February 14, 2020
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 South Carolina State House, "South Carolina Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  39. ↑ South Dakota Secretary of State, "South Dakota Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  40. ↑ State of Texas, "Texas Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  41. ↑ Utah State Legislature, "Utah Constitution, Article VII, Section 1," accessed February 21, 2020
  42. ↑ Vermont Legislature, "Constitution of Vermont," accessed February 21, 2020
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Virginia General Assembly, "Virginia Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  44. ↑ Washington Legislature, "Washington Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  45. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "West Virginia Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  46. ↑ Wisconsin Legislature, "Wisconsin Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
  47. ↑ Wyoming Secretary of State, "Wyoming Constitution," accessed February 21, 2020
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