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Kentucky gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2019 (May 21 Republican primary)

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2023
2015
Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png
Democratic primary
Republican primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: January 29, 2019
Primary: May 21, 2019
General: November 5, 2019

Pre-election incumbent(s):
Gov. Matt Bevin (Republican)
Lt. Gov. Jenean M. Hampton (Republican)
How to vote
Poll times: 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Voting in Kentucky
Race ratings
Cook Political Report: Toss-up
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Lean Republican
Inside Elections: Toss-up
Ballotpedia analysis
Federal and state primary competitiveness
State executive elections in 2019
Impact of term limits in 2019
State government trifectas
State government triplexes
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2019
Kentucky
executive elections
Governor

Lieutenant governor
Attorney general
Secretary of state
Agriculture commissioner
Auditor
Treasurer

Incumbent Matt Bevin (R) defeated challengers Robert Goforth (R), Ike Lawrence (R), and William Woods (R) in the Republican primary for governor of Kentucky. Bevin received 52 percent of the vote to Goforth's 39 percent. Woods and Lawrence received 5 and 3 percent, respectively.

The Republican primary was held on May 21, 2019. Bevin announced his re-election campaign on January 25, 2019, and chose state Sen. Ralph Alvarado as his running mate.[1] The Lexington Herald-Leader speculated that Alvarado's background in medicine could be helpful to Bevin as the governor continues to pursue changes to the Medicaid system.[2] Bevin is the third consecutive sitting governor of Kentucky to choose a different running mate in his re-election campaign.[3]

State Rep. Robert Goforth (R) announced he was entering the race with Lawrence County attorney Mike Hogan as his running mate on January 8, 2019. Goforth was first elected to political office in February 2018, winning a special election to a seat in the Kentucky state House.[4] Goforth is focusing his campaign on running as a native Kentuckian while portraying Bevin as an outsider. Announcing his candidacy, Goforth said, "I believe Kentucky deserves a governor who is one of us . . . Our commonwealth needs a chief executive who is a conservative molded not by New England and Wall Street, but by Kentucky and Main Street."[5]

Ike Lawrence filed to run with James Anthony Rose, and William E. Woods filed to run with Justin Miller.

The filing deadline for candidates was January 29, 2019. Gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial candidates run on a slate together.

Kentucky primary voter? Dates you need to know.
Primary ElectionMay 21, 2019
Candidate Filing DeadlineJanuary 29, 2019
Registration DeadlineApril 22, 2019
Absentee Application DeadlineMay 14, 2019
General ElectionNovember 5, 2019
Voting information
Primary TypeClosed
Polling place hours6 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Polling locations: Go to your assigned precinct for election day.


Democratic Party For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
Grey.png For more information about the general election, click here.

Candidates and election results

Governor

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Governor of Kentucky

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Matt Bevin
Matt Bevin
 
52.3
 
136,069
Image of Robert Goforth
Robert Goforth
 
38.9
 
101,345
Image of William Woods
William Woods
 
5.5
 
14,440
Image of Ike Lawrence
Ike Lawrence
 
3.2
 
8,412

Total votes: 260,266
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Lieutenant governor

Republican primary election

Republican primary for Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of Ralph Alvarado
Ralph Alvarado
 
52.4
 
136,069
Image of Michael T. Hogan
Michael T. Hogan
 
39.0
 
101,345
Justin Miller
 
5.4
 
14,040
James Anthony Rose
 
3.2
 
8,412

Total votes: 259,866
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Election results by county

The map below highlights each county based on which candidate received the most votes there. A darker shade indicates a higher percentage of total votes for that candidate.

Political analysis of election outcome

Bevin's margin of victory

Eric Ostermeier of Smart Politics found that Bevin's 13.4 percent margin fo victory in the 2019 Republican primary was the smallest margin of victory of any Kentucky governor seeking re-election since the state implemented a primary system in 1903. Eight sitting governors have appeared on a primary ballot since then, and the average margin of victory in a contested primary was 30.85 percent across four races. The four other governors seeking re-election ran unopposed. The only other Republican governor to seek re-election was Ernie Fletcher, who won his party's nomination with a 13.6 percent margin of victory.[6]

Candidate profiles

See also: Editorial approach to writing about key campaign messages

The candidates below have been mentioned by media coverage as top contenders. They are listed in alphabetical order.


Matt Bevin, Kentucky governor
Matt Bevin.jpg

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Republican

Incumbent: Yes

Political office: Governor of Kentucky (Assumed office: 2015)

Biography: Bevin was born in New Hampshire and earned his bachelor's degree from Washington and Lee University. Bevin served in the U.S. Army and reached the rank of captain. After his military career, Bevin worked in financial services, founding Integrity Asset Management in 2003 before becoming president of Bevin Brothers, a bell manufacturing company, in 2011.

Key messages
  • Bevin highlighted his work with the state budget. His website stated that he "[p]assed a fiscally conservative budget that makes a historic commitment to our ailing pension system and restores fiscal responsibility in state government."[7]
  • Bevin indicated that healthcare policy is one of his priorities. His website said, "Governor Bevin is working to improve the health of Kentuckians on a variety of fronts. Kentucky HEALTH will help improve health outcomes while ensuring the long term viability of the Medicaid program."[7]
  • Bevin waned the state to invest further in charter schools. His website stated, "This historic charter school legislation represents a truly momentous step forward in providing quality choices for Kentucky’s most vulnerable students, creating the promise of real opportunity for young people and their parents where hope does not currently exist. These are tuition-free public schools, open to any student who wishes to attend."[7]




Robert Goforth, Kentucky state representative
RobertGoforth.JPG

Campaign website Facebook Twitter

Party: Republican

Incumbent: No

Political office: Kentucky House of Representatives (Assumed office: 2018)

Biography: Goforth was born in Kentucky and served in the U.S. Army as a combat engineer. Following his military career, Goforth graduated from pharmacy school at the University of Kentucky and founded pharmacies in southeast Kentucky.[8]

Key messages
  • Goforth challenged the tone of the current administration. At a news conference, Goforth said, "I believe Kentucky deserves a governor who is one of us . . . Our commonwealth needs a chief executive who is a conservative molded not by New England and Wall Street, but by Kentucky and Main Street."[5]
  • Goforth ran a campaign focused on working families, small business owners, and seniors. His website called his agenda "people-first."[8]



Endorsements

Do you know of an official or organization that endorsed a candidate in this race? Let Ballotpedia know by email at editor@ballotpedia.org.

Matt Bevin

Timeline

  • May 21, 2019: President Donald Trump (R) endorsed Bevin in a Twitter post.[9]
  • May 2, 2019: Secretary of State Alison Grimes (D) announced that a record total of 3,421,796 Kentuckians were registered to vote in the state's gubernatorial primary.[10]
  • March 8, 2019: Vice President Mike Pence (R) appeared at a Bevin campaign fundraiser in Lexington.[11]
  • January 29, 2019: The filing deadline passed. Four candidates filed to run: Kentucky Gov. Matt Bevin (R), state Rep. Robert Goforth (R), Ike Lawrence (R), and William E. Woods (R).
  • January 25, 2019: Gov. Matt Bevin announced he was running for re-election. He identified State Sen. Ralph Alvarado as his running mate.[1]

Campaign themes

Candidate survey

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The following campaign themes came from the candidates' campaign websites, where available.

Matt Bevin

Strengthening Kentucky’s Financial Foundation

Passed a fiscally conservative budget that makes a historic commitment to our ailing pension system and restores fiscal responsibility in state government.

Growing Kentucky’s Economy

Kentucky will be the epicenter of engineering and manufacturing excellence in America

Creating A Healthier Kentucky

Governor Bevin is working to improve the health of Kentuckians on a variety of fronts.

Protecting and Strengthening Our Communities

  • Pro-life Legislation
Governor Bevin signed "Informed Consent" legislation. Physicians are prohibited from terminating pregnancies after 20 weeks of gestation—a timeframe in which experts say that a fetus can feel pain. Physicians also offer an ultrasound to patients prior to performing an abortion, which allows women to make the most informed medical decision possible.
  • Fighting the Opioid Epidemic
Governor Bevin fully funded anti-heroin legislation and created a program to combat substance abuse. Strong penalties have been created for trafficking any amount of heroin, fentanyl, carfentanil and fentanyl derivatives that are destroying Kentucky lives and families. Also, in an effort to shut down the on-ramps to addiction, opioid prescriptions are now limited to a three-day supply, with exceptions for chronic pain, cancer treatment and end of life care.
  • Forster Care and Adoption
Youth are allowed temporary placements with non-relative adults who already have a significant emotional relationship with the child. Foster children may also obtain their learner's permits and driver's licenses without the signature of their parent or guardian.
  • Criminal Justice Reform
In order for felons to re-enter society effectively, the process must be safer and more efficient. Kentucky now allows prisoners to gain work experience while still incarcerated, reducing probation and parole time for certain offenders.
  • Vulnerable Victims
Laws have been tightened to protect children and the most vulnerable adults from abuse.
  • Sexual Assault Victims
Provisions were made in the budget to help clear the backlog of rape evidence kits.
  • Good Samaritans
Civil immunity is provided to a person who damages a vehicle in order to protect a child from imminent danger.
  • A Second Chance
Non-violent felons who have paid their debt to society will now be given a second chance.
  • Abandoned Infants
Churches are now recognized as "safe havens" where unwanted babies can be dropped off without fear of parents being criminally charged.
  • Religious Freedom
Kentucky public school, public college and university students have the legal right to express their religious and political views in their school work, artwork, speeches, etc., a right now specifically outlined in Kentucky statute.

Investing In Education & Workforce

This historic charter school legislation represents a truly momentous step forward in providing quality choices for Kentucky’s most vulnerable students, creating the promise of real opportunity for young people and their parents where hope does not currently exist. These are tuition-free public schools, open to any student who wishes to attend.

Serving Those Who Serve Us While public servants do not do what they do for recognition, Gov. Bevin strongly believes Kentucky should serve those who serve their communities.

[12]

—Matt Bevin[7]


Robert Goforth

Christian. Husband. Father. Veteran. Pharmacist. Business Owner. Farmer. State Representative. Conservative. These are some of the words that describe Dr. Robert Goforth.

Robert is running for Kentucky’s Governor because he wants to give back to the state and the people that helped him to succeed in life.

Robert grew up in poverty, enlisted in the U.S. Army when he became of age, and served as a combat engineer. Robert put himself through college at the University of Kentucky, and graduated from pharmacy school, becoming a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.).

As a pharmacist and business owner, Robert knows all about self-reliance, hard work, and what it takes to accomplish goals. He’s a proven job creator. Robert built his businesses from the ground up, building his pharmacies in Southeast Kentucky up from zero to multimillion dollars in annual revenues. Robert created over 30 jobs in his businesses for people in our region.

Robert is committed to a people-first agenda that values working families, small business owners, and seniors. [12]

—Robert Goforth[8]


William Woods

Public Education

The top priority of our administration will be to safeguard Kentucky's Public Education System. We will Keep the Promise made to Kentucky's Educators. We will stand up to those willing to sacrifice experienced and dedicated educators for their own political and financial gain.

Combating the Drug Epidemic

We will call out the corrupt processes that have left our citizens more vulnerable to becoming victims of illegal drug use. We will fight to ensure our children have a future, free from the addictions taking too many Kentucky lives. We will end the state-sponsored drug loophole.

A Realistic Pension Fund Solution

We will work with Republicans and Democrats to give the public realistic expectations for a fix to this self-inflicted crisis. We will call out those who continue to lie about the real problems behind the epidemic. We will offer new funding solutions that do NOT include raising taxes.

Casino Gaming

Kentuckians send hundreds of millions in taxpayer dollars to states like Indiana and Ohio each year. Meanwhile, Kentucky's elected leaders are wined and dined by casino magnates and gaming experts on the possibilities for Kentucky casinos. It's time that the average Kentuckian benefits from casino tax revenue.

A Budget that Works for the People

We will trim the budget. We will stop the wasteful spending that steals the tax dollars of hard-working Kentuckians and puts the lives of our citizens at risk.

[12]

—William Woods[13]

Campaign advertisements

This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.

Matt Bevin

"We are Just Getting Started" - Bevin campaign video, released May 2, 2019


Robert Goforth

"Roots" - Goforth campaign video, released March 20, 2019


Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
2019 Kentucky gubernatorial Republican primary
Poll Bevin GoforthLawrenceWoodsUndecidedMargin of errorSample size
Cygnal
May 10-May 12, 2019
56%18%2%1%23%+/-4.0600
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.


Campaign finance


Satellite spending

Satellite spending, commonly referred to as outside spending, describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[14][15][16]

This section lists satellite spending in this race reported by news outlets in alphabetical order. If you are aware of spending that should be included, please email us.

  • Putting Kentucky First made a $94,000 ad buy to support Bevin on April 26, 2019.[17]


Social media

Twitter accounts

As of January 2019, Ike Lawrence did not have a Twitter account.

Facebook accounts

Click the icons below to visit the candidates' Facebook pages.

Republican Party Matt Bevin Facebook

Republican Party Robert Goforth Facebook

Republican Party Ike Lawrence Facebook

Republican Party William Woods Facebook

Pivot Counties

See also: Pivot Counties by state

One of 120 Kentucky counties—0.83 percent—is a pivot county. Pivot counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 pivot counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.

Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008
County Trump margin of victory in 2016 Obama margin of victory in 2012 Obama margin of victory in 2008
Elliott County, Kentucky 44.13% 2.50% 25.17%

In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Kentucky with 62.5 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 32.7 percent. In presidential elections between 1792 and 2016, Kentucky voted Democratic 45.6 percent of the time and Republican 26.3 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Kentucky voted Republican all five times.[18]

Presidential results by legislative district

The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Kentucky. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[19][20]

In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 18 out of 100 state House districts in Kentucky with an average margin of victory of 24.5 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 18 out of 100 state House districts in Kentucky with an average margin of victory of 25 points. Clinton won one district controlled by a Republican heading into the 2018 elections.
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 82 out of 100 state House districts in Kentucky with an average margin of victory of 32.8 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 82 out of 100 state House districts in Kentucky with an average margin of victory of 42 points. Trump won 20 districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections.


State overview

Partisan control

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Kentucky heading into the 2019 elections.

Congressional delegation

State executives

State legislature

  • Republicans controlled both chambers of the Kentucky General Assembly. They had a 62-37 majority in the state House and a -11 majority in the state Senate.

Trifecta status

  • Illinois was under a Republican trifecta, meaning that the one party controlled the state government. Matt Bevin (R) served as governor, while Republicans controlled the state legislature.

2018 elections

See also: Kentucky elections, 2018

In 2018, Kentucky held elections for all six of its Congressional seats, 19 of 38 seats in the Kentucky State Senate, all 100 seats in the Kentucky House of Representatives, one seat on the Kentucky Supreme Court, and two seats on the Kentucky Court of Appeals. There was also one constitutional amendment on the ballot.

Demographics

Demographic data for Kentucky
 KentuckyU.S.
Total population:4,424,611316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):39,4863,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:87.6%73.6%
Black/African American:7.9%12.6%
Asian:1.3%5.1%
Native American:0.2%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.1%3%
Hispanic/Latino:3.3%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:84.2%86.7%
College graduation rate:22.3%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$43,740$53,889
Persons below poverty level:22.7%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Kentucky.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2016, Kentucky's three largest cities were Louisville (pop. est. 615,000), Lexington (pop. est. 315,000), and Bowling Green (pop. est. 64,000).[21][22]

Context of the 2019 elections

Party control in Kentucky

A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Kentucky's 2019 gubernatorial election will either preserve the state's Republican trifecta or return it to divided government. Kentucky has been a Republican trifecta since the start of the 2017 legislative session. Gov. Matt Bevin is a Republican and Republicans control both chambers of the legislature.

Since 1992, there have been 11 years of trifecta control of the state out of 28: eight for Democrats from 1992 to 1999, and three for Republicans from 2017 to 2019.

A Democratic victory in the gubernatorial election would ensure divided government for at least four years. A Republican victory would maintain their trifecta through at least 2020 when the state holds its next legislative elections.

Kentucky Party Control: 1992-2025
Eight years of Democratic trifectas  •  Three years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Governor D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D
Senate D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R


Election history

2015

Governor and Lieutenant Governor, 2015
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngMatt Bevin/Jenean M. Hampton 52.5% 511,771
     Democrat Jack Conway/Sannie Overly 43.8% 426,827
     Independent Drew Curtis/Heather Curtis 3.7% 35,627
Total Votes 974,225
Election results via Kentucky Secretary of State

2011

Governor and Lt. Governor of Kentucky, 2011
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngSteve Beshear and Jerry E. Abramson 55.7% 464,245
     Republican David Williams and Richie Farmer 35.3% 294,034
     Independent Gatewood Galbraith and Dea Riley 9% 74,860
Total Votes 833,139
Election results via Kentucky Secretary of State


2007

Governor and Lieutenant Governor, 2007
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngSteve Beshear and Daniel Mongiardo 58.7% 619,552
     Republican Ernie Fletcher and Robbie Rudolph 41.3% 435,773
Total Votes 1,055,325
Election results via Kentucky Secretary of State

2003

Governor and Lieutenant Governor, 2003
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngErnie Fletcher and Steve Pence 55% 596,284
     Democratic Ben Chandler and Charlie Owen 45% 487,159
Total Votes 1,083,443
Election results via Kentucky Secretary of State

State profile

See also: Kentucky and Kentucky elections, 2019
USA Kentucky location map.svg

Partisan data

The information in this section was current as of May 7, 2019

Presidential voting pattern

  • Kentucky voted Republican in all seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.

Congressional delegation

State executives

  • Democrats held two and Republicans held five of Kentucky's 14 state executive offices. Elections for the other offices are nonpartisan.
  • Kentucky's governor was Republican Matt Bevin.

State legislature

Kentucky Party Control: 1992-2025
Eight years of Democratic trifectas  •  Three years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Governor D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D
Senate D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R

Kentucky quick stats

More Kentucky coverage on Ballotpedia:


Demographic data for Kentucky
 KentuckyU.S.
Total population:4,424,611316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):39,4863,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:87.6%73.6%
Black/African American:7.9%12.6%
Asian:1.3%5.1%
Native American:0.2%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.1%3%
Hispanic/Latino:3.3%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:84.2%86.7%
College graduation rate:22.3%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$43,740$53,889
Persons below poverty level:22.7%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Kentucky.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.


See also

Kentucky government:

Elections:

Ballotpedia exclusives:

External links

Footnotes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Courier Journal, "Matt Bevin will make announcement about the governor's race today," January 25, 2019
  2. Lexington Herald-Leader, "Bevin dumps Hampton, announces Ralph Alvarado as his lieutenant governor running mate," January 26, 2019
  3. Smart Politics, "Bevin Brings In New Blood," January 29, 2019
  4. Courier Journal, "Robert Goforth enters governor's race, gives GOP a Bevin alternative," January 8, 2019
  5. 5.0 5.1 Louisville Courier Journal, "Robert Goforth enters governor's race, gives GOP a Bevin alternative," January 8, 2019
  6. Smart Politics, "Bevin Records Narrowest Primary Victory by Kentucky Governor," May 23, 2019
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Governor of Kentucky, "Priorities," accessed January 31, 2019
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Goforth for Kentucky, "Home," accessed January 31, 2019
  9. 9.0 9.1 Twitter, "Donald Trump on May 21, 2019," accessed May 21, 2019
  10. Twitter, "Bluegrass Politics on May 2,” accessed May 3, 2019
  11. WUKY, "Mike Pence Stumps For Kentucky's Republican Governor," March 9, 2019
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  13. My Kentucky First, "#KentuckyFirst Agenda," accessed January 31, 2019
  14. OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed September 22, 2015
  15. OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed September 22, 2015
  16. National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," November 6, 2015
  17. Twitter, “Medium Buying on April 26, 2019,” accessed April 26, 2019
  18. 270towin.com, "Kentucky," accessed June 1, 2017
  19. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
  20. Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
  21. Kentucky Demographics, "Kentucky Cities by Population," accessed January 31, 2019
  22. U.S. Census Bureau, "Quickfacts Kentucky," accessed January 31, 2019