Ballot access for major and minor party candidates
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| Ballot access for major and minor party candidates |
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| Ballot access for presidential candidates |
| Select a state below to learn more about ballot access requirements for candidates in that state. |
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| Ballot access requirements for political parties in the United States |
| List of political parties in the United States |
| Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker |
Note: This article is not intended to serve as a guide to running for public office. Individuals should contact their state election agencies for further information.
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In order to get on the ballot, a candidate or party must meet a variety of complex, state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether and how a candidate or party can appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level and apply to state and congressional candidates.
There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.
- An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
- An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
- An individual can run as a write-in candidate.
For additional information about ballot access requirements for presidential candidates, see this article.
Political parties
As of January 2025, there were at least 55 distinct ballot-qualified political parties in the United States. There were 238 state-level parties.[1] Some parties are recognized in multiple states. For example, both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party are recognized in all 50 states and Washington, D.C..[2][3][4]
Three minor parties were recognized in more than 10 states as of January 2025:
- Libertarian Party: 38 states
- Green Party: 23 states[5]
- Constitution Party: 12 states[6]
Although there are dozens of political parties in the United States, only certain parties qualify to have the names of their candidates for office printed on election ballots. In order to qualify for ballot placement, a party must meet certain requirements that vary from state to state. For example, in some states, a party may have to file a petition in order to qualify for ballot placement. In other states, a party must organize around a candidate for a specific office; that candidate must, in turn, win a percentage of the vote in order for the party to be granted ballot status. In still other states, an aspiring political party must register a certain number of voters.
The number of ballot-qualified political parties fluctuates as parties gain or lose qualified status. In addition, some states distinguish between major parties and minor parties. Specific differences between major and minor parties differ from state to state. For example, in all states, major parties are granted access to primary elections. Some states, however, do not permit minor parties to participate in primary elections. Consequently, minor party candidates in these states can run only in general elections.[2]
The table below lists all ballot-qualified political parties in each state as of January 2025. Click "[show]" to expand the table.[2]
| State | Political party |
|---|---|
| Alabama | Democratic Party of Alabama |
| Alabama | Republican Party of Alabama |
| Alaska | Alaskan Independence Party |
| Alaska | Democratic Party of Alaska |
| Alaska | Libertarian Party of Alaska |
| Alaska | Republican Party of Alaska |
| Arizona | Democratic Party of Arizona |
| Arizona | Green Party of Arizona |
| Arizona | Libertarian Party of Arizona |
| Arizona | No Labels Party of Arizona |
| Arizona | Republican Party of Arizona |
| Arkansas | Democratic Party of Arkansas |
| Arkansas | Libertarian Party of Arkansas |
| Arkansas | Republican Party of Arkansas |
| California | American Independent Party of California |
| California | Democratic Party of California |
| California | Green Party of California |
| California | Libertarian Party of California |
| California | Peace and Freedom Party of California |
| California | Republican Party of California |
| Colorado | American Constitution Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Approval Voting Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Colorado Center Party |
| Colorado | Democratic Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Green Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Libertarian Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | No Labels Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Republican Party of Colorado |
| Colorado | Unity Party of Colorado |
| Connecticut | Democratic Party of Connecticut |
| Connecticut | Green Party of Connecticut |
| Connecticut | Independent Party of Connecticut |
| Connecticut | Libertarian Party of Connecticut |
| Connecticut | Republican Party of Connecticut |
| Connecticut | Working Families Party of Connecticut |
| D.C. | D.C. Statehood Green Party |
| D.C. | Democratic Party of Washington, D.C. |
| D.C. | Libertarian Party of Washington, D.C. |
| D.C. | Republican Party of Washington, D.C. |
| Delaware | Democratic Party of Delaware |
| Delaware | Green Party of Delaware |
| Delaware | Independent Party of Delaware |
| Delaware | Libertarian Party of Delaware |
| Delaware | Republican Party of Delaware |
| Florida | American Solidarity Party of Florida |
| Florida | Boricua Party of Florida |
| Florida | Coalition with a Purpose Party of Florida |
| Florida | Conservative Party of Florida |
| Florida | Constitution Party of Florida |
| Florida | Democratic Party of Florida |
| Florida | Ecology Party of Florida |
| Florida | Florida Forward Party |
| Florida | Florida Natural Law Party |
| Florida | Green Party of Florida |
| Florida | Independent Party of Florida |
| Florida | Jeffersonian Party of Florida |
| Florida | Libertarian Party of Florida |
| Florida | Party for Socialism and Liberation of Florida |
| Florida | Reform Party of Florida |
| Florida | Republican Party of Florida |
| Georgia | Democratic Party of Georgia |
| Georgia | Republican Party of Georgia |
| Hawaii | AlohaʻĀina Party |
| Hawaii | Constitution Party of Hawaii |
| Hawaii | Democratic Party of Hawaii |
| Hawaii | Green Party of Hawaii |
| Hawaii | Libertarian Party of Hawaii |
| Hawaii | Republican Party of Hawaii |
| Idaho | Constitution Party of Idaho |
| Idaho | Democratic Party of Idaho |
| Idaho | Libertarian Party of Idaho |
| Idaho | Republican Party of Idaho |
| Illinois | Democratic Party of Illinois |
| Illinois | Republican Party of Illinois |
| Indiana | Democratic Party of Indiana |
| Indiana | Libertarian Party of Indiana |
| Indiana | Republican Party of Indiana |
| Iowa | Democratic Party of Iowa |
| Iowa | Libertarian Party of Iowa |
| Iowa | Republican Party of Iowa |
| Kansas | Democratic Party of Kansas |
| Kansas | Libertarian Party of Kansas |
| Kansas | Republican Party of Kansas |
| Kentucky | Democratic Party of Kentucky |
| Kentucky | Republican Party of Kentucky |
| Louisiana | Democratic Party of Louisiana |
| Louisiana | Green Party of Louisiana |
| Louisiana | Independent Party of Louisiana |
| Louisiana | Libertarian Party of Louisiana |
| Louisiana | Republican Party of Louisiana |
| Maine | Democratic Party of Maine |
| Maine | Green Independent Party of Maine |
| Maine | Libertarian Party of Maine |
| Maine | No Labels Party of Maine |
| Maine | Republican Party of Maine |
| Maryland | Democratic Party of Maryland |
| Maryland | Green Party of Maryland |
| Maryland | Libertarian Party of Maryland |
| Maryland | Republican Party of Maryland |
| Maryland | Working Class Party of Maryland |
| Massachusetts | Democratic Party of Massachusetts |
| Massachusetts | Libertarian Party of Massachusetts |
| Massachusetts | Republican Party of Massachusetts |
| Michigan | Democratic Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | Green Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | Libertarian Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | Natural Law Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | Republican Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan |
| Michigan | Working Class Party of Michigan |
| Minnesota | Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Grassroots-Legalize Cannabis Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Green Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Independence Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Libertarian Party of Minnesota |
| Minnesota | Republican Party of Minnesota |
| Mississippi | America First Party of Mississippi |
| Mississippi | Democratic Party of Mississippi |
| Mississippi | Justice Party of Mississippi |
| Mississippi | Libertarian Party of Mississippi |
| Mississippi | Reform Party of Mississippi |
| Mississippi | Republican Party of Mississippi |
| Missouri | Constitution Party of Missouri |
| Missouri | Democratic Party of Missouri |
| Missouri | Green Party of Missouri |
| Missouri | Libertarian Party of Missouri |
| Missouri | Republican Party of Missouri |
| Montana | Democratic Party of Montana |
| Montana | Green Party of Montana |
| Montana | Libertarian Party of Montana |
| Montana | Republican Party of Montana |
| Nebraska | Democratic Party of Nebraska |
| Nebraska | Legal Marijuana Now Party of Nebraska |
| Nebraska | Libertarian Party of Nebraska |
| Nebraska | Republican Party of Nebraska |
| Nevada | Democratic Party of Nevada |
| Nevada | Independent American Party of Nevada |
| Nevada | Libertarian Party of Nevada |
| Nevada | No Labels Party of Nevada |
| Nevada | Republican Party of Nevada |
| New Hampshire | Democratic Party of New Hampshire |
| New Hampshire | Republican Party of New Hampshire |
| New Jersey | Democratic Party of New Jersey |
| New Jersey | Republican Party of New Jersey |
| New Mexico | Democratic Party of New Mexico |
| New Mexico | Green Party of New Mexico |
| New Mexico | Libertarian Party of New Mexico |
| New Mexico | Republican Party of New Mexico |
| New Mexico | Working Families Party of New Mexico |
| New York | Conservative Party of New York |
| New York | Democratic Party of New York |
| New York | Republican Party of New York |
| New York | Working Families Party of New York |
| North Carolina | Democratic Party of North Carolina |
| North Carolina | Green Party of North Carolina |
| North Carolina | Libertarian Party of North Carolina |
| North Carolina | No Labels Party of North Carolina |
| North Carolina | Republican Party of North Carolina |
| North Dakota | Democratic-Nonpartisan League Party of North Dakota |
| North Dakota | Republican Party of North Dakota |
| Ohio | Democratic Party of Ohio |
| Ohio | Republican Party of Ohio |
| Ohio | Libertarian Party of Ohio |
| Oklahoma | Democratic Party of Oklahoma |
| Oklahoma | Libertarian Party of Oklahoma |
| Oklahoma | Republican Party of Oklahoma |
| Oregon | Constitution Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Democratic Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Green Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Independent Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Libertarian Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | No Labels Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Pacific Green Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Progressive Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Republican Party of Oregon |
| Oregon | Working Families Party of Oregon |
| Pennsylvania | Democratic Party of Pennsylvania |
| Pennsylvania | Green Party of Pennsylvania |
| Pennsylvania | Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania |
| Pennsylvania | Republican Party of Pennsylvania |
| Rhode Island | Democratic Party of Rhode Island |
| Rhode Island | Republican Party of Rhode Island |
| South Carolina | Alliance Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Constitution Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Democratic Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Forward Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Green Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Labor Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Libertarian Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Republican Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | United Citizens Party of South Carolina |
| South Carolina | Workers Party of South Carolina |
| South Dakota | Democratic Party of South Dakota |
| South Dakota | Libertarian Party of South Dakota |
| South Dakota | No Labels Party of South Dakota |
| South Dakota | Republican Party of South Dakota |
| Tennessee | Democratic Party of Tennessee |
| Tennessee | Republican Party of Tennessee |
| Texas | Democratic Party of Texas |
| Texas | Green Party of Texas |
| Texas | Libertarian Party of Texas |
| Texas | Republican Party of Texas |
| Utah | Constitution Party of Utah |
| Utah | Democratic Party of Utah |
| Utah | Independent American Party of Utah |
| Utah | Libertarian Party of Utah |
| Utah | Republican Party of Utah |
| Utah | United Utah Party |
| Vermont | Democratic Party of Vermont |
| Vermont | Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party of Vermont |
| Vermont | Libertarian Party of Vermont |
| Vermont | Progressive Party of Vermont |
| Vermont | Republican Party of Vermont |
| Virginia | Democratic Party of Virginia |
| Virginia | Republican Party of Virginia |
| Washington | Democratic Party of Washington |
| Washington | Republican Party of Washington |
| West Virginia | Democratic Party of West Virginia |
| West Virginia | Libertarian Party of West Virginia |
| West Virginia | Mountain Party of West Virginia |
| West Virginia | Republican Party of West Virginia |
| Wisconsin | Constitution Party of Wisconsin |
| Wisconsin | Democratic Party of Wisconsin |
| Wisconsin | Green Party of Wisconsin |
| Wisconsin | Libertarian Party of Wisconsin |
| Wisconsin | Republican Party of Wisconsin |
| Wyoming | Constitution Party of Wyoming |
| Wyoming | Democratic Party of Wyoming |
| Wyoming | Libertarian Party of Wyoming |
| Wyoming | Republican Party of Wyoming |
Voter preference for a third party
According to an October 2013 Gallup poll conducted during the first week of the federal government shutdown, 60 percent of Americans felt "the Democratic and Republican parties do such a poor job of representing the American people that a third major party is needed." Voter preference for a third major party increased 20 percent between 2003 and 2013, from a low of 40 percent in 2003 (the first year Gallup conducted this poll).[7]
| Perceived need for a third party | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Existing parties do adequate job | Third party needed | No opinion |
| Gallup October 3-6, 2013 |
26% | 60% | 14% |
| Gallup September 6-9, 2012 |
45% | 46% | 9% |
| Gallup September 8-11, 2011 |
38% | 55% | 8% |
| Gallup April 20-23, 2011 |
40% | 52% | 8% |
| Gallup August 27-30, 2010 |
35% | 58% | 7% |
| Gallup September 8-11, 2008 |
47% | 47% | 6% |
| Gallup September 14-16, 2007 |
39% | 57% | 4% |
| Gallup July 6-8, 2007 |
33% | 58% | 10% |
| Gallup September 7-10, 2006 |
45% | 48% | 7% |
| Gallup October 10-12, 2003 |
56% | 40% | 4% |
| Averages | 40.40% | 52.10% | 7.70% |
| Note: Exact question asked in the survey: "In your view, do the Republican and Democratic parties do an adequate job of representing the American people, or do they do such a poor job that a third major party is needed? Source: Gallup, "In U.S., Perceived Need for Third Party Reaches New High," October 11, 2013 | |||
Minor parties in gubernatorial races
The following table includes state-by-state information on when a minor party's candidate for governor last won at least 5 percent of the vote. In four states (Maryland, South Carolina, Tennessee and Wyoming), a minor party candidate for governor has not won 5 percent or more of the vote since the 19th century. Only 17 states saw minor party candidates win at least 5 percent of the vote for governor between 1982 and 2012. The information was compiled by Richard Winger of Ballot Access News.[8]
| State | Candidate | Party | Year | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | John Logan Cashin | National Democratic | 1970 | 14.70% |
| Alaska | Walter J. Hickel | Alaskan Independence | 1990 | 38.90% |
| Arizona | Sam Steiger | Libertarian | 1982 | 5.10% |
| Arkansas | Walter Carruth | American | 1970 | 5.90% |
| California | Peter Camejo | Green | 2002 | 5.30% |
| Colorado | Tom Tancredo | Constitution | 2010 | 36.40% |
| Connecticut | Lowell Weicker | A Connecticut Party | 1990 | 40.40% |
| Delaware | Isaac Dolphus Short | Independent Republican Party | 1936 | 6.60% |
| Florida | Sidney J. Catts | Prohibition | 1916 | 47.70% |
| Georgia | James K. Hines | People's | 1902 | 5.50% |
| Hawaii | Frank F. Fasi | Best | 1994 | 30.70% |
| Idaho | W. Scott Hall | Progressive | 1926 | 28.40% |
| Illinois | Richard Whitney | Green | 2006 | 10.40% |
| Indiana | Albert J. Beveridge | Progressive | 1912 | 26.00% |
| Iowa | John L. Stevens | Progressive | 1912 | 15.60% |
| Kansas | Henry J. Allen | Progressive | 1914 | 15.90% |
| Kentucky | Gatewood Galbraith | Reform | 1999 | 15.40% |
| Louisiana | John M. Parker | Progressive | 1916 | 37.20% |
| Maine | Patricia LaMarche | Green | 2006 | 9.60% |
| Maryland | Thomas Holiday Hicks | American | 1857 | 54.90% |
| Massachusetts | Frank A. Goodwin | Equal Tax | 1934 | 6.40% |
| Michigan | Henry R. Pattengill | Progressive | 1914 | 8.30% |
| Minnesota | Tom Horner | Independence | 2010 | 11.90% |
| Mississippi | J. T. Lester | Socialist | 1915 | 7.40% |
| Missouri | Albert D. Nortoni | Progressive | 1912 | 15.60% |
| Montana | Frank J. Edwards | Farmer-Labor | 1924 | 6.10% |
| Nebraska | Dan Butler | Progressive | 1924 | 7.90% |
| Nevada | James Ray Houston | Independent American | 1974 | 15.50% |
| New Hampshire | Meldrim Thomson | American | 1970 | 9.90% |
| New Jersey | Everett Colby | Progressive | 1913 | 11.00% |
| New Mexico | David E. Bacon | Green | 2002 | 5.50% |
| New York | Carl Paladino | Conservative[9] | 2010 | 5.00% |
| North Carolina | Iredell Meares | Progressive | 1912 | 20.40% |
| North Dakota | Alvin C. Strutz | Independent Republican Party | 1944 | 18.80% |
| Ohio | James R. Garfield | Progressive | 1914 | 5.40% |
| Oklahoma | Fred W. Holt | Socialist | 1914 | 20.80% |
| Oregon | W. J. Smith | Socialist | 1914 | 5.80% |
| Pennsylvania | Peg Luksik | Constitution | 1998 | 10.40% |
| Rhode Island | Ken Block | Moderate | 2010 | 6.50% |
| South Carolina | Sampson Pope | People's | 1894 | 30.40% |
| South Dakota | Tom Ayres | Farmer-Labor | 1926 | 6.50% |
| Tennessee | A. L. Mims | People's | 1894 | 9.90% |
| Texas | Ramsey Muniz | La Raza Unida | 1974 | 5.60% |
| Utah | Merrill Cook | Independent Party | 1992 | 33.50% |
| Vermont | Anthony Pollina | Progressive | 2008 | 21.90% |
| Virginia | Rob Sarvis | Libertarian | 2013 | 6.50% |
| Washington | Vick Gould | Taxpayer's | 1972 | 5.90% |
| West Virginia | Walter B. Hilton | Socialist | 1912 | 5.60% |
| Wisconsin | Ed Thompson | Libertarian | 2002 | 10.50% |
| Wyoming | Lewis C. Tidball | People's | 1894 | 11.30% |
Yearly deadlines
2016
For a list of candidate ballot access deadlines and election dates by state, see the table below. Use the tabs at the bottom of the table to navigate between election dates, ballot access deadlines, and local election dates.
To view historical information for prior years, click [show] to expand the section. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Court cases
Williams v. Rhodes
- See also: Williams v. Rhodes
Decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1968, Williams v. Rhodes held that state laws regulating the selection of presidential electors must meet the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.[11]
Bullock v. Carter
- See also: Bullock v. Carter
Decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1972, Bullock v. Carter held that the Texas primary filing fee system, which required the payment of fees as high as $8,900, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The court found that, under this system, "many potential office seekers lacking both personal wealth and affluent backers are, in every practical sense, precluded from seeking the nomination of their chosen party, no matter how qualified they might be and no matter how broad or enthusiastic their popular support."[12][13]
Lubin v. Panish
- See also: Lubin v. Panish
Lubin v. Panish, decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1974, held that, absent alternative means of ballot access, states cannot require indigent candidates to pay filing fees they cannot afford. To do so violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the rights of expression and association guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution.[14]
Storer v. Brown
- See also: Storer v. Brown
Storer v. Brown, decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1974, upheld as constitutional a California law forbidding ballot access to independent candidates who had been registered with a qualified political party within one year prior to the immediately preceding primary election. The ruling also established a test to gauge the level of burden imposed by signature requirements: if the number of signatures required is divided by the number of eligible signers and the resulting percentage is greater than five percent, the requirement is likely unconstitutional.[15]
Illinois v. Socialist Workers Party
Decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1979, the ruling in Illinois State Board of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party rendered unconstitutional an Illinois statutory requirement that new political parties and independent candidates for elections in political subdivisions (specifically, Chicago) gather more than the number of signatures required for elections for statewide office.[16]
Anderson v. Celebrezze
- See also: Anderson v. Celebrezze
Anderson v. Celebrezze, a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1983, held that Ohio's early filing deadline for independent presidential candidates violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution, placing an unconstitutional burden on the voting and associational rights of supporters of independent presidential candidates.[17][18]
Norman v. Reed
- See also: Norman v. Reed
Decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1992, Norman v. Reed held that it was unconstitutional for the state of Illinois to require a new political party and its candidates to gather more than 25,000 signatures (the threshold for statewide office) to participate in elections for offices in political subdivisions. The ruling was, in part, a reaffirmation of the court's earlier decision in Illinois State Board of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party.[19]
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
- See also: U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton was a 1995 case in which the United States Supreme Court decided against U.S. Term Limits, ruling that states cannot impose qualifications for prospective members of Congress stricter than those specified in the Constitution. The decision invalidated congressional term limits provisions in 23 states.[20]
See also
Click a state below to learn more about ballot access provisions in that state.
Footnotes
- ↑ This total does not include parties that have attained ballot status at the municipal level. Only those parties with state-level ballot status are included here.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jaime Healy-Plotkin, "Research of state election agency websites and email correspondence with state election agencies," June 2024
- ↑ As of January 2025, there were nine state-level parties that called themselves Independent or Independence parties. For the purposes of this article, these were not tallied when counting the number of distinct ballot-qualified parties in the United States because it is difficult to determine to what extent these various parties are affiliated with one another.
- ↑ Because Washington utilizes a top-two, nonpartisan primary system, the state does not officially recognize parties. Consequently, only the state's two largest parties, the Democratic and Republican parties, were included in this tally.
- ↑ This figure includes the D.C. Statehood Green Party, Maine's Green Independent Party, Oregon's Pacific Green Party, and West Virginia's Mountain Party.
- ↑ This figure includes Nevada's Independent American Party and Michigan's U.S. Taxpayers Party.
- ↑ Gallup, "In U.S., Perceived Need for Third Party Reaches New High," October 11, 2013
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfivepercent - ↑ Paladino also appeared on the Republican and T.E.A. (Tax Enough Already) party lines. New York's fusion voting laws allow candidates to qualify for the ballot on multiple party tickets.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ballot Access News, "January 2014 Print Edition," January 2014
- ↑ Justia.com, "Williams v. Rhodes - 393 U.S. 23 (1968)," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "Bullock v. Carter - 405 U.S. 134 (1972)," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Frontline, "The Constitution and Campaign Finance: A Legal Movement for Change," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "Lubin v. Panish - 415 U.S. 709 (1974)," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "Storer v. Brown - 415 U.S. 724 (1974)," accessed April 1, 2014
- ↑ Justia.com, "Illinois State Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party - 440 U.S. 173 (1979)," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "Anderson v. Celebrezze - 460 U.S. 780 (1983)," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Oyez Project - U.S. Supreme Court Media - IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, "Anderson v. Celebrezze," accessed December 26, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "Norman v. Reed - 502 U.S. 279 (1992)," accessed December 27, 2013
- ↑ Justia.com, "U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton - 514 U.S. 779 (1994)," accessed December 27, 2013
