Judy Chu

Judy Chu

Democratic Party

U.S. House California District 27

Tenure

2013 - Present

Term ends

2023

Years in position

9

Prior offices

Board of Education Garvey School District

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Monterey Park City Council

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California State Assembly

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U.S. House California District 32

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Report an officeholder change

Compensation

Base salary

$174,000

Net worth

(2012) $2,212,519

Elections and appointments

Last elected

November 3, 2020

Education

Bachelor's

University of California, Los Angeles

Graduate

California School of Professional Psychology

Ph.D

California School of Professional Psychology

Personal

Profession

College professor

Contact

Official website

Official Facebook

Official Twitter

Official Instagram

Official YouTube

Campaign website

Campaign Facebook

Campaign Twitter

Personal LinkedIn

Judy Chu (Democratic Party) is a member of the U.S. House, representing California's 27th Congressional District. She assumed office on January 3, 2013. Her current term ends on January 3, 2023.

Chu (Democratic Party) ran for re-election to the U.S. House to represent California's 27th Congressional District. She won in the general election on November 3, 2020.

She first won election to the seat in 2013. She won re-election to the seat in 2018, defeating Bryan Witt (D) by 79 percent to 21 percent.

Chu began her political career in the California State Assembly, where she served from 2001 to 2006. She also represented California's 32nd Congressional District from 2009 to 2013.

Chu endorsed Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. To read about her key votes, click here. To read about her campaign themes, click here.

Based on analysis of multiple outside rankings, Chu is one of the most reliable Democratic votes, meaning she can be considered a safe vote for the Democratic Party in Congress.

Biography

Chu was born in Los Angeles, California. She earned her B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1974 and her Ph.D. from the California School of Professional Psychology in 1979.

Career

Below is an abbreviated outline of Chu's academic, professional, and political career:

• 2013-Present: U.S. Representative from California's 27th Congressional District
• 2009-2013: U.S. Representative from California's 32nd Congressional District
• 2006-2009: California Board of Equalization
• 2001-2006: California State Assembly
• 1988-2001: Monterrey Park City Council
• 1985-1988: Board member, Garvey school district
• 1981-1988: Professor, East Los Angeles College

Committee assignments

U.S. House

2021-2022

Chu was assigned to the following committees:^[Source]

• House Committee on Budget
• Committee on Ways and Means
• Worker and Family Support
• Health
• Oversight
• Committee on Small Business
• Economic Growth, Tax, and Capital Access
• Oversight, Investigations, and Regulations

2019-2020

Chu was assigned to the following committees:^[Source]

• Committee on Small Business
• Committee on Ways and Means

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Chu was assigned to the following committees:

• Committee on Judiciary
• Committee on Small Business

2015-2016

Chu served on the following committees:

• Judiciary Committee

• Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet
• Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations

• Small Business Committee
  • Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access, Ranking Member

2013-2014

Chu served on the following committees:

• Judiciary Committee
  • Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet
  • Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations
• Small Business Committee

2011-2012

Chu served on the following committees:

• Judiciary Committee
  • Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
  • Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet
• Small Business Committee
  • Subcommittee on Contracting and Workforce Ranking Member
  • Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access
  • Subcommittee on Agriculture, Energy and Trade

Key votes

See also: Key votes

Ballotpedia monitors legislation that receives a vote and highlights the ones that we consider to be key to understanding where elected officials stand on the issues. To read more about how we identify key votes, click here.

Key votes: 116th Congress, 2019-2020

Key votes: Previous sessions of Congress

Key votes (click "show" to expand or "hide" to contract)

Key votes: 115th Congress, 2017-2018 For detailed information about each vote, click here. Votes on domestic policy (click to expand) Voted Yea on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (Conference report) (HR 2)  Bill Passed (369-47) on December 12, 2018 Proposed providing funding for commodity support, conservation, trade and international food aid, nutrition assistance, farm credit, rural development, research and extension activities, forestry, horticulture, and crop insurance through fiscal year 2023. Voted Nay on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (HR 2 (second vote))  Bill Passed (213-211) on June 21, 2018 Proposed providing funding for commodity support, conservation, trade and international food aid, nutrition assistance, farm credit, rural development, research and extension activities, forestry, horticulture, and crop insurance. It also proposed modifying the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, previously known as the food stamp program. Voted Nay on: Securing America’s Future Act of 2018 (HR 4760)  Bill Failed (193-231) on June 21, 2018 Proposed funding a border wall, limiting legal immigration, a mandatory worker verification program, allowing DACA recipients to apply for legal status, and preventing separation of families at the border. Voted Yea on: Agriculture and Nutrition Act of 2018 (HR 2)  Bill Passed (369-47) on December 12, 2018 Reauthorizes through FY2023 and modifies some Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs. Voted Nay on: Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act (HR 36)  Bill Passed (237-189) on October 3, 2017 Proposed amending the federal criminal code to make it a crime for any person to perform or attempt to perform an abortion if the probable post-fertilization age of the fetus was 20 weeks or more. The bill provided exceptions for an abortion: (1) that was necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman, or (2) when the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest. Voted Nay on: Kate's Law (HR 3004)  Bill Passed (257-167) on June 29, 2017 Proposed increasing criminal penalties for individuals in the country illegally who were convicted of certain crimes, deported, and then re-entered the U.S. illegally. Voted Nay on: No Sanctuary for Criminals Act (HR 3003)  Bill Passed (228-195) on June 29, 2017 Proposed withholding federal funds from states and localities that chose not to follow federal immigration laws. Voted Nay on: American Health Care Act of 2017 (HR 1628)  Bill passed (217-213) on May 4, 2017 Proposed modifying the budgetary and fiscal provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. Votes on economic affairs and regulations (click to expand) Voted Yea on: Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 (Conference report) (HR 6157)  Bill Passed (361-61) on September 26, 2018 Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Labor, and Education. Voted Yea on: Energy and Water, Legislative Branch, and Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2019 (Conference report) (HR 5895)  Bill Passed (377-20) on September 13, 2018 Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Department of Energy, water resources, the legislative branch, military construction, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, among other programs. Voted Nay on: Department of Defense and Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations Act, 2019 (HR 6157)  Bill Passed (359-49) on June 28, 2018 Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Departments of Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Labor, and Education. Voted Nay on: Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2019 (HR 5895)  Bill Passed (235-179) on June 8, 2018 Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for the Department of Energy, water resources, the legislative branch, military construction, and the Department of Veterans Affairs, among other programs. Voted Nay on: Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (S 2155)  Bill Passed (258-159) on May 22, 2018 Proposed exempting some banks from the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Voted Nay on: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1625)  Bill Passed (256-167) on March 22, 2018 Proposed providing appropriations for fiscal year 2018, and for other purposes. Voted Nay on: The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (HR 1892)  Bill Passed (240-186) on February 9, 2018 Proposed providing appropriations through March 23, 2018. Voted Nay on: Further Extension Of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1892)  Bill Passed (245-182) on February 6, 2018 Proposed providing appropriations through March 23, 2018. Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes. (HR 195)  Bill Passed (266-150) on January 22, 2018 Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through February 8, 2018. Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018, and for other purposes. (HR 195)  Bill Passed (230-197) on January 18, 2018 Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through February 16, 2018. Voted Nay on: Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 1370)  Bill Passed (231-188) on December 21, 2017 Proposed providing further continuing appropriations through January 19, 2018. Voted Nay on: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (HR 1)  Bill Passed (227-203) on December 19, 2017 Proposed providing for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018. Voted Nay on: Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2018, and for other purposes (HJ Res 123)  Bill Passed (235-193) on December 7, 2017 Proposed funding the government until December 22, 2017. Voted Nay on: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (HR 1)  Bill Passed (227-205) on November 16, 2017 Proposed amending the Internal Revenue Code to reduce tax rates and modify policies, credits, and deductions for individuals and businesses. Voted Nay on: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2018 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2019 through 2027. (H Con Res 71)  Bill Passed (216-212) on October 26, 2017 Proposed establishing the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2018 and setting forth budgetary levels for FY2019-FY2027. (This bill proposed adopting the Senate's budget resolution.) Voted Nay on: Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2018 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2019 through 2027. (H Con Res 71)  Bill Passed (219-206) on October 5, 2017 Proposed establishing the congressional budget for the federal government for FY2018 and setting forth budgetary levels for FY2019-FY2027. Voted Nay on: Make America Secure and Prosperous Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 3354)  Bill Passed (211-198) on September 14, 2017 Proposed providing FY2018 appropriations for the federal government. It combined 12 appropriations bills. Voted Yea on: Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2017 (Included amendments to suspend the debt ceiling and fund the government) (HR 601)  Bill Passed (316-90) on September 8, 2017 Proposed suspending the debt ceiling and funding the government until December 8, 2017, and providing funding for Hurricanes Harvey and Irma relief efforts. Voted Yea on: Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2017 (HR 601)  Bill Passed (419-3) on September 6, 2017 Proposed providing $7.85 billion for disaster relief requirements, including response and recovery efforts from Hurricane Harvey. Voted Nay on: Financial CHOICE Act of 2017 (HR 10)  Bill passed (233-186) on June 8, 2017 Proposed amending the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, among other acts. Voted Yea on: Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2017 (HR 244)  Bill passed (309-118) on May 3, 2017 Proposed a $1.2 trillion budget to fund the government through the end of the fiscal year on September 30, 2017. Votes on foreign policy and national security issues (click to expand) Voted Nay on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (HR 5515)  Bill Passed (351-66) on May 24, 2018 Proposed authorizing FY2019 appropriations and policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities Voted Nay on: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 695)  Bill Passed (250-166) on January 30, 2018 Proposed providing appropriations for military functions administered by the Department of Defense and for other purposes, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2018. Voted Nay on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018—Conference report (HR 2810)  Bill Passed (356-70) on November 14, 2017 Proposed authorizing FY2018 appropriations and setting forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. Voted Nay on: Make America Secure Appropriations Act, 2018 (HR 3219)  Bill Passed (235-192) on July 27, 2017 Proposed making appropriations for defense, military construction, Veterans Affairs, the Legislative Branch, energy and water development, and for other purposes for the fiscal year ending on September 30, 2018. Voted Yea on: Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (HR 3364)  Bill Passed (419-3) on July 25, 2017 Proposed providing congressional review and measures to counter aggression by the governments of Iran, the Russian Federation, and North Korea, and for other purposes. Voted Nay on: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 3180, second vote)  Bill Passed (380-35) on July 28, 2017 Proposed authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 2018 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes. Voted Nay on: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 3180)  Bill Failed (241-163) on July 24, 2017 Proposed authorizing appropriations for fiscal year 2018 for intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government, the Community Management Account, and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, and for other purposes. Voted Nay on: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 (HR 2810)  Bill Passed (344-81) on July 14, 2017 Proposed authorizing fiscal year 2018 appropriations and setting forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It did not provide budget authority. Voted Nay on: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2017 (HR 1301)  Bill passed (371-48) on March 8, 2017 The $577.9 billion fiscal year 2017 defense spending bill proposed $516.1 billion in base budget funding and $61.8 billion for Overseas Contingency Operations/ Global War on Terrorism funding. 114th Congress The first session of the 114th Congress enacted into law six out of the 2,616 introduced bills (0.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 1.3 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the first session. In the second session, the 114th Congress enacted 133 out of 3,159 introduced bills (4.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 7.0 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session. For more information pertaining to Chu's voting record in the 114th Congress, please see the below sections. Economic and fiscal Trade Act of 2015 See also: The Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, 2015 Trade adjustment assistance On June 12, 2015, the House rejected the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015—by a vote of 126-302. Trade adjustment assistance (TAA) is a federal program providing American workers displaced by foreign trade agreements with job training and services. The measure was packaged with trade promotion authority (TPA), also known as fast-track authority. TPA is a legislative procedure that allows Congress to define "U.S. negotiating objectives and spells out a detailed oversight and consultation process for during trade negotiations. Under TPA, Congress retains the authority to review and decide whether any proposed U.S. trade agreement will be implemented," according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Chu was one of 144 Democrats to vote against the bill. Trade promotion authority On June 12, 2015, the House passed the trade promotion authority (TPA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015 —by a vote of 219-211. TPA gives the president fast-track authority to negotiate trade agreements sent to Congress without the opportunity for amendment or filibuster. Although the House approved TPA, it was a largely symbolic vote given the measure was part of a package trade bill including trade adjustment assistance (TAA), which was rejected earlier the same day. Chu was one of 157 Democrats to vote against the measure. Trade promotion authority second vote After the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) and trade promotion authority (TPA) did not pass the House together on June 12, 2015, representatives voted to authorize TPA alone as an amendment to HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—on June 18, 2015. The amendment passed by a vote of 218-208, with all voting members of the House maintaining his or her original position on TPA except for Ted Yoho (R-Fla.). Chu was one of 158 Democrats to vote against the amendment. Trade adjustment assistance second vote The House passed HR 1295—the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015—on June 25, 2015, by a vote of 286-138. The Senate packaged trade adjustment assistance (TAA) in this bill after the House rejected the TAA measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015. Along with trade promotion authority (TPA), which Congress passed as part of HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—TAA became law on June 29, 2015. Chu was one of 175 Democrats to vote in favor of HR 1295. Defense spending authorization On May 15, 2015, the House passed HR 1735—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 269-151. The bill "authorizes FY2016 appropriations and sets forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It does not provide budget authority, which is provided in subsequent appropriations legislation." Chu voted with 142 other Democrats and eight Republicans against the bill. The Senate passed the bill on June 18, 2015, by a vote of 71-25. President Barack Obama vetoed the bill on October 22, 2015. On November 5, 2015, the House passed S 1356—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 370-58. The second version of the $607 billion national defense bill included $5 billion in cuts to match what was approved in the budget and language preventing the closure of the Guantanamo Bay military prison. Chu voted with 48 other Democrats and nine Republicans against the bill. On November 10, 2015, the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 91-3, and President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 25, 2015. 2016 Budget proposal On April 30, 2015, the House voted to approve SConRes11, a congressional budget proposal for fiscal year 2016, by a vote of 226-197. The non-binding resolution was designed to create 12 appropriations bills to fund the government. All 183 Democrats who voted, including Chu, voted against the resolution. 2015 budget On October 28, 2015, the House passed HR 1314—the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015—by a vote of 266-167. The bill increased military and domestic spending levels and suspended the debt ceiling until March 2017. Chu voted with 186 Democrats and 79 Republicans in favor of the bill. It passed the Senate on October 30, 2015. President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 2, 2015. Foreign Affairs Iran nuclear deal See also: Iran nuclear agreement, 2015 On May 14, 2015, the House approved HR 1191—the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 400-25. The bill required President Barack Obama to submit the details of the nuclear deal with Iran for congressional review. Congress had 60 days to review the deal and vote to approve, disapprove, or take no action on the deal. During the review period, sanctions on Iran could not be lifted. Chu voted with 176 Democrats to approve the bill. Approval of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action On September 11, 2015, the House rejected HR 3461—To approve the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, signed at Vienna on July 14, 2015, relating to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 162-269. The legislation proposed approving the nuclear agreement with Iran. Chu voted with 161 Democrats for the bill. Suspension of Iran sanctions relief On September 11, 2015, the House approved HR 3460—To suspend until January 21, 2017, the authority of the President to waive, suspend, reduce, provide relief from, or otherwise limit the application of sanctions pursuant to an agreement related to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 247-186. HR 3460 prohibited "the President, prior to January 21, 2017, from: limiting the application of specified sanctions on Iran or refraining from applying any such sanctions; or removing a foreign person (including entities) listed in Attachments 3 or 4 to Annex II of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) from the list of designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury." Chu voted with 185 Democrats against the bill. Presidential non-compliance of section 2 On September 10, 2015, the House passed H Res 411—Finding that the President has not complied with section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 245-186. Section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 required the president to submit all materials related to the nuclear agreement for congressional review. House Republicans introduced the resolution because two agreements between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Iran were not submitted to Congress. Chu voted with 185 Democrats against the resolution. Export-Import Bank On October 27, 2015, the House passed HR 597—the Export-Import Bank Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2015—by a vote of 313-118. The bill proposed reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank and allowing it to resume offering assistance in the form of loans and insurance to foreign companies that wanted to buy U.S. goods. Chu voted with 185 Democrats and 127 Republicans in favor of the bill. Domestic USA FREEDOM Act of 2015 On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 2048—the Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015 or the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015—by a vote of 338-88. The legislation revised HR 3199—the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005—by ending the bulk collection of metadata under Sec. 215 of the act, requiring increased reporting from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and requiring the use of "a specific selection term as the basis for national security letters that request information from wire or electronic communication service providers, financial institutions, or consumer reporting agencies." Chu voted with 141 Democrats and 196 Republicans to approve the legislation. It became law on June 2, 2015. Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 36—the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act—by a vote of 242-184. The bill proposed prohibiting abortions from being performed after a fetus was determined to be 20 weeks or older. The bill proposed exceptions in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. Chu voted with 179 Democrats against the bill. Cyber security On April 23, 2015, the House passed HR 1731—the National Cybersecurity Protection Advancement Act of 2015—by a vote of 355-63. The bill proposed creating an information sharing program that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. It also proposed including liability protections for companies. Chu voted with 43 Democrats and 19 Republicans against the bill. On April 22, 2015, the House passed HR 1560—the Protecting Cyber Networks Act—by a vote of 307-116. The bill proposed procedures that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. Chu voted with 78 Democrats and 37 Republicans against the bill. Immigration On November 19, 2015, the House passed HR 4038—the American SAFE Act of 2015—by a vote of 289-137. The bill proposed instituting additional screening processes for refugees from Iraq and Syria who applied for admission to the U.S. Chu voted with 134 Democrats and two Republicans against the bill. 113th Congress The second session of the 113th Congress enacted into law 224 out of the 3215 introduced bills (7 percent). Comparatively, the 112th Congress had 4.2 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session. For more information pertaining to Chu's voting record in the 113th Congress, please see the below sections. National security NDAA Chu did not vote on HR 1960 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. The bill passed the House on June 14, 2013, with a vote of 315 - 108. Both parties were somewhat divided on the vote. DHS Appropriations Chu voted against HR 2217 - the DHS Appropriations Act of 2014. The bill passed the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 245 - 182 that was largely along party lines. CISPA (2013) Chu voted against HR 624 - the CISPA (2013). The bill passed the House on April 18, 2013, with a vote of 288 - 127. The bill permitted federal intelligence agencies to share cybersecurity intelligence and information with private entities and utilities. The bill was largely supported by Republicans, but divided the Democratic Party. Economy Farm bill On January 29, 2014, the U.S. House approved the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, H.R. 2642, known as the Farm Bill. The bill passed by a vote of 251-166. The nearly 1,000-page bill provides for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through 2018. The $1 trillion bill expanded crop insurance for farmers by $7 billion over the next decade and created new subsidies for rice and peanut growers that would kick in when prices drop. However, cuts to the food stamp program cut an average of $90 per month for 1.7 million people in 15 states. Chu voted with 102 other Democratic representatives against the bill. 2014 Budget On January 15, 2014, the Republican-run House approved H.R. 3547, a $1.1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September 30, 2014. The House voted 359-67 for the 1,582 page bill, with 64 Republicans and three Democrats voting against the bill. The omnibus package included 12 annual spending bills to fund federal operations. It included a 1 percent increase in the paychecks of federal workers and military personnel, a $1 billion increase in Head Start funding for early childhood education, reduced funding to the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, and the protection of the Affordable Care Act from any drastic cuts. Chu joined with the majority of the Democratic party and voted in favor of the bill. Government shutdown See also: United States budget debate, 2013 On September 30, 2013, the House passed a final stopgap spending bill before the shutdown went into effect. The bill included a one-year delay of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and would have also stripped the bill of federal subsidies for congressional members and staff. It passed through the House with a vote of 228-201. At 1 a.m. on October 1, 2013, one hour after the shutdown officially began, the House voted to move forward with going to a conference. In short order, Sen. Harry Reid rejected the call to conference. Chu voted against the stopgap spending bill that would have delayed the individual mandate. The shutdown ended on October 16, 2013, when the House took a vote on HR 2775 after it was approved by the Senate. The bill to reopen the government lifted the $16.7 trillion debt limit and funded the government through January 15, 2014. Federal employees also received retroactive pay for the shutdown period. The only concession made by Senate Democrats was to require income verification for Obamacare subsidies. The House passed the legislation shortly after the Senate, by a vote of 285-144, with all 144 votes against the legislation coming from Republican members. Chu voted for HR 2775. Federal Pay Adjustment Elimination Chu voted against HR 273 - Eliminates the 2013 Statutory Pay Adjustment for Federal Employees. The bill passed the House on February 15, 2013, with a vote of 261 - 154. The bill called for stopping a 0.5 percent pay increase for all federal workers from taking effect. The raises were projected to cost $11 billion over 10 years. Immigration Morton Memos Prohibition Chu voted against House Amendment 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order. The amendment was adopted by the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 224 - 201. The purpose of the amendment as stated on the official text is to "prohibit the use of funds to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce the Morton Memos." These memos would have granted administrative amnesty to certain individuals residing in the United States without legal status. The vote largely followed party lines. Healthcare Healthcare Reform Rules Chu voted against House Amendment 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The amendment was adopted by the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 227-185. The amendment requires that all changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act be approved by Congress before taking effect. The vote was largely along party lines. Social issues Abortion Chu voted against HR 1797 - Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act. The resolution passed the House on June 18, 2013, with a vote of 228 - 196 that largely followed party lines. The purpose of the bill was to ban abortions that would take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization. Previous congressional sessions Fiscal Cliff Chu voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill, which made permanent most of the Bush tax cuts originally passed in 2001 and 2003 while also raising tax rates on the highest income levels. She was 1 of 172 Democrats that voted in favor of the bill. The bill was passed in the House by a 257 - 167 vote on January 1, 2013.

Issues

American response in Syria

See also: United States involvement in Syria

On August 29, 2013, 53 House Democrats signed a letter written by California Rep. Barbara Lee that called for a congressional resolution on strikes and cautioned that the situation in Syria "should not draw us into an unwise war—especially without adhering to our constitutional requirements." The letter also called on the Obama administration to work with the U.N. Security Council “to build international consensus” condemning the alleged use of chemical weapons. Chu was one of the 53 Democrats in the House to sign the letter.

Elections

2020

See also: California's 27th Congressional District election, 2020

General election

General election for U.S. House California District 27

Incumbent Judy Chu defeated Johnny Nalbandian in the general election for U.S. House California District 27 on November 3, 2020.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Judy Chu (D)	69.8	221,411
		Johnny Nalbandian (R)	30.2	95,907

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	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 317,318
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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 27

Incumbent Judy Chu and Johnny Nalbandian defeated Beatrice Cardenas and Christian Daly in the primary for U.S. House California District 27 on March 3, 2020.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Judy Chu (D)	70.9	117,724
✔		Johnny Nalbandian (R)	13.4	22,300
		Beatrice Cardenas (R)	11.7	19,449
		Christian Daly (Independent)	3.9	6,504

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	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 165,977
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2018

See also: California's 27th Congressional District election, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House California District 27

Incumbent Judy Chu defeated Bryan Witt in the general election for U.S. House California District 27 on November 6, 2018.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Judy Chu (D)	79.2	160,504
		Bryan Witt (D)	20.8	42,132

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	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source	Total votes: 202,636
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Nonpartisan primary election

Nonpartisan primary for U.S. House California District 27

Incumbent Judy Chu and Bryan Witt advanced from the primary for U.S. House California District 27 on June 5, 2018.

		Candidate	%	Votes
✔		Judy Chu (D)	83.5	86,932
✔		Bryan Witt (D)	16.5	17,186

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	Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified.	Total votes: 104,118
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

• Brian Espinoza (L)

2016

See also: California's 27th Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Judy Chu (D) defeated Jack Orswell (R) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Chuc and Orswell defeated Tim Sweeney (Independent) in the top-two primary on June 7, 2016.

U.S. House, California District 27 General Election, 2016
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Judy Chu Incumbent	67.4%	168,977
	Republican	Jack Orswell	32.6%	81,655
Total Votes				250,632
Source: California Secretary of State

U.S. House, California District 27 Primary, 2016
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Judy Chu Incumbent	66.2%	93,204
	Republican	Jack Orswell	28.1%	39,574
	Independent	Tim Sweeney	5.7%	8,063
Total Votes				140,841
Source: California Secretary of State

2014

See also: California's 27th Congressional District elections, 2014

Chu won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. She and Jack Orswell (R) advanced past the blanket primary on June 3, 2014, unopposed. Chu went on to defeat Orswell in the general election on November 4, 2014.

U.S. House, California District 27 General Election, 2014
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Judy Chu Incumbent	59.4%	75,728
	Republican	Jack Orswell	40.6%	51,852
Total Votes				127,580
Source: California Secretary of State

2012

See also: California's 27th Congressional District elections, 2012

Chu won re-election in the 2012 election for the U.S. House, representing California's 27th District as a Democrat. She was displaced from her former district, the 32nd, by redistricting. She and Jack Orswell (R) advanced past the blanket primary on June 5, 2012, defeating Bob Duran (R). Chu then defeated Orswell in the general election on November 6, 2012.

U.S. House, California District 27 General Election, 2012
Party		Candidate	Vote %	Votes
	Democratic	Judy Chu Incumbent	64%	154,191
	Republican	Jack Orswell	36%	86,817
Total Votes				241,008
Source: California Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"

U.S. House, California District 27 Open Primary, 2012
Candidate	Vote %	Votes
Judy Chu (D) Incumbent	57.8%	50,203
Jack Orswell (R)	24%	20,868
Bob Duran (R)	18.2%	15,819
Total Votes		86,890

Full history

To view the full congressional electoral history for Judy Chu, click [show] to expand the section.

2010 On November 2, 2010, Judy Chu won election to the United States House. She defeated Edward Schmerling (R) in the general election. U.S. House, California District 32 General Election, 2010 Party Candidate Vote % Votes      Democratic Judy Chu incumbent 71% 77,759      Republican Edward Schmerling 29% 31,697 Total Votes 109,456 2009 On July 14, 2009, Judy Chu won election to the United States House. She defeated Betty Chu (R), Christopher Agrella (L) and Eleanor Garcia (I) in the special election. U.S. House, California District 32 Special Election, 2009 Party Candidate Vote % Votes      Democratic Judy Chu 61.9% 16,194      Republican Betty Chu 33% 8,630      Libertarian Christopher Agrella 5.2% 1,356      Independent Eleanor Garcia 0% 2 Total Votes 26,182

Campaign themes

2020

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

Judy Chu did not complete Ballotpedia's 2020 Candidate Connection survey.

2014

Chu's campaign website listed the following issues:

Jobs and the Economy Excerpt: "Since being elected to Congress in the midst of one of the worst economic crises in our nation's history, Judy Chu has maintained a laser-like focus on creating jobs, stimulating economic development and assisting small businesses to not only survive, but to thrive as we emerge from the Great Recession." Healthcare Excerpt: "Judy Chu is proud to have cast her vote in favor of the historic Affordable Care Act, the most sweeping reform to our nation’s health care system since the passage of Medicare in the 1960s." Education Excerpt: "Having taught for twenty years in the Los Angeles Community College system before coming to Congress, Judy Chu knows firsthand about the challenge every schoolteacher faces while balancing quality education with shrinking budgets." Transportation Excerpt: "The San Gabriel Valley has six major freeways cutting through its geographical boundaries. And because of the area's tremendous population growth, most of those freeways have reached their capacity and are jammed with commuters during peak hours." Environment and Clean Energy Excerpt: "Congresswoman Chu continues to fight to protect our environment by supporting clean-up efforts of our local air and water resources. She is standing up against attempts by the majority in Congress to undo the Clean Air and Water Acts, and is a big proponent of clean and renewable energy, which not only helps us become more energy independent, but also creates new jobs."

Presidential preference

2020

See also: Presidential election in California, 2020 and Democratic National Convention, 2020

Chu endorsed Joe Biden (D) in the 2020 presidential election.

2016

See also: Presidential election in California, 2016 and Democratic National Convention, 2016

Chu endorsed Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election.

Campaign donors

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Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

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Judy Chu campaign contribution history
Year	Office	Result	Contributions
2018	U.S. House California District 27	✔	$1,383,649
2016	U.S. House, California District 27	✔	$1,170,050
2014	U.S. House (California, District 27)	✔	$1,168,164
2012	U.S. House California District 27	✔	$1,468,072
2010	U.S. House California District 32	✔	$2,503,421
Grand total raised			$7,693,356
Source: Follow the Money

2018

U.S. House California District 27 2018 election - Campaign Contributions
Top industry contributors to Judy Chu's campaign in 2018
Labor	$157,700.00
Finance, Insurance & Real Estate	$125,700.00
Health	$105,400.00
Communications & Electronics	$62,550.00
General Business	$37,725.00
Total Raised in 2018	$1,383,649.20
Source: Follow the Money

2020

U.S. House California District 27 2020 election - Campaign Contributions
Top individual contributors to Judy Chu's campaign in 2020
Unitemized	$32,641.00
DILFER, JACKY	$10,600.00
YIP, FELIX	$10,100.00
ENOMOTO, MICHAEL	$10,100.00
Northrop Grumman	$10,000.00
American Federation of State/Cnty/Munic Employees	$10,000.00
Sheet Metal, Air, Rail & Transportation Union	$10,000.00
National Education Assn	$10,000.00
American Federation of Teachers	$10,000.00
National Assn of Realtors	$10,000.00
Total Raised in 2020	$655,820.91
Total Spent	$260,218.50
Source: Follow the Money

2018

U.S. House California District 27 2018 election - Campaign Contributions
Top individual contributors to Judy Chu's campaign in 2018
WALTERS, WILLIAM	$5,400.00
CLEM, JOHN	$5,400.00
ROMERO, EVIE	$5,400.00
CHEN, HUO	$5,200.00
DONG, EDWARD	$5,200.00
Total Raised in 2018	$1,383,649.20
Source: Follow the Money

2016

Chu won re-election to the U.S. House in 2016. During that election cycle, Chu's campaign committee raised a total of $1,170,050 and spent $791,963. This is less than the average $1.46 million spent by U.S. House winners in 2016.

Cost per vote

Chu spent $4.69 per general election vote received in 2016.

U.S. House, California District 27, 2016 - Judy Chu Campaign Contributions
Total Raised	$1,170,050
Total Spent	$791,963
Total Raised by Election Runner-up	$186,166
Total Spent by Election Runner-up	$184,941
Top contributors to Judy Chu's campaign committee
American Federation of Teachers	$10,000
Arrow United Investment	$10,000
Intl Brotherhood of Electrical Workers	$10,000
Machinists/Aerospace Workers Union	$10,000
National Education Assn	$10,000
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Real Estate	$59,000
Lawyers/Law Firms	$57,700
Public Sector Unions	$48,500
Health Professionals	$47,850
TV/Movies/Music	$36,000
Source: Open Secrets

2014

Chu won re-election to the U.S. House in 2014. During that election cycle, Chu's campaign committee raised a total of $1,168,164 and spent $737,543. This is less than the average $1.45 million spent by House winners in 2014.

Cost per vote

Chu spent $9.74 per general election vote received in 2014.

U.S. House, California District 27, 2014 - Judy Chu Campaign Contributions
Total Raised	$1,168,164
Total Spent	$737,543
Total Raised by Election Runner-up	$166,341
Total Spent by Election Runner-up	$159,258
Top contributors to Judy Chu's campaign committee
Intl Alliance Theatrical Stage Employees	$15,000
Advanced Diagnostic & Surgery Ctr	$13,000
Great Far East	$10,400
American Crystal Sugar	$10,000
Carpenters & Joiners Union	$10,000
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms	$53,040
TV/Movies/Music	$48,200
Misc Unions	$44,750
Health Professionals	$42,585
Real Estate	$38,900

To view the breakdown of campaign funding by type click [show] to expand the section.
Breakdown of the source of Chu's campaign funds before the 2014 election.

Below are Chu's FEC reports.

Judy Chu (2014) Campaign Finance Reports
Report	Date Filed	Beginning Balance	Total Contributions for Reporting Period	Expenditures	Cash on Hand
April Quarterly	April 15, 2013	$1,256,637.83	$73,487.10	$(67,084.84)	$1,262,940.09
July Quarterly	July 15, 2013	$1,262,940.09	$78,394.00	$(75,980.40)	$1,265,353.69
October Quarterly	October 15, 2013	$1,265,353.69	$143,477.00	$(74,952.36)	$1,333,878.33
Year-End	January 31, 2014	$1,333,878	$241,976	$(97,365)	$1,478,489
April Quarterly	April 15, 2014	$1,478,489	$82,460	$(87,755)	$1,473,195
Pre-Primary	May 22, 2014	$1,473,195	$50,368	$(31,358)	$1,492,204
July Quarterly	July 14, 2014	$1,492,204	$35,860	$(39,822)	$1,488,241
October Quarterly	October 15, 2014	$1,488,241	$303,443	$(126,910)	$1,664,774
			Running totals
			$1,009,465.1	$(601,227.6)

2012

Chu won re-election to the U.S. House in 2012. During that election cycle, Chu's campaign committee raised a total of $1,468,072 and spent $803,348. This is less than the average $1.5 million spent by House winners in 2012.

Cost per vote

Chu spent $5.21 per vote received in 2012.

U.S. House, California District 27, 2012 - Judy Chu Campaign Contributions
Total Raised	$1,468,072
Total Spent	$803,348
Total Raised by Election Runner-up	$169,289
Total Spent by Election Runner-up	$169,289
Top contributors to Judy Chu's campaign committee
American Postal Workers Union	$10,000
Carpenters & Joiners Union	$10,000
Communications Workers of America	$10,000
Edison International	$10,000
Ironworkers Union	$10,000
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Lawyers/Law Firms	$63,033
Building Trade Unions	$49,500
Public Sector Unions	$48,000
TV/Movies/Music	$40,550
Industrial Unions	$38,500

To view the breakdown of campaign funding by type click [show] to expand the section.
Breakdown of the source of Chu's campaign funds before the 2012 election.

2010

Chu won re-election to the U.S. House in 2010. During that election cycle, Chu's campaign committee raised a total of $2,503,421 and spent $1,860,357.

Her top five contributors between 2009-2010 were:

U.S. House, California District 32, 2010 - Judy Chu Campaign Contributions
Total Raised	$2,503,421
Total Spent	$1,860,357
Total Raised by General Election Opponent	$0
Total Spent by General Election Opponent	$0
Top contributors to Judy Chu's campaign committee
Service Employees International Union	$22,750
American Federation of Teachers	$20,000
Carpenters & Joiners Union	$20,000
Machinists/Aerospace Workers Union	$20,000
United Steelworkers	$20,000
Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
Health Professionals	$193,185
Lawyers/Law Firms	$116,025
Building Trade Unions	$107,300
Real Estate	$90,600
Public Sector Unions	$82,000

To view the breakdown of campaign funding by type click [show] to expand the section.
Breakdown of the source of Chu's campaign funds before the 2010 election.

Personal Gain Index

See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

• Changes in Net Worth
• The Donation Concentration Metric

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Chu's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $1,075,039 and $3,349,999. That averages to $2,212,519, which is lower than the average net worth of Democratic representatives in 2012 of $5,700,168.36. Chu ranked as the 142nd most wealthy representative in 2012. Between 2008 and 2012, Chu's calculated net worth increased by an average of 539 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.

Judy Chu Yearly Net Worth
Year	Average Net Worth
2008	$98,114
2012	$2,212,519
Growth from 2008 to 2012:	2,155%
Average annual growth:	539%
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.

The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Chu received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Health Professionals industry.

From 2009-2014, 20.53 percent of Chu's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.

Judy Chu Campaign Contributions
Total Raised	$4,676,266
Total Spent	$3,138,024
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Health Professionals	$259,120
Lawyers/Law Firms	$216,048
Building Trade Unions	$184,800
Public Sector Unions	$158,000
Real Estate	$142,300
% total in top industry	5.54%
% total in top two industries	10.16%
% total in top five industries	20.53%

Analysis

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Chu was a far-left Democrat as of July 2014. This was the same rating Chu received in June 2013.

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.

Chu most often votes with:

• Mark Pocan
• Chris Gibson

Chu least often votes with:

• Jim Matheson
• Randy Weber

Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Chu missed 140 of 4,422 roll call votes from July 2009 to September 2015. This amounted to 3.2 percent, which was higher than the median of 2.2 percent among representatives as of September 2015.

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Chu paid her congressional staff a total of $885,521 in 2011. She ranked 23rd on the list of the lowest paid Democratic representative staff salaries and ranked 126th overall of the lowest paid representative staff salaries in 2011. Overall, California ranked 5th in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.

National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year. Click the link above for the full ratings of all members of Congress.

2013

Chu tied for 1st in the liberal rankings in 2013.

2012

Chu ranked 55th in the liberal rankings in 2012.

2011

Chu was 1 of 19 members of congress who ranked 1st in the liberal rankings in 2011.

Voting with party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Chu voted with the Democratic Party 95.8 percent of the time, which ranked 9th among the 204 House Democratic members as of July 2014.

2013

Chu voted with the Democratic Party 97.0 percent of the time, which ranked 23rd among the 201 House Democratic members as of June 2013.

Personal

Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.
Chu has a husband, Mike Eng.

See also

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U.S. House California District 27

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Footnotes

Political offices
Preceded by -	U.S. House California District 27 2013-Present	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	U.S. House California District 32 2009-2013	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	California State Assembly 2001-2006	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	Monterey Park City Council 1988-2001	Succeeded by -
Preceded by -	Board of Education Garvey School District 1985-1988	Succeeded by -

[show]

California's current delegation to the United States Congress

Senators

Dianne Feinstein (D)

Alex Padilla (D)

Representatives

District 1

Doug LaMalfa (R)

District 2

Jared Huffman (D)

District 3

John Garamendi (D)

District 4

Tom McClintock (R)

District 5

Mike Thompson (D)

District 6

Doris Matsui (D)

District 7

Ami Bera (D)

District 8

Jay Obernolte (R)

District 9

Jerry McNerney (D)

District 10

Josh Harder (D)

District 11

Mark DeSaulnier (D)

District 12

Nancy Pelosi (D)

District 13

Barbara Lee (D)

District 14

Jackie Speier (D)

District 15

Eric Swalwell (D)

District 16

Jim Costa (D)

District 17

Ro Khanna (D)

District 18

Anna Eshoo (D)

District 19

Zoe Lofgren (D)

District 20

Jimmy Panetta (D)

District 21

David Valadao (R)

District 22

Vacant

District 23

Kevin McCarthy (R)

District 24

Salud Carbajal (D)

District 25

Mike Garcia (R)

District 26

Julia Brownley (D)

District 27

Judy Chu (D)

District 28

Adam Schiff (D)

District 29

Tony Cárdenas (D)

District 30

Brad Sherman (D)

District 31

Pete Aguilar (D)

District 32

Grace Napolitano (D)

District 33

Ted Lieu (D)

District 34

Jimmy Gomez (D)

District 35

Norma Torres (D)

District 36

Raul Ruiz (D)

District 37

Karen Bass (D)

District 38

Linda Sánchez (D)

District 39

Young Kim (R)

District 40

Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)

District 41

Mark Takano (D)

District 42

Ken Calvert (R)

District 43

Maxine Waters (D)

District 44

Nanette Barragán (D)

District 45

Katie Porter (D)

District 46

Lou Correa (D)

District 47

Alan Lowenthal (D)

District 48

Michelle Steel (R)

District 49

Mike Levin (D)

District 50

Darrell Issa (R)

District 51

Juan Vargas (D)

District 52

Scott Peters (D)

District 53

Sara Jacobs (D)

Democratic Party (44)

Republican Party (10)

Vacancies (1)