Conflicts in 2024 state legislative primaries
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In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers and 7,386 state legislative seats. In November 2024, 86 state legislative chambers in 44 states held general elections.
This page provides an overview of conflicts between members of the same party that unfolded during the 2024 primaries and pays special attention to conflicts that reflected broader intraparty legislative disputes during states' legislative sessions. For more information about the state legislative primaries and general elections, see the following pages:
- State legislative Democratic primaries, 2024
- State legislative Republican primaries, 2024
- State legislative elections, 2024
On this page, you will find summaries of intraparty conflicts in state legislative primaries, a list of state legislative leaders defeated in primaries, and summaries of each relevant primary.
Intraparty conflicts in 2024 primaries
Ballotpedia identified seven chamber-wide intraparty conflicts in five states' legislative primaries in 2024. Each conflict occurred in a Republican-controlled legislative chamber. Click on the chambers below to read more about the conflicts in each primary.
There were nine contested Republican primaries for the Missouri Senate on August 6, 2024. An incumbent ran in two of those primaries, and seven of those primaries were open, meaning an incumbent did not seek re-election in those districts.
Ballotpedia identified the Republican primaries in Districts 3, 15, 21, 23, and 27 as battleground primaries, all but two of which were for open seats. The Missouri Senate had the most turnover since the state implemented term-limits in 2002. Of the nine members leaving the chamber in 2024, six left due to term limits. Three of those six senators—Sen. Bill Eigel (R), Sen. Denny Hoskins (R), and Sen. Andrew Koenig (R)—were members of the Missouri Freedom Caucus.[1] Of the two other members of the Senate who formally identified as Freedom Caucus members, Sen. Rick Brattin (R) advanced from the Republican primary in District 31, and Sen. Nick Schroer's seat was not up for election.
The 2024 primaries took place in the context of a conflict among Senate Republicans over the future of the party. According to Jonathan Shorman and Kacen Bayless of The Kansas City Star, two groups of Republican senators "have grown more divided this session after senators announced the formation of the new Freedom Caucus with backing from the national States Freedom Caucus."[2] Several Senate Republicans who were not members of the Freedom Caucus criticized the group for their use of the filibuster after the Freedom Caucus filibustered approval of the chamber's journal, a committee referral increasing threshold requirements for initiative petitions to qualify for the ballot, approval of a new congressional map, and the state's budget.[3][4][5]
Following the Caucus' January filibuster of a bill that increased requirements for initiative petitions to qualify for the ballot, President Pro Tempore Caleb Rowden (R) removed four Republican senators who identified with the Freedom Caucus from their committee chairmanships.[3] In explaining why he removed caucus members from their chairmanships, Rowden criticized the caucus' filibuster efforts and said they made it too hard for the Senate to pass legislation. Rowden said, "They [filibustered] repeatedly, day after day for two weeks, basically...It became necessary for us to do something that would indicate that we’re not going to let four guys run the place; it’s just not how this works."[6]
Several members of the Freedom Caucus, including Sen. Bill Eigel (R), said Republicans outside of the Freedom Caucus, including Rowden, opposed the caucus because he believed they tried to preserve power. Eigel said, "It’s never been about policy for them. It’s been about individuals trying to preserve power at the expense of what we believe are the issues that Republicans sent us to Jefferson City for."[7]
Missouri was, at the time of the election, one of 23 states with a Republican trifecta. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.
The Missouri State Senate was one of 85 state legislative chambers with elections in 2024. There are 99 chambers throughout the country.There were 29 Republican primaries for the Ohio House of Representatives on March 19, 2024. An incumbent ran in 19 of those primaries. Five incumbents lost in the primaries, the most since at least 2012.
The 2024 elections took place in the context of a conflict within the House Republican caucus over the election of a speaker. After Republicans won a 67-32 margin in the 2022 elections, 22 Republicans joined with all 32 Democrats to elect Jason Stephens (R) speaker over the winner of the Republican caucus' internal vote, Derek Merrin (R). The Ohio Republican Party's central committee voted to censure all 22 House Republicans who voted for Stephens following his election.[8]
The 2024 legislative elections had 29 contested Republican primaries, the most in any year since 2018. Nineteen incumbents—more than one-third of those seeking re-election—faced primary challengers compared to 12 in 2018. This was the highest rate at which incumbent Ohio House Republicans faced primary challenges since at least 2012.
In the five election cycles between 2014 and 2022, 13.7% of Ohio House Republicans facing contested primaries lost re-election. The highest rate of incumbent defeats was 16.7% in 2020 and 2016 while the lowest was 8.3% in 2018. In 2024, 26.3% of incumbents facing contested primaries lost re-election—just under twice the average rate for the preceding decade.
Ohio was, at the time of the 2024 election, one of 23 states with a Republican trifecta. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.There were 19 Republican primaries for the Tennessee House of Representatives on August 1, 2024. An incumbent ran in 13 of those primaries. Two incumbents—Patsy Hazlewood (R) and John Ragan (R)—lost their primaries.
The 2024 elections took place in the context of a conflict among House Republicans over a proposal to expand Tennessee's school voucher program. In the 2024 legislative session, Gov. Bill Lee (R) supported a proposal allowing all Tennessee families with school-age children access to vouchers to be applied towards the cost of private school.
The bill did not advance to a final vote before the end of the session owing to differences between the House and Senate drafts in what Chalkbeat described as "one of the biggest defeats of [Lee's] administration, now in its second term."[9] According to the Tennessee Lookout, with the legislature out of session until 2025, the primaries "are the next frontier in the debate over whether state lawmakers should adopt a universal plan to provide parents with $7,200 in cash to subsidize private school tuition."[10]
Ballotpedia identified 13 of the 19 contested Republican primaries as battlegrounds. All 13 featured $10,000 or more in spending from the nine Tennessee groups Ballotpedia identified as having a recent record of advocacy on school voucher-related issues. Nine also had competitive fundraising among the candidates where no single candidate raised more than two-thirds of the total fundraising across the entire candidate field. Gov. Bill Lee (R) endorsed eight candidates in contested primaries, including four candidates running in battleground primaries. Click here for more information on battleground primaries and here for more information on Lee's endorsements.
The 2024 legislative elections had 19 contested Republican primaries compared to 20 in 2022 and 19 in 2020. Thirteen of those primaries had an incumbent on the ballot compared to seven in 2022 and 14 in 2020. There were the same number of incumbents defeated (two) as in 2022. In the 2020 primaries, three incumbents were defeated.
Tennessee was, at the time of the election, one of 23 states with a Republican trifecta. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.
For more information on the November general elections for the Tennessee House, click here.There were eight Republican primaries for the Tennessee State Senate on August 1, 2024. An incumbent ran in seven of those primaries. Two incumbents—Jon Lundberg (R) and Frank Niceley (R)—lost in the primaries.
The 2024 elections took place in the context of a conflict among House Republicans over a proposal to expand Tennessee's school voucher program. In the 2024 legislative session, Gov. Bill Lee (R) supported a proposal allowing all Tennessee families with school-age children access to vouchers to be applied towards the cost of private school.
The bill did not advance to a final vote before the end of the session owing to differences between the House and Senate drafts in what Chalkbeat described as "one of the biggest defeats of [Lee's] administration, now in its second term."[11] According to the Tennessee Lookout, with the legislature out of session until 2025, the primaries "are the next frontier in the debate over whether state lawmakers should adopt a universal plan to provide parents with $7,200 in cash to subsidize private school tuition."[12]
Ballotpedia identified the Republican primaries in Districts 2, 4, 8, and 18 as battlegrounds. Three primaries featured an incumbent and a single challenger. The fourth was for an open seat. All four battlegrounds featured $50,000 or more in spending from nine groups Ballotpedia identified as having a recent history of advocacy related to school vouchers. Gov. Bill Lee (R) endorsed a candidate in four contested primaries, including two battleground primaries. Click here for more on the four battleground primaries and here for more on Bill Lee's endorsements.
The 2024 legislative elections had eight contested Republican primaries compared to four in both 2022 and 2020. Seven of those primaries had an incumbent on the ballot compared to three in both 2022 and 2020. This was the first election cycle since 2014 where an incumbent lost in the primaries.
Tennessee was, at the time of the election, one of 23 states with a Republican trifecta. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.
For more information on the November general elections for the Tennessee Senate, click here.Fifty-nine contested Republican primaries for the Texas House of Representatives took place on March 5, 2024. Forty-six of those (78.0%) involved incumbents facing primary challengers. Of those, 29 incumbents (63.0%) advanced to the general election, eight (17.4%) advanced to the May 28, 2024, primary runoffs, and nine (19.6%) lost to challengers. This was the largest number of incumbent defeats since 2012, when 10 House Republicans lost in the primaries. Click here for more on the May 28 Republican primary runoffs.
The 2024 legislative elections were Texas' most competitive since at least 2012. Forty-six incumbents—more than half of House Republicans seeking re-election (59.7%)—faced primary challengers in 2024. The previous high was 37 in 2012.
If all eight incumbents lost their runoffs, 37% of all contested incumbents would have been defeated. This would have been a decade high, with 2014 following at 30% of contested Republicans defeated. In the five election cycles between 2014 and 2022, 16.3% of Texas House Republicans facing contested primaries lost re-election.
The 2024 elections took place in the context of two votes in 2023 that divided the House GOP caucus.
One was the impeachment of Attorney General Ken Paxton (R). The House voted 121-23 to impeach Paxton. Sixty Republicans joined with 61 Democrats in support of impeachment.[13] Paxton had endorsed three incumbents who voted against impeachment and one incumbent who voted for impeachment as well as 35 challengers to Republican incumbents who voted for impeachment.[14] Click here for more on the impeachment.
In the other, the caucus split over removing a provision for school vouchers from an education bill. The vote removing the provision for school vouchers passed 84-63, with 21 Republicans joining 63 Democrats to remove vouchers.[15][16] Gov. Greg Abbott (R) supported the measure and said he would oppose legislators who voted against it.[17] Abbott had endorsed all 59 Republican incumbents who voted in favor of the proposal and ran for re-election. Abbott had endorsed 10 challengers to incumbents who voted against school vouchers.[18]
Of the eight incumbents defeated in the March 5 primaries, seven (87.5%) voted in favor of impeaching Paxton and six (75.0%) voted against the voucher proposal Abbott supported. No incumbent who both voted against impeaching Paxton and in favor of the Abbott-supported voucher proposal lost in a March 5 primary.
In general, Abbott's endorsements were more successful than Paxton's. Abbott had endorsed all 59 Republican incumbents who voted in favor of the school voucher proposal and ran for re-election. He also endorsed 10 challengers to incumbents who voted against school vouchers.[19] Five of those challengers won their primary, three advanced to a primary runoff, and two lost their primary.[20]
Paxton endorsed three incumbents who voted against impeachment and one incumbent who voted for impeachment as well as 35 challengers to Republican incumbents who voted for impeachment.[14] Seven of those challengers won their primary, seven advanced to a primary runoff, and 21 lost their primary.[20]
Paxton and former President Donald Trump (R) endorsed David Covey (R), who challenged House Speaker Dade Phelan (R) in the primary.[21] On February 10, 2024, the Texas Republican Party had voted to censure Phelan. The resolution of censure mentioned Phelan's vote for Paxton's impeachment and support for the impeachment process as two of the five counts against him.[22] Phelan and Covey headed to the primary runoff, the first for a house speaker since 1972.[20]
Other notable incumbents defeated or forced into runoffs by endorsed challengers included committee chairs DeWayne Burns, Stephanie Klick, John Kuempel, and Reggie Smith.[20]
Of the 34 battleground districts Ballotpedia identified, 18 had incumbents who advanced from their primary, eight had incumbents who lost their primary, seven resulted in primary runoffs, and one was open, meaning no incumbents ran for re-election. To learn more about the battleground elections, click here.
As of the 2024 election, Texas was one of 23 Republican trifectas. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.There were 42 contested primaries for the Wyoming House of Representatives on August 20, 2024. An incumbent ran in 33 of those primaries, and nine of those primaries were open, meaning an incumbent did not seek re-election in those districts.
Ballotpedia identified the Republican primaries in districts 7, 9, 24, 30, 43, 50, and 57 as battleground primaries. The primaries in districts 24 and 30 were for open seats, while incumbents faced primary challengers in districts 7, 9, 43, 50, and 57.
The 2024 elections took place in the context of a conflict among House Republicans. While 57 of 62 House members were Republican, 26 voted with the Freedom Caucus, and 12 officially identified with the Freedom Caucus.[23][24] This was a significant increase from 2017 when just five members identified with the Freedom Caucus. According to the Cowboy State Daily's Leo Wolfson, "While Republicans have a supermajority in Wyoming, there’s a growing division between the Freedom Caucus and others in the party who say they’re too far right. Conversely, members of the Freedom Caucus have said these more centrist Republicans as being 'liberals' and couch them as adversaries who side with Democrats. There are 25-26 Republican members of the Wyoming House who are politically aligned with the Freedom Caucus. That leaves about 31 other Republicans and the five Democrats. Based on those numbers, the Freedom Caucus could gain as few as three seats to claim a majority of the Republican seats in the House. It would have to gain at least five or six seats to take a full majority."[25]
According to WyoFile's Maya Shimizu Harris, "In recent years, Republicans in Wyoming’s GOP-dominated Legislature have calcified into two distinct factions. That’s particularly the case in the House of Representatives where, last year, a group of lawmakers called the Wyoming Freedom Caucus staked their claim after partnering with a Washington, D.C.-based organization — the State Freedom Caucus Network — that aims to establish similar groups across the nation.... The partnership provides the group with a state director — Jessica Rubino, the spouse of Secretary of State Chief Policy Officer and Hageman nephew Joe Rubino — to research bills and provide vote recommendations."[23]
Over the past two years, the Wyoming Freedom Caucus has supported legislation to lower taxes, eliminate gun-free zones, ban abortions, ensure the state has closed primaries, and prohibit certain medical procedures for minors.[23][26][27][28][29] Because two-thirds of the chamber must approve measures for them to be included in the budget, the Freedom Caucus had sufficient numbers to block measures from being proposed in the budget.
Freedom Caucus chairman Rep. John Bear (R) said the group "will not be deterred from exposing waste at all levels of government, nor the loss of our society’s moral compass by so many in the name of progress. It is what our voters sent us to Cheyenne to do."[30][31]
Freedom Caucus opponents formed a group called the Wyoming Caucus. State Rep. Clark Stith (R), a member of the Wyoming Caucus, said, "The most striking feature of the House Freedom Caucus this last session was they were voting in lockstep in accordance with text-message instructions that they would receive...The interesting effect of that is that it, to some extent, forced the remaining members of the House to become slightly more organized."
Some Democratic representatives expressed alignment with the Wyoming Caucus during budget negotiations. Rep. Karlee Provenza (D) said, "Team Wyoming and the Democrats were voting on how to spend government money to benefit the people of Wyoming, knowing that some money has to be spent. The other side doesn’t think any money should be spent on anything and that churches and private organizations should save us."[32]There were 11 contested Republican primaries for the Wyoming State Senate that took place on August 20, 2024. Ballotpedia identified eight of those primaries as battlegrounds. Click here for a breakdown of the individual battleground primaries.
The primaries took place in the context of disagreements between two legislative caucuses. According to WyoFile, the state Republican Party was, at the time of the election, "divided between traditionalist and hard-line factions," with the Wyoming Caucus representing the former and the Wyoming Freedom Caucus representing the latter. Since its founding, the Wyoming Freedom Caucus "managed to push through measures that initially appeared destined to die, such as legislation to restrict crossover voting and an abortion ban that’s now held up in court."[33]
Wyoming's 2024 legislative primaries were more competitive than any in the preceding decade. There were the highest numbers of contested Republican primaries (54), Republican candidates running (141), and contested primaries involving Republican incumbents (41) than in any year since at least 2010. Click here for more details on primary election competitiveness.
The Prosperity and Commerce PAC, associated with Gov. Mark Gordon (R), and the Wyoming Hope PAC supported candidates aligned with the Wyoming Caucus.[34][35] Former state legislator Allen Jaggi's (R) Constitutional Issues PAC supported candidates aligned with the Wyoming Freedom Caucus.[36]
The eight primaries Ballotpedia identified as battlegrounds included two elections where Wyoming Caucus-aligned and Wyoming Freedom Caucus-aligned candidates ran for open seats. The six battlegrounds with an incumbent on the ballot included four where the incumbent faced a Wyoming Caucus-aligned challenger and two where the incumbent faced a Wyoming Freedom Caucus-aligned challenger.
All six incumbents running in battleground districts won their primaries. The Wyoming Freedom Caucus-aligned candidate won both battleground primaries without an incumbent on the ballot.
As of August 18, 2024, Republicans controlled the Wyoming Senate with a 29-2 majority. Fifteen seats were up for election. A Democratic candidate filed to run in three of those seats, meaning Republicans maintained their Senate majority regardless of the election outcome.
As of the 2024 election, Wyoming was one of 23 Republican trifectas. A state government trifecta is a term used to describe a single-party government where one political party holds the governor's office and a majority in both chambers of the state legislature.State legislative leaders defeated in primaries
Five state legislative leaders lost primaries in 2024. Three legislative leaders who were defeated in primaries were Republican state senators, and two were Democratic House members. One Republican served as president, one as president pro tempore, one as majority leader, and two Democrats served as house speakers.
First elected in 2003, Longhurst had served as Delaware's speaker of the House from 2023-2024.[37] Longhurst was previously the House Majority Whip from 2008-2012 and the House Majority Leader from 2012-2023.[37] Longhurst lost the Democratic primary to Kamela Smith (D) 53.3%-46.7%. During the primary, Longhurst's campaign website said, "Representative Valerie Longhurst has been diligently serving members of the 15th District since 2004 and has been instrumental in passing important, impactful legislation in various policy areas, including: mental and behavioral Health, quality public education, public safety and criminal justice reform, environment and energy, economic empowerment, health and quality of life, [and] women’s issues."[38]
Delaware Online's Shane Brennan said, "Voter turnout was consistently slow. Signs and workers representing state house representative candidates were not as common or visible as candidates for Wilmington, New Castle County and governor races."[39][40] Smith was endorsed by the Working Families Party during the primary, and said, "Once I’m in Dover, I’ll be pushing for government transparency, better education, health care, and housing, and the investments in our people that they deserve."[41][39]First elected in 1994, Saiki had served as Hawaii's speaker of the House since May 2017. Saiki was previously the House majority leader from 2013-2017. Saiki lost the Democratic primary to Kim Coco Iwamoto (D) 49.3%-44.6%.[42] During the campaign, Saiki's campaign website said, "When I think about the future for Hawaiʻi, I think about how we can create a more affordable Hawaiʻi. I believe that we need to address the root causes of why so many local families struggle: cost of living, housing that can be affordable for all, and public safety so that our ʻohana can thrive."[43]
Spectrum News' Michael Tsai said local media expected a close race between Saiki and Iwamoto after the two candidates had competed against each other in the previous two election years. Tsai said, "Saiki had defeated Iwamoto by less than 200 votes in each of the last two elections...Iwamoto, an attorney and former state Board of Education member, previously fell short in races for state Senate District 13 and lieutenant governor in 2018. With her win on Saturday, she becomes the first transgender woman elected to the state Legislature."- See also: Idaho State Senate elections, 2024
First elected in 2008, Winder had served as Idaho's senate president pro tempore since December 2020.[44] Winder lost the Republican primary to Josh Keyser (R) 52.3%–47.7%. Winder ran on his experience, with his campaign website quoting an editorial describing the incumbent as a "force of stability...a true conservative," saying Winder had "stepped up to oppose extremism while many others have remained silent."[45] Keyser ran as a political outsider, saying he would "offer a fresh perspective to help navigate the complex challenges we face in our beautiful state."[46]
Idaho media identified Winder's opposition to the Idaho Freedom Caucus as an element in his defeat. Ahead of the 2024 legislative session, Winder removed two caucus members from committee leadership positions and disciplined a third, saying the members had posted content on social media that was defamatory to fellow legislative Republicans. Following the removal, the Republican Party of Ada County—Idaho's largest county—censured Winder.[47] In an interview with the Idaho Press, Winder said his opposition to the affiliated Idaho Freedom Foundation was a factor in his defeat.[48]- See also: Oklahoma State Senate elections, 2024
First elected in 2016, McCortney had served as Oklahoma's senate majority leader since October 2021 and was selected earlier in 2024 to serve as president pro tempore after the 2024 elections.[49][50] McCortney lost the Republican primary to Jonathan Wingard (R) 51.8%–48.2%. McCortney said he was running "to continue working for the things that make our area truly special things [sic] like our conservative values, strong schools, an improved economy, protecting our natural resources and promoting agriculture and energy."[51] Wingard ran on his military experience and values, saying he would "fight for you as a conservative, value-driven Oklahoman...It is my honor and privilege to ask you to join me as we fight the good fight of faith, freedom and rights."[52]
KFOR political analyst Mike Turpen said the earlier timing of the 2024 legislative primaries as well as McCortney's business as a legislative leader were factors in the election because they left the incumbent with less time to campaign: "Everybody’s telling me this move, moving the election up a week… It cost him and others the ability to go campaign at home...And that was critical time lost on the campaign trail."[53] In an interview with KGOU, political science professor and district resident Christine Pappas said the results were a surprise: "It just kind of seemed like a regular old campaign where you expect the incumbent to win with 65%, 70% of the vote. And it was just quite shocking to see the outcome, which had Wingard narrowly beating McCortney. In fact, McCortney won no counties."[54]First elected in 2012, Blair had served as West Virginia's senate president since December 2020.[55] Blair lost the Republican primary to Tom Willis (R) 44.4%–32.2%. A third candidate, Michael Folk (R), received 23.4% of the vote. Blair ran on his experience in leadership, with his campaign website saying he "passed major reforms that led to more people working and being paid higher wages than ever before," "led the effort in the state legislature to pass the largest tax cut in history," and "passed the most pro-life legislation in state history which made abortion illegal in West Virginia."[56] Willis ran on his military experience and his involvement in the community, saying he was "the leader we need to build a better West Virginia."[57]
Local media coverage discussed Blair's loss in the context of other incumbent defeats in the state senate. Blair was one of four state senators to lose a primary out of the 14 who filed for re-election in 2024. West Virginia MetroNews correspondent Brad McElhinny said Blair emphasized different policies than his two challengers: "Blair was conservative but emphasized his passion for economic development, for growth in West Virginia...The other two guys, Willis and (Mike) Folk, were much more animated by cultural issues." In an interview with MetroNews, consultant Greg Thomas said the district's demographics worked against Blair: "It’s the fastest growing part or [sic] the state and you have a lot of new voters which diminishes the power of the incumbency."[58]See also
- Signature requirements and deadlines for 2024 state government elections
- Comparing the competitiveness index for state legislative elections
- State legislative special elections, 2024
- The State Legislative Decade
Other elections
- State executive official elections, 2024
- State supreme court elections, 2024
- United States municipal elections, 2024
- 2024 ballot measures
Footnotes
- ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Missouri," accessed August 7, 2024
- ↑ The Kansas City Star, "Dueling at high noon? Missouri Senate Republicans, gripped by conflict, look for way out," January 25, 2024
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Missouri Independent, "Tempers flare in Missouri Senate during GOP fight over initiative petition changes," January 18, 2024
- ↑ Springfield News-Leader, "Open seats, primary challenges mean Missouri Senate will see most turnover in two decades," March 27, 2024
- ↑ Missouri Independent, "Freedom Caucus ends filibuster in Missouri Senate without action on its demands," May 2, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Advance, "Freedom Caucuses push for conservative state laws, but getting attention is their big success," April 19, 2024
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedstall - ↑ Cleveland.com, "Ohio Republican Party passes resolution condemning 22 GOP lawmakers over bipartisan Ohio House speaker vote," January 6, 2023
- ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
- ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
- ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
- ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
- ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Facebook, "Ken Paxton on February 12, 2024," accessed February 16, 2024
- ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
- ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
- ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
- ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
- ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 The Texas Tribune "Greg Abbott, Ken Paxton declare victory in attack on House GOP defectors," March 6, 2024
- ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
- ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
- ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Wyoming," accessed August 5, 2024
- ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Conservative Movement: Freedom Caucus Could Gain Control Of House In ’24," July 10, 2024
- ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming governor shoots down bill to eliminate gun-free zones," March 22, 2024
- ↑ WyoFile, "Two new abortion bans to become law in Wyoming," March 17, 2023
- ↑ WyoFile, "Crossover voting bill goes to governor’s desk," February 27, 2024
- ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming bans most gender-affirming medical care for children" March 22, 2024
- ↑ News Letter Journal, "Revisiting the colors of the freedom caucus," May 3, 2024
- ↑ Wyoming News, "Wyoming Freedom Caucus announces launch of political action committee," April 18, 2023
- ↑ WyoFile, "Far-right advances motivate ‘pro-Wyoming’ lawmakers to organize," March 29, 2023
- ↑ WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
- ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Gordon’s PAC Hits High Gear With Endorsements, Money For Freedom Caucus Opponents," July 29, 2024
- ↑ Oil City News, "Record cash flowed into Wyo’s elections. Here’s where it went." November 18, 2022
- ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Campaign Finance Reports Released: Gordon Is Wyoming's Largest Donor," August 14, 2024
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Delaware General Assembly, "Representative Valerie Longhurst," accessed September 20, 2024
- ↑ Valerie Longhurst 2024 campaign website, "Legislation," accessed September 20, 2024
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddelonline - ↑ Delaware Online, "New Castle County state representative primary results: Speaker of the House upset," September 10, 2024
- ↑ WDEL.com, "Delaware House Speaker Longhurst falls in district race, Evans Gay gets Dems' Lt. Gov nod," September 10, 2024
- ↑ KHON2, "Kim Coco Iwamoto unseats Scott Saiki in latest poll results," August 11, 2024
- ↑ Scott Saiki campaign website, "Vision," accessed August 12, 2024
- ↑ Idaho Statesman, "Idaho’s House speaker retains top spot after challenge, new leader selected in Senate," December 3, 2020
- ↑ Chuck Winder 2024 campaign website, "Idaho Statesman Endorses Senator Winder," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ Josh Keyser 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ Idaho Statesman, "GOP primary race in Boise pits Republican leader against challenger backed by IFF wing," May 19, 2024
- ↑ KTVB, "Idaho Senate president pro tem ousted in primary election," May 22, 2024
- ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem Announces New Leadership," October 27, 2021
- ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
- ↑ Greg McCortney 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ Jonathan Wingard 2024 campaign website, "About Me," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
- ↑ KGOU, "Republican primary election upset shakes up State Senate leadership," June 28, 2024
- ↑ The Intelligencer, "W.Va. House Announces Leadership Changes, State Senate Has Slight Changes," December 16, 2020
- ↑ Craig Blair 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ Tom Willis 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
- ↑ West Virginia MetroNews, "Dust settles on Senate races with changes ahead," May 15, 2024
