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Massachusetts Question 4, Remove Proof of Citizenship or Immigration Status for Driver's License Applications Referendum (2022)

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Massachusetts Question 4
Flag of Massachusetts.png
Election date
November 8, 2022
Topic
Transportation and Immigration
Status
Approveda Approved
Type
Referendum
Origin
Citizens

Massachusetts Question 4, the Remove Proof of Citizenship or Immigration Status for Driver's License Applications Referendum, was on the ballot in Massachusetts as a veto referendum on November 8, 2022. The ballot measure was approved, thus upholding the legislation.

A "yes" vote was to uphold House Bill 4805, which allows applicants who cannot verify citizenship or immigration status to submit certain forms of identification to obtain a driver’s license or motor vehicle registration.

A "no" vote was to repeal House Bill 4805, thereby maintaining existing state law that prohibits applicants who cannot verify citizenship or immigration status from obtaining a driver's license and motor vehicle registration.


Election results

Massachusetts Question 4

Result Votes Percentage

Approved Yes

1,298,399 53.93%
No 1,108,985 46.07%
Results are officially certified.
Source


Overview

What did Question 4 do?

See also: Text of measure

Question 4 was a veto referendum on House Bill 4805 (H 4805). H 4805 repealed the provision of state law that says, "No license of any type may be issued to any person who does not have lawful presence in the United States."[1]

The proposed law prohibited registrars from inquiring about an applicant’s citizenship or immigration status when applying for a driver's license or motor vehicle registration. It also authorized registrars to accept certain documents to verify the identity and date of birth of an applicant. H 4805 required one of the documents to be either a valid unexpired foreign passport or a valid unexpired Consular Identification document. The bill required the second document to be a valid unexpired driver’s license from any U.S. state or territory, an original or certified copy of a birth certificate, a valid unexpired foreign national identification card, a valid unexpired foreign driver’s license, or a marriage certificate or divorce decree issued by any state or territory of the United States. Any information or communication provided by an applicant to the registrar of motor vehicles, including not providing proof of lawful presence, would not be considered public record nor be disclosed by the registrar, except as required by federal law.[1]

The law was designed to take effect on July 1, 2023.

Do other states have similar laws?

See also: States issuing driver's licenses to immigrants who cannot provide proof of lawful presence

At the time of the election, 17 states—California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington—and Washington, D.C., had enacted laws authorizing the issuance of driver's licenses to immigrants who cannot provide proof of lawful or authorized presence. The documents required to obtain a driver's license varied by state but included a foreign birth certificate, foreign passport, or consular card along with evidence of current residency in the state.[2]

Who was behind the campaigns in favor of a 'yes' or 'no' vote?

Yes on 4 led the campaign in support of a 'yes' vote on Question 4. The campaign received endorsements from ACLU of Massachusetts and SEIU of Massachusetts. Elizabeth Sweet, executive director of the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy (MIRA) Coalition, said, "The Work and Family Mobility Act makes our communities safer, builds trust between law enforcement and immigrant communities, and benefits our economy. Members of the diverse and united Driving Families Forward coalition have fought tirelessly for nearly 20 years to allow individuals to apply for driver's licenses regardless of immigration status, and we will continue to fight for this reform as long as it takes."[3]

Fair and Secure Massachusetts led the campaign in support of a 'no' vote on Question 4. The committee collected over 100,000 signatures to place the veto referendum on the ballot. It received endorsements from Gov. Charles D. Baker (R), Gubernatorial Candidate Geoff Diehl (R), and State Representatives Colleen Garry (D) and Marc Lombardo (R). Maureen Maloney, one of the sponsors of the veto referendum, said, "I do not think that we should be rewarding people for being in the country illegally. I think the RMV [Registry of Motor Vehicles] is not equipped to properly vet people coming to the United States from over 100 different countries."[4]

Text of measure

Ballot question

The ballot question was as follows:[5]

Do you approve of a law summarized below, which was approved by the House of Representatives and the Senate on May 26, 2022?[6]

Ballot summary

The ballot summary was as follows:[5]

This law allows Massachusetts residents who cannot provide proof of lawful presence in the United States to obtain a standard driver’s license or learner’s permit if they meet all the other qualifications for a standard license or learner’s permit, including a road test and insurance, and provide proof of their identity, date of birth, and residency. The law provides that, when processing an application for such a license or learner’s permit or motor vehicle registration, the registrar of motor vehicles may not ask about or create a record of the citizenship or immigration status of the applicant, except as otherwise required by law. This law does not allow people who cannot provide proof of lawful presence in the United States to obtain a REAL ID.

To prove identity and date of birth, the law requires an applicant to present at least two documents, one from each of the following categories: (1) a valid unexpired foreign passport or a valid unexpired Consular Identification document; and (2) a valid unexpired driver’s license from any United States state or territory, an original or certified copy of a birth certificate, a valid unexpired foreign national identification card, a valid unexpired foreign driver’s license, or a marriage certificate or divorce decree issued by any state or territory of the United States. One of the documents presented by an applicant must include a photograph and one must include a date of birth. Any documents not in English must be accompanied by a certified translation. The registrar may review any documents issued by another country to determine whether they may be used as proof of identity or date of birth.

The law requires that applicants for a driver’s license or learner’s permit shall attest, under the pains and penalties of perjury, that their license has not been suspended or revoked in any other state, country, or jurisdiction.

The law specifies that information provided by or relating to any applicant or license-holder will not be a public record and shall not be disclosed, except as required by federal law or as authorized by Attorney General regulations, and except for purposes of motor vehicle insurance.

The law directs the registrar of motor vehicles to make regulations regarding the documents required of United States citizens and others who provide proof of lawful presence with their license application.

The law also requires the registrar and the Secretary of the Commonwealth to establish procedures and regulations to ensure that an applicant for a standard driver’s license or learner’s permit who does not provide proof of lawful presence will not be automatically registered to vote.

The law takes effect on July 1, 2023.[6]

Full text

The full text of House Bill 4805, which the veto referendum would have overturned, is below:[1]

Readability score

See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2022

Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The secretary of state wrote the ballot language for this measure.

The FKGL for the ballot title is grade level 10, and the FRE is 61. The word count for the ballot title is 21.

The FKGL for the ballot summary is grade level 20, and the FRE is 19. The word count for the ballot summary is 437.


Support for a 'yes' vote

Yes on 4 MA 2022.jpeg

Yes on 4 led the campaign in support of a 'yes' vote on Question 4.[3]

Supporters

Officials

Unions

  • SEIU Local 32B
  • SEIU Massachusetts State Council

Organizations

  • ACLU of Massachusetts

Arguments

  • State Rep. Tricia Farley-Bouvier (D-3): "We know in other states that have passed this bill, passed a form of driver's licenses for immigrants, that hit-and-run accidents go down by 10 percent."
  • Elizabeth Sweet, executive director of the MIRA Coalition: "The Work and Family Mobility Act makes our communities safer, builds trust between law enforcement and immigrant communities, and benefits our economy. Members of the diverse and united Driving Families Forward coalition have fought tirelessly for nearly 20 years to allow individuals to apply for driver's licenses regardless of immigration status, and we will continue to fight for this reform as long as it takes."
  • Yes on 4 campaign: "Voting #YESon4 ensures that immigrants, no matter their status, can legally make essential trips like dropping their children off at school and getting to work, medical appointments, or the grocery store."
  • Sara Weinberger, a columnist for the Daily Hampshire Gazette: "Unfortunately, collectively punishing all undocumented people in Massachusetts by taking away their ability to obtain a driver’s license will only leave the door open for more fatalities, leaving Massachusetts less 'fair and secure.'"

Official arguments

The following is the argument in support of Question 4 found in the Official Voter Information Guide:[7]

  • Official Voter Information Guide: A YES vote will keep in place a law that allows all drivers in Massachusetts to be properly vetted for licenses (by providing proof of identity, date of birth, and residency), pass required tests and buy insurance, regardless of immigration status. A YES vote means safer roads and better tools for law enforcement to do their jobs. In 17 states with similar laws, passage led to declines in uninsured drivers and hit-and-run crashes. That’s why this measure is endorsed by over 60 law enforcement officials statewide—including most sheriffs, district attorneys, and all 42 police chiefs in the Massachusetts Major Cities Chief of Police Association. Voting YES helps families and workers by ensuring they can drive legally to school and work. It makes sense for all of us. That is what Massachusetts law provides and a YES vote will keep in place. ---Franklin Soults, Yes on 4 for Safer Roads

Support for a 'no' vote

Vote No on 4 MA 2022.png

Fair and Secure Massachusetts led the campaign in support of a 'no' vote on Question 4.[8][4]

Opponents

Officials

Candidates

Former Officials

Arguments

  • Maureen Maloney, one of the sponsors: "I do not think that we should be rewarding people for being in the country illegally. I think the RMV [Registry of Motor Vehicles] is not equipped to properly vet people coming to the United States from over 100 different countries."

Official arguments

The following is the argument in opposition to Question 4 found in the Official Voter Information Guide:[9]

  • Official Voter Information Guide: In his veto message of this bill, Governor Charlie Baker made it known that the Registry of Motor Vehicles does not have the capability or expertise necessary to verify documents from other countries and notes that, if this bill becomes law, Massachusetts drivers’ licenses will no longer confirm that a person is who they say they are. Additionally, Governor Baker states the bill specifically restricts the Registry’s ability to share citizenship information with entities responsible for ensuring only citizens register to vote and vote in our elections, significantly increasing the likelihood that noncitizens will register to vote. This bill is patently unfair to those who have taken the time to immigrate to our great country via legal means and significantly diminishes the public safety of all residents of the Commonwealth. We urge a no vote on this issue. ---John Milligan, Fair and Secure Massachusetts

Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for Massachusetts ballot measures
The campaign finance information on this page reflects the most recent scheduled reports that Ballotpedia has processed, which covered through January 20, 2023.


Ballotpedia identified one committee registered in support of a 'yes' vote on Question 4: Yes for Work and Family Mobility. The committee reported $3.6 million in contributions. One committee was registered in support of a 'no' vote on Question 4: Fair and Secure Massachusetts. The committee reported over $217,135 in contributions. Massachusetts also requires other organizations that spend money to support or oppose ballot measures to report amounts to the Massachusetts Office of Campaign and Political Finance. Massachusetts Fiscal Alliance reported spending $12,858.92 in opposition to Question 4.[10][11]

Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Support $3,236,142.01 $407,375.01 $3,643,517.02 $3,153,285.21 $3,560,660.22
Oppose $199,759.89 $17,375.81 $217,135.70 $191,564.52 $208,940.33
Total $3,435,901.90 $424,750.82 $3,860,652.72 $3,344,849.73 $3,769,600.55

Support of a 'yes' vote

The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in support of the measure.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

Committees in opposition to Question 4
Committee Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Yes for Work and Family Mobility $3,236,142.01 $407,375.01 $3,643,517.02 $3,153,285.21 $3,560,660.22
Total $3,236,142.01 $407,375.01 $3,643,517.02 $3,153,285.21 $3,560,660.22

Donors

The following were the top donors who contributed to the committees in support of the measure.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

Donor Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions
SEIU $500,000.00 $0.00 $500,000.00
SEIU Local 32BJ $325,000.00 $80,141.07 $405,141.07
1199 SEIU MA PAC $250,000.00 $65,786.35 $315,786.35
American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts $270,000.00 $16,500.00 $286,500.00
Emerson Collective $250,000.00 $0.00 $250,000.00

Support of a 'no' vote

The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in opposition to the measure.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

Committees in opposition to Question 4
Committee Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions Cash Expenditures Total Expenditures
Fair and Secure Massachusetts $199,759.89 $17,375.81 $217,135.70 $191,564.52 $208,940.33
Total $199,759.89 $17,375.81 $217,135.70 $191,564.52 $208,940.33

Donors

The following were the top donors who contributed to the opposition committees.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

Donor Cash Contributions In-Kind Contributions Total Contributions
Richard Green $50,000.00 $0.00 $50,000.00
Steven Snider $20,000.00 $0.00 $20,000.00
Andover Street, LLC $10,000.00 $0.00 $10,000.00
Fourty Four Hundred $10,000.00 $0.00 $10,000.00
Paul Lochness $10,000.00 $0.00 $10,000.00

Methodology

To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.

Media editorials

See also: 2022 ballot measure media endorsements

Ballotpedia identified the following media editorial boards as taking positions on the referendum.

Ballotpedia lists the positions of media editorial boards that support or oppose ballot measures. This does not include opinion pieces from individuals or groups that do not represent the official position of a newspaper or media outlet. Ballotpedia includes editorials from newspapers and outlets based on circulation and readership, political coverage within a state, and length of publication. You can share media editorial board endorsements with us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

Support

  • The Berkshire Eagle Editorial Board: "Everyone in our communities deserves the increased safety that comes with knowing more motorists on our roads are trained, licensed and able to be insured. And while Massachusetts is not the first state to pass such a law, ours is actually the strictest with regard to the documentation required to prove identity and residence in order to receive a license. We should keep it. The Eagle endorses a yes vote on Question 4."
  • The Harvard Crimson Editorial Board: "“Non-qualified” immigrants — including undocumented immigrants — generally cannot receive food stamps, sign up for Medicaid, or enjoy most other federal public benefit programs. Contrary to the narrative propagated by Fair and Safe Massachusetts, granting undocumented immigrants the legal right to drive constitutes a small, measured, and exceedingly practical improvement to this patchwork of restrictions. We cannot give in to fear unfounded in fact. On question four, that means voting yes."

Opposition

You can share campaign information or arguments, along with source links for this information, at editor@ballotpedia.org.


Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls and 2022 ballot measure polls
Are you aware of a poll on this ballot measure that should be included below? You can share ballot measure polls, along with source links, with us at editor@ballotpedia.org.
Massachusetts Question 4, Remove Proof of Citizenship or Immigration Status for Driver's License Applications Referendum (2022)
Poll
Dates
Sample size
Margin of error
Support
Oppose
Undecided
UMass Amherst/WCVB 10/20/22 - 10/26/22 700 RV ± 4.3% 51% 39% 10%
Question: "Question 4 – Would keep in place a law that allows Massachusetts residents who cannot provide proof of lawful presence in the United States to obtain a standard driver’s license or learner’s permit if they meet all the other qualifications for a standard license or learner’s permit, including a road test and insurance, and provide proof of their identity, date of birth, and residency"

Note: LV is likely voters, RV is registered voters, and EV is eligible voters.

Background

Democratic-controlled General Court overrides Gov. Charles Baker's (R) veto of bill regarding driver's license and vehicle registration applications

On June 9, 2022, the Massachusetts General Court overrode Gov. Charles D. Baker’s (R) veto of House Bill 4805 (H 4805). [12] H 4805 prohibited registrars from inquiring about an applicant’s citizenship or immigration status when applying for driver's licenses and motor vehicle registrations.[13] In lieu of citizenship or immigration information, the bill allowed registrars to accept two documents that prove the date of birth and identity of the applicant, including foreign passports, birth certificates, or consular identification documents.[14]

Proponents said that H 4805 would increase road safety, reduce hit-and-run accidents, and help families without the required citizenship or immigration information. Speaking in support, the bill's sponsor, Sen. Adam Gomez (D), said:

Allowing parents to drive their kids to school, take them to doctor's appointments or be in charge of carpooling to take their kids to soccer, all without the concern they may be separated if they are pulled over, will allow children of undocumented immigrants to breathe and have a sigh of relief.[15][6]

Opponents of the bill said, under H 4805, it would be difficult for the Registry of Motor Vehicles to verify foreign documents and that the bill would permit noncitizens to vote.[16] In his veto message, Baker said:

A standard Massachusetts driver’s license will no longer confirm that a person is who they say they are … [and the bill] restricts the Registry’s ability to share citizenship information with those entities responsible for ensuring that only citizens register for and vote in our elections.[17][6]

Baker vetoed H 4805 on May 27, 2022. Massachusetts requires a two-thirds majority in the General Court to override a veto. At the time of the override vote, Democrats held such a majority.

In the Senate, the override passed by a 32-8 margin, with 32 Democrats voting to override and five Democrats joining all three Republicans to sustain Baker’s veto.[18] The House voted 119-36 to override the veto, with eight Democrats joining all 28 Republicans to sustain the veto.[19]

Vote in the Massachusetts State Senate
May 27, 2022
Requirement: Two-thirds majority of all members in each chamber
Number of yes votes required: 27  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total3280
Total percent80.0%20.0%0.0%
Democrat3250
Republican030

Vote in the Massachusetts House of Representatives
May 27, 2022
Requirement: Two-thirds majority of all members in each chamber
Number of yes votes required: 104  Approveda
YesNoNot voting
Total119360
Total percent76.7%31.3%0.0%
Democrat11880
Republican0280
Independent100

States issuing driver's licenses to immigrants who cannot provide proof of lawful presence

As of September 2022, 17 states and Washington, D.C. had enacted laws authorizing the issuance of driver's licenses to immigrants who cannot provide proof of lawful or authorized presence. The documents required to obtain a driver's license vary by state but range from a foreign birth certificate, foreign passport, or consular card, and evidence of current residency in the state. Those states that have adopted this policy are highlighted in blue below:[2]

Oregon Alternative Driver Licenses Referendum, Measure 88 (2014)

See also: Oregon Alternative Driver Licenses Referendum, Measure 88 (2014)

Ballotpedia identified one other veto referendum on a law proposing to grant driver's licenses to immigrants who cannot provide proof of lawful presence. In 2014, Oregon voters voted to repeal SB 833, which would have made four-year driver's licenses available to those who cannot prove lawful presence. The vote margin was 66% to repeal the law, and 34% to uphold the law. In 2019, the Oregon State Legislature adopted a similar law that is still in effect.

Massachusetts veto referendum ballot measures

See also: List of Massachusetts veto referendum ballot measures

In Massachusetts, bills passed by the state legislature can be put before voters through a veto referendum petition. Between 1919 and 2021, Massachusetts voters decided on 21 veto referendums—11 laws were upheld and 10 were repealed.

  • Signature requirement: 1.5 percent of the gubernatorial vote for a referendum or 2 percent of the gubernatorial vote to also suspend the law
  • Result of a yes vote: targeted law upheld
  • Result of a no vote: targeted law repealed
  • Allows for veto referendums on emergency legislation
  • Successful veto referendum petitions may or may not suspend the targeted law until the election depending on the number of valid signatures submitted

Click "show" below to see the full list of Massachusetts veto referendums between 1919 and 2021.

Path to the ballot

See also: Laws governing the referendum process in Maryland

The state process

In Massachusetts, the number of signatures required to qualify a veto referendum for the ballot is equal to 1.5 percent of the total votes cast for governor in the most recent gubernatorial election. If the petitioners submit a written request for the suspension of the targeted law prior to the referendum election, signatures equal to 2 percent of the total votes last cast for governor are required to both suspend the law and force an election. No more than one-quarter of the certified signatures on initiative or referendum petitions may come from any one county. Signatures for a veto referendum petition must be submitted no more than 90 days after the governor signs the targeted bill or it is enacted into law.

The requirements to get a veto referendum certified for the 2022 ballot:

If the 1.5 percent threshold is met, the targeted law is not suspended, but it is put before voters at the next general election to be upheld or rejected. If a petition seeks to suspend the targeted law and reaches the 2 percent threshold, the targeted law is suspended until the next general election, at which voters decide whether to approve the bill or reject it.

Details about this initiative

  • On June 13, 2022, Maureen Maloney and Kevin Dube filed the referendum with the Office of Campaign and Political Finance to create the Fair And Secure Massachusetts committee.[20]
  • On June 27, 2022, the referendum was cleared for signature gathering. The campaign has until August 24, 2022, to file signatures.[21]
  • On September 7, 2022, nearly 80,000 of the 100,000 signatures filed with local clerks were verified and submitted to the secretary of state.[22]
  • On September 9, 2022, the secretary of state announced that the campaign had submitted 71,883 valid signatures qualifying the referendum for the ballot.[23]

Cost per required signature

Sponsors of the measure hired Antonio Molle and Sadie Webb to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $3,350.00 was spent to collect the 40,120 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $0.08.

How to cast a vote

See also: Voting in Massachusetts

See below to learn more about current voter registration rules, identification requirements, and poll times in Massachusetts.

How to vote in Massachusetts


See also

External links

Support for a 'yes' vote

Support for a 'no' vote

Footnotes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Massachusetts State Legislature, "House Bill 4805," accessed June 14, 2022
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NCSL, "States Offering Driver’s Licenses to Immigrants," accessed October 9, 2021 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content
  3. 3.0 3.1 Yes for 4, "Home," accessed September 13, 2022
  4. 4.0 4.1 Fair and Secure Massachusetts, "Home," accessed August 24, 2022
  5. 5.0 5.1 Massachusetts Secretary of State, "2022 Information for Voters," accessed September 20, 2022
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  7. Massachusetts Secretary of State, "Official Voter Information Guide," accessed October 27, 2022
  8. WGBH, "Effort to repeal immigrant driver's license law hits milestone ahead of ballot deadline," August 18, 2022
  9. Massachusetts Secretary of State, "Official Voter Information Guide," accessed October 27, 2022
  10. Massachusetts Office of Campaign and Political Finance, "Search," accessed September 12, 2022
  11. Massachusetts Office of Campaign and Political Finance, "Ballot Question Spending Reports ," accessed October 24, 2022
  12. "WGBH", "Mass. Senate overrides Baker veto: Undocumented immigrants will be able to get driver's licenses," June 9, 2022
  13. Massachusetts General Court, "Bill H.4805," accessed June 21, 2022
  14. "WGBH", "Mass. Senate overrides Baker veto: Undocumented immigrants will be able to get driver's licenses," June 9, 2022
  15. NBC 10 Boston, "Baker Vetoes Immigrant License Access Bill, But Legislature Can Override," May 27, 2022
  16. "Office of the Governor", "Message from His Excellency the Governor returning with his objections thereto in writing the engrossed Bill relative to work and family mobility (see House, No. 4805) May 27, 2022" accessed May 27, 2022
  17. "Office of the Governor", "Message from His Excellency the Governor returning with his objections thereto in writing the engrossed Bill relative to work and family mobility (see House, No. 4805) May 27, 2022" accessed May 27, 2022
  18. Massachusetts Senate, "Senate -- Roll Call #185," May 27, 2022
  19. MASSACHUSETTS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, "H. 4805 shall this pass notwithstanding Objection," May 27, 2022
  20. WGBH, "New group seeks to overturn undocumented immigrant driver’s license law," June 14, 2022
  21. Boston Herald, "Group says Maura Healey deliberately slowing ballot drive to overturn licenses law," June 26, 2022
  22. Facebook, "Fair and Secure Massachusetts," September 7, 2022
  23. Twitter, "Mass. Elections," September 9, 2022
  24. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, "The Voting Process," accessed April 13, 2023
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, "Voter Registration Information," accessed April 13, 2023
  26. Governing, “Automatic Voter Registration Gains Bipartisan Momentum,” accessed April 13, 2023
  27. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, "Massachusetts Official Mail-in Voter Registration Form," accessed November 1, 2024
  28. Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
  29. 29.0 29.1 Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, "Identification Requirements," accessed April 13, 2023