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Initiative and referendum process ballot measures

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As a state ballot measure topic, the initiative and referendum process includes measures regarding the initiative and referendum process, such as signature requirements, deadlines, and other requirements. The topic is grouped within the election policy area.

This page provides information on:

Upcoming ballot measures

See also: 2025 ballot measures and 2026 ballot measures
The following is a list of state ballot measures related to the initiative and referendum process certified for this year and future elections:

History of ballot measures to establish initiative and referendum processes

See also: History of ballot measures to establish initiative and referendum processes

In the U.S., 26 states have adopted constitutional amendments for citizen-initiated ballot measures. As state constitutional amendments require voter approval, except in Delaware, creating ballot initiative processes required ballot measures, either from state legislatures or constitutional conventions. Most of these amendments originated during the progressive and populist movements of the 1890s to 1920s.[1][2][3]

Beginning in 1898, voters in 30 states have decided on 42 constitutional amendments to create state initiative and referendum processes. South Dakota was the first state to adopt an initiative and referendum process in 1898. Amendments were adopted in 22 states between 1898 and 1918, a two-decade period.

After 1918, there were no constitutional amendments to enact an initiative or referendum process on the ballot until 1956, when Alaskans adopted a state constitution that included both. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, two constitutional amendments appeared on the ballot during each decade.

In 1992, Mississippi became the most recent state to pass a constitutional amendment for an initiative process. Since then, no constitutional amendments have been placed on the ballot to establish an initiative or referendum process.

Voters in Minnesota, Rhode Island, Texas, and Wisconsin considered constitutional amendments to establish initiative and referendum processes, but none were approved. Voters in three states—Mississippi, Missouri, and Wyoming—rejected constitutional amendments before approving amendments on second attempts. The following table provides a scorecard on abortion-related ballot measures based on proposed policies or topics since 1970. You can view the complete list here.

Constitutional amendments

The table below lists constitutional amendments to establish state initiative and referendum processes in the United States:

State Year Measure Origin Yes No Outcome
Mississippi 1992 Amendment 8: Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure Legislature 70.22% 29.78%
Approveda
Rhode Island 1986 Question 5: Citizen-Initiated Ballot Measure Process and Nonpartisan Constitutional Convention Candidates Amendment Legislature 48.14% 51.86%
Defeatedd
Minnesota 1980 Amendment 5: Initiative and Referendum Measure[4] Legislature 53.19% 46.81%
Defeatedd
South Dakota 1972 Amendment E: Initiated Constitutional Amendment and Constitution Revision Measure Legislature 67.14% 32.86%
Approveda
Illinois 1970 Constitution Revision Measure Convention 57.25% 42.75%
Approveda
Florida 1968 Amendment 1: Constitution Ratification Measure Legislature 55.42% 44.58%
Approveda
Wyoming 1968 Amendment 2: Initiative and Referendum Process Measure Legislature 74.77% 25.23%
Approveda
Alaska 1956 Proposition 1: Constitution Ratification Measure Convention 68.12% 31.88%
Approveda
Massachusetts 1918 Question 1: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Convention 51.28% 48.72%
Approveda
Minnesota 1916 Amendment 7: Initiative and Referendum Measure[4] Legislature 78.46% 21.54%
Defeatedd
Maryland 1915 Amendment 4: Veto Referendum Process Amendment Legislature 76.78% 23.22%
Approveda
Minnesota 1914 Amendment 1: Initiative and Referendum Measure[4] Legislature 80.16% 19.84%
Defeatedd
Mississippi 1914 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 68.68% 31.32%
Approveda
North Dakota 1914 Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure Legislature 66.40% 33.60%
Approveda
North Dakota 1914 Initiated State Statutes and Referendums Measure Legislature 70.96% 29.04%
Approveda
Texas 1914 Proposition 1: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 48.29% 51.71%
Defeatedd
Wisconsin 1914 Question 8: Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure Legislature 36.38% 63.62%
Defeatedd
Wisconsin 1914 Question 2: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 31.30% 68.70%
Defeatedd
Idaho 1912 SJR 12: Veto Referendum Process Amendment Legislature 76.39% 23.61%
Approveda
Idaho 1912 SJR 13: Initiative Process Amendment Legislature 71.92% 28.08%
Approveda
Mississippi 1912 Initiative and Referendum Amendment[5] Legislature 65.27% 34.73%
Defeatedd
Nebraska 1912 Amendment 1: Initiative and Referendum Measure Legislature 92.51% 7.49%
Approveda
Nevada 1912 Question 3: Initiative Process Amendment Legislature 90.65% 9.35%
Approveda
Ohio 1912 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Convention 57.47% 42.53%
Approveda
Washington 1912 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 71.49% 28.51%
Approveda
Wyoming 1912 Initiative and Referendum Measure[6] Legislature 85.66% 14.34%
Defeatedd
Arizona 1911 Constitution Ratification Measure (Version 2) Convention 88.79% 11.21%
Approveda
Arizona 1911 Constitution Ratification Measure (Version 1) Convention 78.68% 21.32%
Approveda
California 1911 Proposition 7: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 76.41% 23.59%
Approveda
New Mexico 1911 Constitution Ratification Measure Convention 70.32% 29.68%
Approveda
Arkansas 1910 Amendment 10: Initiative and Referendum Measure Legislature 70.59% 29.41%
Approveda
Colorado 1910 Referendum 3: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 76.95% 23.05%
Approveda
Maine 1908 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 68.67% 31.33%
Approveda
Michigan 1908 Constitution Ratification Measure Convention 65.17% 34.83%
Approveda
Missouri 1908 Amendment 3: Initiative and Referendum Measure Legislature 54.67% 45.33%
Approveda
Oklahoma 1907 State Constitution Ratification Measure Convention 71.17% 28.83%
Approveda
Montana 1906 Amendment 1: Initiative and Referendum Measure Legislature 84.61% 15.39%
Approveda
Missouri 1904 Amendment 2: Initiative and Referendum Measure Legislature 40.61% 59.39%
Defeatedd
Nevada 1904 Question 1: Veto Referendum Process Amendment Legislature 84.72% 15.28%
Approveda
Oregon 1902 Measure Nos. 105-106: Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 91.63% 8.37%
Approveda
Utah 1900 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 71.17% 28.83%
Approveda
South Dakota 1898 Initiative and Referendum Amendment Legislature 59.10% 40.90%
Approveda


Advisory questions

The table below lists non-binding questions about establishing initiative and referendum processes:

State Year Measure Origin Yes No Outcome
Rhode Island 1996 Initiative Process Advisory Question Legislature 53.14% 46.86%
Approveda
Illinois 1910 Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question Initiative 77.72% 22.28%
Approveda
Delaware 1906 Initiative and Referendum Advisory Question Legislature 88.86% 11.14%
Approveda
Illinois 1902 Local Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question Initiative 82.42% 17.58%
Approveda
Illinois 1902 State Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question Initiative 83.02% 16.98%
Approveda

List of ballot measures

Click the tabs to view state ballot measures related to the initiative and referendum process, organized by year or state.

2026

  1. California Vote Requirements for Initiatives Requiring Supermajority Votes Amendment (2026) - On the ballot
  2. Idaho HJR 4, Grant Legislature Exclusive Authority and Prohibit Citizen-Initiated Measures on Marijuana, Narcotics, and Psychoactive Substances Amendment (2026) - On the ballot
  3. North Dakota 60% Vote Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Measure (2026) - On the ballot
  4. North Dakota Single-Subject Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Measure (June 2026) - On the ballot
  5. South Dakota Constitutional Amendment L, 60% Vote Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Measure (2026) - On the ballot
  6. Utah 60% Vote Requirement for Ballot Initiatives to Increase or Expand Taxes Amendment (2026) - On the ballot

2024

  1. Arizona Proposition 134, Signature Distribution Requirement for Initiatives Amendment (2024) Defeated
  2. Arizona Proposition 136, Legal Challenges to Constitutionality of Initiatives Amendment (2024) Defeated
  3. Colorado Amendment K, Initiative and Referendum Filing and Judicial Retention Filing Deadlines Amendment (2024) Defeated
  4. North Dakota Constitutional Measure 2, Single-Subject Requirement for Initiatives and Require Constitutional Initiatives to be Passed Twice Amendment (2024) Defeated

2023

  1. Maine Question 5, Change Time Period of Judicial Review of Initiative Petitions Amendment (2023) Approved
  2. Maine Question 7, Remove Residency Requirement for Initiative Petition Circulators Amendment (2023) Defeated
  3. Ohio Issue 1, 60% Vote Requirement to Approve Constitutional Amendments Measure (2023) Defeated

2022

  1. Arizona Proposition 128, Legislative Changes to Ballot Initiatives with Invalid Provisions Amendment (2022) Defeated
  2. Arizona Proposition 129, Single-Subject Requirement for Ballot Initiatives Amendment (2022) Approved
  3. Arizona Proposition 132, 60% Vote Requirement for Ballot Measures to Approve Taxes Amendment (2022) Approved
  4. Arkansas Issue 2, 60% Supermajority Vote Requirement for Constitutional Amendments and Ballot Initiatives Measure (2022) Defeated
  5. Colorado Proposition GG, Include Income Tax Effects in Initiative Ballot Language Measure (2022) Approved
  6. South Dakota Constitutional Amendment C, 60% Vote Requirement for Ballot Measures Increasing Taxes or Appropriating $10 Million Measure (June 2022) Defeated

2020

  1. Arkansas Issue 3, Initiative Process and Legislative Referral Requirements Amendment (2020) Defeated
  2. Florida Amendment 4, Require Constitutional Amendments to be Passed Twice Initiative (2020) Defeated
  3. Montana C-46, Initiated Amendment Distribution Requirements Measure (2020) Approved
  4. Montana C-47, Initiated Statute and Referendum Distribution Requirements Amendment (2020) Approved
  5. North Dakota Constitutional Measure 2, Require Initiated Constitutional Amendments to be Approved by the Legislature or Passed Twice Amendment (2020) Defeated

2019

  1. Maine Question 2, Allow for Alternative Initiative Signatures for Persons with Disabilities Amendment (2019) Approved

2018

  1. Florida Amendment 3, Voter Approval of Casino Gambling Initiative (2018) Approved
  2. South Dakota Constitutional Amendment W, State Campaign Finance and Lobbying Laws, Government Accountability Board, and Initiative Process Amendment (2018) Defeated
  3. South Dakota Constitutional Amendment X, 55% Vote Requirement to Approve Constitutional Amendments Measure (2018) Defeated
  4. South Dakota Constitutional Amendment Z, Single-Subject Rule for Constitutional Amendments (2018) Approved
  5. South Dakota Initiated Measure 24, Ban Out-of-State Contributions to Ballot Question Committees Initiative (2018) Approved

2016

  1. Colorado Amendment 71, 55% Vote Requirement and Signature Distribution Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Measure (2016) Approved

2015

  1. Ohio Issue 2, Ballot Initiatives to Create Monopolies Amendment (2015) Approved

2014

  1. Arkansas Ballot Measure Signature Requirements Amendment, Issue 2 (2014) Approved
  2. North Dakota Initiative Filing Deadline Amendment, Measure 1 (June 2014) Approved
  3. North Dakota Referral and Initiative Reform Amendment, Measure 4 (2014) Defeated

2013

  1. Washington "Protect the Initiative Act", Initiative 517 (2013) Defeated

2010

  1. Arizona Proposition 112, Ballot Initiative Filing Deadline Amendment (2010) Defeated
  2. Oklahoma State Question 750, Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirements Amendment (2010) Approved

2009

  1. Maine Question 7, Municipal Certification Deadline for Initiatives Amendment (2009) Defeated

2008

  1. Arizona Proposition 105, Supermajority Requirement for Tax and Spending Initiatives Amendment (2008) Defeated
  2. Colorado Referendum O, Citizens' Initiative Changes Amendment (2008) Defeated
  3. Ohio Issue 1, Ballot Initiative Signature Deadline Amendment (2008) Approved
  4. Wyoming Constitutional Amendment B, Initiative Signature Distribution Requirement Measure (2008) Defeated

2006

  1. Colorado Amendment 38, Citizens' Initiative and Referendum Process Initiative (2006) Defeated
  2. Florida Amendment 3, 60% Majority Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Amendment (2006) Approved
  3. Maine Question 2, Change Deadline for Submission of Signatures for Statewide Initiatives Measures (2006) Approved

2004

  1. Alaska Measure 1, Change Signature Distribution Requirement for Initiatives Amendment (2004) Approved
  2. Arizona Proposition 101, Require Ballot Initiatives Proposing Spending to Include Provisions on Revenue Generation Amendment (2004) Approved
  3. Arizona Proposition 104, Extending Initiative Petition Circulation Period and Changing Filing Deadline Amendment (2004) Defeated
  4. Florida Amendment 2, Requirements for Citizens' Initiatives Amendment (2004) Approved
  5. Nebraska Initiative Measure 417, Authorize Gambling Laws by Initiative Amendment (2004) Defeated
  6. Nebraska Initiative Measure 418, Legislative Supermajority to Modify Initiatives Amendment (2004) Approved
  7. North Dakota Initiative Measure Fiscal Impact Referendum, Constitutional Measure 2 (2004) Approved

2002

  1. Florida Amendment 2, Economic Impact Statements for Initiatives Amendment (2002) Approved
  2. Montana Distribution Requirements for Constitutional Initiatives, C-37 (2002) Approved
  3. Montana Distribution Requirements for Statutory Initiatives, C-38 (2002) Approved
  4. Oklahoma State Question 698, Initiative Signature Requirements Amendment (2002) Defeated
  5. Oregon Measure 26, Prohibit Payment Based On Per Signature Gathered Initiative (2002) Approved

2000

  1. Alaska Measure 1, Prohibit Ballot Initiatives on Hunting Amendment (2000) Defeated
  2. Arizona Proposition 102, Two-Thirds Vote Requirement for Hunting-Related Initiatives Amendment (2000) Defeated
  3. Nebraska Amendment 3A, Require Constitutional Amendments to Pass Twice Measure (2000) Defeated
  4. Nebraska Amendment 3B, Initiative and Referendum Definition Measure (2000) Approved
  5. Nebraska Amendment 3C, Changes to Initiative Filing Requirements Measure (2000) Defeated
  6. Oregon Measure 78, Lengthened Period for Verifying Petition Signatures Amendment (May 2000) Approved
  7. Oregon Measure 79, Increase Signature Requirement for Citizen-Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure (May 2000) Defeated
  8. Oregon Measure 96, Prohibit Legislature from Making Initiative Process Harder Initiative (2000) Defeated
  9. South Dakota Amendment B, Authorize Citizen Initiatives for Local Government Consolidation Measure (2000) Approved

1999

  1. Maine Question 8, People's Veto Election Timing Amendment (1999) Approved

1998

  1. Arizona Proposition 104, Limits on Legislative Alteration of Voter-Approved Initiatives and Referendums Amendment (1998) Defeated
  2. Arizona Proposition 105, Prohibit Legislative Alteration of Ballot Initiatives Amendment (1998) Approved
  3. California Proposition 219, Uniform Application of Ballot Measures Amendment (June 1998) Approved
  4. Mississippi Resident Only Initiative Petition Circulation, Amendment 1 (1998) Approved
  5. Missouri Amendment 1, Change Signature Deadline for Ballot Initiatives Measure (1998) Approved
  6. Nebraska Amendment 5A, Single Subject Requirement for Initiatives Measure (May 1998) Approved
  7. Nebraska Amendment 5B, Single Subject Requirement for Veto Referendums Measure (May 1998) Approved
  8. Nevada Question 1, Conflicting Voter-Approved Laws Resolution Amendment (1998) Approved
  9. Oregon Measure 62, Campaign Finance and Signature Gathering Regulation Initiative (1998) Approved
  10. Oregon Measure 63, Supermajority Vote for Ballot Measures Proposing Supermajority Requirements Initiative (1998) Approved
  11. Utah Proposition 5, Two-Thirds Vote Requirement for Hunting-Related Initiatives Amendment (1998) Approved
  12. Wyoming Signature Distribution Requirements, Amendment B (1998) Approved

1996

  1. Arkansas Legal Changes to Ballot Titles, Proposed Amendment 3 (1996) Defeated
  2. Colorado Amendment 13, Initiative, Referendum, and Petition Process Initiative (1996) Defeated
  3. Maine Question 8, Municipal Certification of Direct Initiative Petitions Amendment (1996) Approved
  4. Nebraska Initiative Measure 410, Changes to Initiative Signature Requirements Amendment (1996) Defeated
  5. Oregon Measure 24, Requirements for Initiative Petition Signatures Amendment (May 1996) Defeated
  6. Oregon Measure 33, Legislative Limits on Changing Voter Approved Statutes Initiative (1996) Defeated
  7. Oregon Measure 46, Require Majority of Registered Voters to Approve Tax Increase Ballot Measures Initiative (1996) Defeated
  8. Rhode Island Question 8, Initiative Process Advisory Question (1996) Approved

1994

  1. Colorado Referendum A, Single-Subject Rule for Initiatives Amendment (1994) Approved

1992

  1. Mississippi Amendment 8, Establish Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure (1992) Approved

1990

  1. California Proposition 137, Voter Approval for Certain Rules Governing Initiatives Amendment (1990) Defeated

1988

  1. Nebraska Amendment 3A, Signature Requirements for Signers of Initiatives Measure (1988) Approved
  2. North Dakota Suspension of Tax Measures Referendum, Measure 1 (1988) Defeated
  3. South Dakota Amendment A, Remove Legislature from Initiative Process Measure (1988) Approved

1986

  1. Colorado Amendment No. 3, Franchises in Home Rule Municipalities Amendment (1986) Approved
  2. Florida Amendment 4, Supreme Court Advisory Opinions on Initiatives Amendment (1986) Approved
  3. Oregon Measure 3, Verification of Initiative and Referendum Petition Signatures Amendment (May 1986) Approved
  4. Rhode Island Question 5, Citizen-Initiated Ballot Measure Process and Nonpartisan Constitutional Convention Candidates Amendment (1986) Defeated
  5. Wyoming Initiative and Referendum, Amendment 1 (1986)

1984

  1. Arizona Proposition 100, Initiative and Referendum Petition Filing Deadlines Amendment (1984) Defeated

1982

  1. Maryland Alteration of Signature Requirements, Question 5 (1982) Approved

1981

  1. Maine Initiative Signature Validity and Form of Ballot Question, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1981) Approved
  2. Washington SJR 133, Initiatives to the Legislature Signature Submission and Verification Timeline Amendment (1981) Approved

1980

  1. California Proposition 4, Elections Regarding Low-Income Housing Amendment (June 1980) Defeated
  2. Colorado Amendment No. 1, Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (1980) Approved
  3. Idaho SJR 112, Simple Majority Vote for Citizen Initiatives and Allow Initiatives on General Election Ballots Amendment (1980) Approved
  4. Maine Direct Initiative and People's Veto, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1980) Approved
  5. Minnesota Amendment 5, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1980) Defeated
  6. North Dakota Election Law Revision Referendum, Measure 8 (1980) Defeated
  7. South Dakota Amendment C, Prohibit Legislature from Changing Initiated Laws Measure (1980) Defeated
  8. South Dakota Amendment D, Legislative Restrictions to Amend Initiated Laws (1980) Defeated

1978

  1. North Dakota Direct Democracy Referendum, Amendment 3 (1978) Approved
  2. Ohio Issue 1, Ballot Board to Write Measure Language Amendment (June 1978) Approved
  3. Oregon Measure 1, Initiative and Referendum Requirements for County Home Rule Amendment (May 1978) Approved

1976

  1. Maryland Petition Filing Requirements, Question 13 (1976) Approved
  2. Ohio Issue 7, Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirements Initiative (1976) Defeated
  3. Utah Initiative A, Prohibit Fluoridation of Public Water Without Voter-Approved Initiative Measure (1976) Approved

1975

  1. Maine Initiative and Referendum Petition Procedures, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1975) Approved

1974

  1. Ohio Issue 3, Ohio Ballot Board and Constitutional Amendments Measure (May 1974) Approved
  2. Oklahoma State Question 495, Simple Majority Vote for Citizen Initiatives Measure (August 1974) Approved
  3. Oklahoma State Question 496, Simple Majority Vote for Constitutional Amendments Measure (August 1974) Approved
  4. South Dakota Amendment A, Restructure of Legislative Department Measure (1974) Defeated
  5. South Dakota Amendment B, Voting Rights Expansion Measure (1974) Approved

1972

  1. Florida Amendment 3, Single Subject Initiatives Amendment (1972) Approved
  2. North Dakota Direct Democracy Signature Requirements, Alternate Proposition 2 (1972) Approved
  3. South Dakota Amendment E, Initiated Constitutional Amendment and Constitution Revision Measure (1972) Approved

1970

  1. California Proposition 16, Constitutional Amendments and Conventions Amendment (1970) Approved
  2. South Dakota Amendment B, Initiative and Referendum Requirements Measure (1970) Defeated
  3. South Dakota Amendment I, Constitutional Revision Measure (1970) Defeated

1968

  1. Florida Amendment 1, Constitution Revision Measure (1968) Approved
  2. Oregon Measure 2, Change Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirements from Based on Supreme Court to Gubernatorial Election Turnout Amendment (May 1968) Approved
  3. Wyoming Amendment 2, Initiative and Referendum Process Measure (1968) Approved

1966

  1. California Proposition 1A, Revisions to the Constitution Amendment (1966) Approved

1962

  1. Maryland Change the Number of Signatures Required on a Petition, Amendment 2 (1962) Approved
  2. Nevada Question 2, Replace Indirect Process and Require Initiated Constitutional Amendments to Pass Twice Initiative (1962) Approved

1958

  1. Nevada Question 1, Signature Increase and Distribution Requirement for Initiatives Amendment (1958) Approved
  2. North Dakota Direct Democracy and Publicity Pamphlet, Referendum 2 (1958) Defeated

1956

  1. Washington SJR 4, Change Signature Requirements for Initiatives and Referendums Amendment (1956) Approved

1954

  1. Oregon Measure 4, Increase Signature Requirement for Citizen-Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure (1954) Approved

1952

  1. Oklahoma State Question 353, Single-Subject Rule and Separate-Vote Requirement for Constitutional Amendments Measure (July 1952) Approved
  2. Washington Substitute SJR 7, Limits on Legislative Alteration of Voter-Approved Ballot Measures Amendment (1952) Approved

1951

  1. Maine Direct Initiatives Signature Requirements, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1951) Approved

1950

  1. California Proposition 2, Prohibit Naming Individuals to Public Office Through Ballot Measures Amendment (1950) Approved
  2. Maine Initiated Legislation Filing Date, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1950) Approved
  3. Massachusetts Question 2, Percentage-Based Signature Requirement for Citizen-Initiated Ballot Measures Amendment (1950) Approved

1948

  1. California Proposition 10, Single-Subject Rule for Initiatives Amendment (1948) Approved
  2. Maine Referendum Petition Signature Requirements, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1948) Approved

1946

  1. California Proposition 12, Legislative Alteration of Voter-Approved Initiatives Amendment (1946) Approved

1944

  1. Massachusetts Question 1, Require Summary for Ballot Measures Amendment (1944) Approved

1942

  1. North Dakota Constitutional Amendments Referendum (1942) Defeated
  2. North Dakota Direct Democracy Referendum (1942) Defeated

1941

  1. Michigan Proposal 1, Initiated Constitutional Amendment Signature Verification and Fraud Penalties Amendment (April 1941) Approved
  2. Michigan Proposal 2, Initiated Statute and Referendum Signature Verification and Fraud Penalties Amendment (April 1941) Approved

1940

  1. Missouri Amendment 4, Change Signature Requirement Basis for Initiative Petitions Measure (1940) Defeated
  2. North Dakota Legislative Power and Direct Democracy Referendum (1940) Defeated

1939

  1. Ohio Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirements Initiative (1939) Defeated

1938

  1. California Proposition 17, Require Initiatives to Qualify 130 Days Before Election Amendment (1938) Approved

1936

  1. North Dakota Legislative Power and Direct Democracy Referendum (1936) Defeated

1934

  1. Colorado Measure 4, Voters to Impose or Approve Excise Taxes Initiative (1934) Defeated
  2. Idaho HJR 7, Simple Majority Vote for Citizen Initiatives Measure (1934) Defeated

1932

  1. California Proposition 8, Attorney General to Write Ballot Titles and Summaries for Initiatives Amendment (1932) Approved
  2. North Dakota Future Constitutional Amendments Referendum (1932) Defeated
  3. North Dakota Legislative Power and Direct Democracy Referendum (1932) Defeated

1924

  1. Missouri Amendment 2, Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirement Increase Measure (February 1924) Defeated
  2. South Dakota Referred Law 3, Primary Elections Law Referendum (1924) Defeated

1922

  1. California Proposition 27, Initiative Signature Requirement Initiative (1922) Defeated
  2. South Dakota Amendment B, Initiative and Referendum Signature Increase Measure (1922) Defeated

1920

  1. California Proposition 4, Initiative Signature Requirement Initiative (1920) Defeated
  2. Nebraska Amendment 39, Constitutional Amendment Vote Requirements Amendment (September 1920) Approved
  3. Nebraska Amendment 4, Initiative and Referendum Signature Requirements Amendment (September 1920) Approved

1918

  1. Colorado Publication of Ballot Measures, Measure 5 (1918) Approved
  2. Massachusetts Question 1, Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (1918) Approved
  3. North Dakota Requirements for Constitutional Amendment Passage Initiative (1918) Approved
  4. North Dakota Simplified Initiative and Referendum Process Initiative (1918) Approved
  5. Ohio Veto Referendums on Legislative Ratification of Federal Constitutional Amendments Initiative (1918) Approved

1916

  1. Arizona Measure Nos. 100-101, Require Majority of Votes Cast in Election to Approve Ballot Initiatives Amendment (1916) Defeated
  2. Minnesota Amendment 7, Initiative and Referendum Measure (1916) Defeated
  3. Washington Referendum 3, Require Initiative and Referendum Petition Signers to Sign in Presence of Registration Officer Measure (1916) Defeated

1915

  1. California Proposition 7, Two-Thirds Vote Requirement for Initiated Bond Measures Amendment (October 1915) Defeated
  2. Maryland Amendment 4, Establish Veto Referendum Amendment (1915) Approved
  3. Ohio Prohibit Re-Submitting Twice Rejected Constitutional Amendments for Six Years Initiative (1915) Defeated

1914

  1. Arizona Measure Nos. 102-103, Eight-Year Waiting Period for Repeated Prohibition Elections Initiative (1914) Defeated
  2. Arizona Measure Nos. 108-109, Prohibit Legislative Changes or Governor's Veto of Initiatives and Referendums Amendment (1914) Approved
  3. Colorado Right to Petition Governor for Special Election on Measures, Measure 4 (1914) Defeated
  4. Colorado Rules on Rejected and Conflicting Initiatives, Measure 1 (1914) Defeated
  5. Minnesota Amendment 1, Initiative and Referendum Measure (1914) Defeated
  6. Mississippi Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1914) Overturned
  7. Missouri Amendment 1, Initiative and Referendum Tax-Related Subject Restrictions Measure (1914) Defeated
  8. North Dakota Establish Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure (1914) Approved
  9. North Dakota Initiative and Referendum Measure (1914) Approved
  10. South Dakota Amendment 4, Municipal Initiative and Referendum Measure (1914) Defeated
  11. Texas Proposition 1, Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (1914) Defeated
  12. Wisconsin Question 2, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1914) Defeated
  13. Wisconsin Question 8, Provide for Initiated Constitutional Amendments Measure (1914) Defeated

1913

  1. Michigan Initiatives and Referendums for Statutes Amendment (April 1913) Approved
  2. Michigan Initiatives for Constitutional Amendments Amendment (April 1913) Approved

1912

  1. Colorado "Headless Ballot", Measure 14 (1912) Approved
  2. Colorado Special Elections for Initiatives and Referendums, Measure 11 (1912) Defeated
  3. Idaho SJR 12, Veto Referendum Process Amendment (1912) Approved
  4. Idaho SJR 13, Initiative Process Amendment (1912) Approved
  5. Mississippi Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1912) Defeated
  6. Nebraska Amendment 1, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1912) Approved
  7. Nevada Question 3, Initiative Process Amendment (1912) Approved
  8. Ohio Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (September 1912) Approved
  9. Ohio Simple Majority Vote for Constitutional Amendments Measure (September 1912) Approved
  10. Oregon Measure Nos. 310-311, Require Majority of Votes Cast in Election to Approve Constitutional Amendments Measure (1912) Defeated
  11. Oregon Measure Nos. 322-323, Require Majority of Votes Cast in Election to Approve Ballot Initiatives Measure (1912) Defeated
  12. Washington Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (1912) Approved
  13. Wyoming Amendment 1, Initiative and Referendum Measure (1912) Defeated

1911

  1. California Proposition 7, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (October 1911) Approved

1910

  1. Arkansas Amendment 10, Initiative and Referendum Process Measure (September 1910) Approved
  2. Colorado Referendum 3, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1910) Approved
  3. Illinois Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question (1910) Approved
  4. Oregon Measure Nos. 360-361, Direct Democracy, Electoral System, and Legislature Changes Initiative (1910) Defeated

1908

  1. Maine Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1908) Approved
  2. Michigan Constitution Revision Measure (1908) Approved
  3. Missouri Amendment 3, Initiative and Referendum Process Measure (1908) Approved

1906

  1. Delaware Initiative and Referendum Advisory Question (1906) Approved
  2. Montana Amendment 1, Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1906) Approved
  3. Oregon Measure Nos. 314-315, Local Initiative and Referendum Process Initiative (June 1906) Approved

1904

  1. Missouri Amendment 2, Initiative and Referendum Process Measure (1904) Defeated
  2. Nevada Question 1, Veto Referendum Process Amendment (1904) Approved

1902

  1. Illinois Local Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question (1902) Approved
  2. Illinois State Initiative and Referendum Process Advisory Question (1902) Approved
  3. Oregon Measure Nos. 105-106, Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (June 1902) Approved

1900

  1. Utah Initiative and Referendum Amendment (1900) Approved

1898

  1. South Dakota Initiative and Referendum Process Amendment (1898) Approved

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Library of Congress, "Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929," accessed January 26, 2025
  2. ↑ Initiative and Referendum Institute, "The History of the Initiative and Referendum Process in the United States," accessed January 26, 2025
  3. ↑ Northern Illinois University Digital Library, "American Populism, 1876-1896," accessed January 26, 2025
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 In Minnesota, the constitutional amendment needed to receive approval from a majority of all ballots cast in the election, not just a majority of the votes specifically cast on the amendment.
  5. ↑ In Mississippi, the constitutional amendment needed to receive approval from a majority of all ballots cast in the election, not just a majority of the votes specifically cast on the amendment.
  6. ↑ In Wyoming, the constitutional amendment needed to receive approval from a majority of all ballots cast in the election, not just a majority of the votes specifically cast on the amendment.
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Statewide ballot measures
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Ballot Measures overview
By topic
A • Abortion • Admin of gov't • Affirmative action • Alcohol • Animal rights • Assisted death • B • Bonds • Budgets • Business regulation • C • Campaigns • Civil rights • Constitutional conventions • Constitutional language • County government • D • Daylight Saving Time • Death penalty • Direct democracy • E • Earthquakes • Education • Elections • Eminent domain • English • Environment • Executives • F • Federal constitutional issues • Firearms • G • Gambling • Government accountability • H • Healthcare • Housing • Hunting • I • Immigration • Insurance • J • State judiciary • L • LGBT • Labor • Law enforcement • Legislatures • M • Marijuana • Marriage • Minimum wage • Mottos • Municipal government • N • Natural resources • P • Pensions • Property • Public finance • R • Recall • Redistricting • Race and ethnicity • Religion • Rules about Sunday • S • Salaries of elected officials • Smoking bans • State budgets • State executives • State judiciary • State legislatures • Stem cells • Supermajority requirements • Sundays • T • Taxes • Tobacco • Transportation • U • Unions • Utilities • V • Veterans • W • Wages • War and peace • Water • Welfare
By type
By year
2026 • 2025 • 2024 • 2023 • 2022 • 2021 • 2020 • 2019 • 2018 • 2017 • 2016 • 2015 • 2014 • 2013 • 2012 • 2011 • 2010 • 2009 • 2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004 • 2003 • 2002 • 2001 • 2000 • 1999 • 1998 • 1997 • 1996 • 1995 • 1994 • 1993 • 1992 • 1991 • 1990 • 1989 • 1988 • 1987 • 1986 • 1985 • 1984 • 1983 • 1982 • 1981 • 1980 • 1979 • 1978 • 1977 • 1976 • 1975 • 1974 • 1973 • 1972 • 1971 • 1970 • 1969 • 1968 • 1967 • 1966 • 1965 • 1964 • 1963 • 1962 • 1961 • 1960 • 1959 • 1958 • 1957 • 1956 • 1955 • 1954 • 1953 • 1952 • 1951 • 1950 • 1949 • 1948 • 1947 • 1946 • 1945 • 1944 • 1943 • 1942 • 1941 • 1940 • 1939 • 1938 • 1937 • 1936 • 1935 • 1934 • 1933 • 1932 • 1931 • 1930 • 1929 • 1928 • 1927 • 1926 • 1925 • 1924 • 1923 • 1922 • 1921 • 1920 • 1919 • 1918 • 1917 • 1916 • 1915 • 1914 • 1913 • 1912 • 1911 • 1910 • 1909 • 1908 • 1907 • 1906 • 1905 • 1904 • 1903 • 1902 • 1901 • 1900
Other
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