Partisanship analysis of state legislative votes on 2025 legislatively referred ballot measures
In 2025, state legislatures in eight states—California, Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin—referred 28 constitutional amendments and statutes to statewide ballots.
Click here for more information on 2025 ballot measures.
Unlike citizen-initiated ballot measures, legislatively referred ballot measures appear on the ballot due to a vote of the state legislature. This allows for an analysis of how members of the two major political parties—Democrats and Republicans—voted on each measure.
Ballotpedia uses a Partisan Direction Index (PDI) to illustrate the level of partisan support behind each referral. The PDI measures the difference between the percentages of Democratic and Republican legislators who voted in favor of a measure. Scores range from –100% to +100%, where
- –100% indicates support only from Democrats,
- +100% indicates support only from Republicans, and
- 0% indicates equal support from both parties.
Each ballot measure receives both a numerical PDI score and a partisan classification—Democratic, Lean Democratic, Bipartisan, Lean Republican, or Republican—reflecting the partisan breakdown of the legislative vote that placed the measure on the ballot.
The PDI allows for quickly identifying which party supported a measure and tracking long-term trends, such as which policy areas typically receive partisan or bipartisan support, as well as approval rates for different partisan classes.
This page includes:
- An overview of the 2025 legislative referrals
- A summary of PDI classifications and methodology
- A sortable list of measures with their PDI scores, partisan support levels, and election outcomes.
Analysis
Overview
-
Legislatures in eight states referred 28 measures to the ballot for elections in 2025. The eight states are California, Colorado, Louisiana, New York, Ohio, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.
- Twelve referrals (42.9%) were classified as bipartisan, with the difference between Democrats and Republicans being no greater than 20 percentage points.
- One referral (3.6%) was classified as lean Democratic. While Republicans control both chambers of the Texas State Legislature, Texas Proposition 14, regarding the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, received more support from Democrats than Republicans.
- Three referrals (10.7%) were classified as Democratic.
- Eight referrals (28.6%) were classified as Lean Republican.
- Four referrals (14.3%) were classified as Republican.
- Only one ballot measure received unanimous support from one party (Republican) and unanimous opposition from the other (Democratic)— Wisconsin Question 1, which added a voter identification requirement to the state constitution. Voters approved Question 1 on April 1, 2025.
Election results
- See also: 2025 ballot measure election results
The following table summarizes the election outcomes of legislatively referred ballot measures, categorized by partisan classification based on legislative votes.
| Class | Total | Approved | Approved (%) | Defeated | Defeated (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 3 | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
| Lean Democratic | 1 | 1 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
| Bipartisan | 12 | 12 | 100% | 0 | 0% |
| Lean Republican | 8 | 7 | 88% | 1 | 12% |
| Republican | 4 | 1 | 25% | 3 | 75% |
Partisan Direction Index (PDI)
The Partisan Direction Index (PDI) measures the partisan support behind a legislative referral, a type of ballot measure that appears on the ballot due to the vote of a state legislature. Referrals can be constitutional amendments or statutes. The index ranges from -100%to +100%, where –100% means only Democrats voted 'Yes,' +100% means only Republicans did, and zero means equal support from both parties. PDI accounts for the percentage of each party's members who voted 'Yes.'
The classification includes both:
- a continuous number between –100% and +100% rounded to one decimal place, and
- a corresponding category, such as Lean Republican or Bipartisan.
For example, in 2024, the Iowa State Legislature referred Amendment 1 to the ballot. Among legislators, 65.4% of Democrats and 100.0% of Republicans voted 'Yes.' Using the PDI formula, this results in a score of +34.6%, which is classified as Lean Republican.
The table below shows how percentage ranges translate into PDI classifications. The classifications are based on dividing the full –100% to +100% scale into five equal parts.
| PDI Range (Continuous) | Class (Ordinal) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| -100% to -60% | Democratic | Mostly or entirely Democratic support; little or no Republican support |
| -60% to -20% | Lean Democratic | Predominantly Democratic, with some Republican support |
| -20% to +20% | Bipartisan | Both parties showed majority support. No single party drove the support |
| +20% to +60% | Lean Republican | Predominantly Republican, with some Democratic support |
| +60% to +100% | Republican | Mostly or entirely Republican support; little or no Democratic support |
List of legisaltively referred ballot measures
The sortable table below shows the partisan support levels for each legislatively referred ballot measure certified for 2025, along with their PDI scores, classifications, and election outcomes.
See also
Footnotes
