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Wisconsin school board elections, 2015
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Wisconsin's 2015 elections State ballot measures • School boards • Municipal • Judicial • Candidate ballot access |
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A total of 19 Wisconsin school districts among America's largest school districts by enrollment held elections in 2015 for 51 seats. Twelve of those districts were in the country's top 1,000 largest school districts. All of the elections were scheduled on April 7, 2015. Because no more than two candidates filed for any board position in these districts, none of these races required a primary election.
Here are several quick facts about Wisconsin's school board elections in 2015:
- Twelve of the districts are among the top 1,000 largest school districts by enrollment in the United States and enrolled a total of 249,634 K-12 students during the 2012-2013 school year. The seven districts not in the top 1,000 largest nationwide had a combined enrollment of 51,721 during the same period.[1]
- The largest school district by enrollment with an election in 2015 was Milwaukee Public Schools with 78,363 K-12 students.
- The smallest school district by enrollment with an election in 2015 was West Bend School District with 6,920 K-12 students.
- Milwaukee Public Schools had the most seats on the ballot in 2015 with five seats up for election.
- Nine districts were tied the fewest seats on the ballot in 2015 with two seats up for election in each.
The district listed below served 301,355 K-12 students during the 2012-2013 school year, according to the National Center for Education Statistics.[1] Click on the district name for more information on the district and its school board elections.
Trends in Wisconsin school board elections
Note: In 2015, Ballotpedia extended its coverage of Wisconsin school districts due to a grant. In addition to covering the 12 Wisconsin districts in the top 1,000 districts by enrollment in the United States, Ballotpedia also covered the additional eight districts that made up the top 20 districts by enrollment in Wisconsin. These eight districts are not included in the cumulative statistics below.
- See also: School boards in session: 2015 in brief
The state's 2015 school board elections saw a higher average number of candidates run per seat than the 2014 school board elections. Districts also had fewer unopposed seats in 2015, and more newcomers were elected to school boards. A total of 35.29 percent of seats went to newcomers in 2015, compared to 23.33 percent that went to newcomers in 2014.
The following sections analyze competitiveness and incumbency advantage in Wisconsin's school board elections. These districts did not utilize primary or runoff elections. Winners only had to receive a plurality, or relative majority, of votes to secure a seat. All of the school board elections held in the state in 2014 and 2015 were nonpartisan.
Though no primary elections were held in 2015, Wisconsin does require school districts to hold them to reduce the number of candidates if more than two file for any one school board seat up for election in the state. No runoff elections are held. In 2014, only the Kenosha Unified School District had enough candidates file to hold a primary.
Details of the data discussed here can be found in the table below.
Competitiveness
In 2015, elections held in Wisconsin's largest school districts attracted an average of 1.38 candidates per seat. This was higher than the average 1.4 candidates who ran per seat in the state in 2014. Over a third of the school board seats on the ballot in 2015 were unopposed, but the percentage was lower than the 46.67 percent that were unopposed in 2014.
Incumbency advantage
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A total of 84 percent of incumbents who ran for re-election retained their seats in the state's 2015 school board elections. Twenty-five incumbents ran for 34 seats. Eight of those incumbents ran unopposed and automatically won another term, but 17 defeated challengers to keep their seats. In 2014, incumbents had a higher success rate, with 88.46 percent winning re-election. Twenty-six incumbents ran for 30 seats that year, and half of them were unopposed in their re-election bids. Ten defeated challengers to retain their seats. The map below details the success rates for incumbents who ran in the 2015 school board elections that were held in the largest school districts by enrollment in the U.S.
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Data table
The table below displays the statistics for school board elections in Wisconsin's largest school districts from 2014 to 2015.
| Wisconsin school board elections, 2014 - 2015 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Total | Incumbents | ||||||||
| Seats up | Candidates | Candidates/ seat |
Unopposed seats | % unopposed | % seats won by newcomers | Sought re-election | Unopposed | Retained | % retained | |
| 2015 | 34 | 47 | 1.38 | 13 | 38.24% | 35.29% | 25 | 8 | 21 | 84.00% |
| 2014 | 30 | 42 | 1.40 | 14 | 46.67% | 23.33% | 26 | 13 | 23 | 88.46% |
Spotlight districts
Budget hearings
At a series of public hearings on Gov. Scott Walker's (R) proposed budget, education officials from a number of districts across Wisconsin testified on their inability to keep up with education funding cuts and their opposition to eliminating the cap on the state's school voucher program.[2][3]
Green Bay Superintendent Michelle Langenfeld told the Wisconsin Legislature's Joint Finance Committee that she needed help crafting her district's budget. Langenfeld said her district could not be sure what its revenue would be for the 2015-2016 school year with the possibility of unlimited school vouchers available to private schools.[4]
“How do I explain, that if history is to be our guide, many of these students will never have attended the school district and therefore, the voucher program is literally taking money away from their students’ classrooms to pay for vouchers," said Langenfeld.[4]
Other superintendents also spoke at the budget hearings.[3]
“It doesn’t matter what city we’re leading. It doesn’t matter the size of the district. What we’re talking about are students. We’re talking about children,” said Milwaukee Superintendent Darienne Driver.[3]
Staff members from private voucher schools across the state also attended the hearings to praise the governor's proposal to expand the voucher system.[4] A district official from a private school in Appleton said that some families could not afford to send their students to their school of choice without the help of the state voucher program.[2]
District officials speak out at public hearing on proposed budget
At a public hearing on the proposed budget, Appleton Area School District officials testified on the district's inability to keep up with public education funding cuts. According to Appleton Superintendent Lee Allinger, the district stood to lose as much as $2.2 million in per-pupil funding under the governor's proposal. Don Hietpas, the district's chief financial officer, said the district could not keep up with rising operational costs, despite using tools to save on costs.[2]
“We cannot sustain excellent student programming and student activities if our revenues continue to be frozen,” Hietpas said.[2]
Education officials from the Green Bay Area Public School District, the Howard-Suamico School District and the Ashwaubenon School District joined Allinger and Hietpas to speak out on the education funding cuts as well as the proposal to eliminate the cap on the state's school voucher program that was included in the governor's budget.[2]
Budget cuts
- See also: Wisconsin state budget and finances
Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker (R) outlined several state funding cuts for education in his proposed budget in early 2015. Included in those budget cuts was a reduction in per-student funding by $150 for the 2015-2016 school year. Walker then proposed adding $165 per student for the 2016-2017 school year. In response to this change in funding, several superintendents, including those from the Sun Prairie Area School District and the Madison Metropolitan School District, wrote a letter to Walker and the Wisconsin State Legislature on February 17, 2015. In the letter, the superintendents discussed their concerns that such a budget cut would require cutting staff, salaries or benefits in order for their districts to stay afloat, which they worried would make it nearly impossible to retain talented teachers. They said they believed inflationary growth was necessary to maintain and grow their educational programs.[5] The full letter can be found here.
In April 2015, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) said Senate Republicans wanted to restore all of the governor's proposed education cuts, as well as raise per-student funding in the second year of the budget.[6]
Wausau School District
In response to state education funding cuts proposed by Gov. Scott Walker (R), Wausau School District Superintendent Kathleen Williams sent a letter to families in the district. In the letter, she informed the community of the impact such funding cuts could have on students in the district.[7]
Williams explained that Walker's proposal would cut $2,500,000 from the district's budget for the 2015-2016 school year. She urged anyone with questions to contact their legislators.[8]
"There is no question that should the budget proposal remain unchanged, the financial impact on the Wausau School District will be significant and have ramifications for both short- and long-term planning," Williams said in her letter.[8]
School choice group requests student information
School Choice Wisconsin filed an open records request for student names, addresses, phone numbers, grade levels and schools from a total of 30 school districts in the state, and under state law, the districts are required to provide it.[9]
The request came after Gov. Scott Walker proposed lifting the enrollment cap on the statewide voucher program. Jim Bender, president of School Choice Wisconsin, said the gathered information would be used to educate parents on their school choice options and would likely be shared with private and parochial schools that were part of the state's voucher program. He likened the requests to other marketing efforts, such as billboards and mailings, and said the same information is provided in student directories and to college and military recruiters.[9][10][11][12]
Some state officials, however, saw the request as an infringement on student privacy. State Sen. Dave Hansen (D) and State Rep. Eric Genrich (D) expressed concern over the student data request.[9][11]
"As a parent and lawmaker, I'm outraged by this request for personal student information," said Genrich.[11]
Together, Hansen and Genrich propsed a bill to protect students’ personal information. They planned to allow access to student information only “to advance a school’s educational mission but keep it out of the hands of those who might seek to harm children.”[9]
Green Bay Area Public School District
In response to School Choice Wisconsin, a school choice advocacy group, requesting information on all students attending the Green Bay Area Public School District in February 2015, Superintendent Michelle Langenfeld sent a letter to parents informing them about the request.[9]
"We have never had a request from a third party asking for information about every single student. Our real concern is student privacy," said Langenfeld.[11]
In response to questions from parents about the information, School Choice Wisconsin limited its records request to student addresses only, no longer requesting student names, phone numbers, grades or schools.[13]
"We worked with the district to both clarify our use of the data and help resolve parental concerns. It was never our intention to use the data in any way that would cause privacy concerns," said School Choice Wisconsin President Jim Bender in a joint statement released with the school district.[13]
Unlike some districts, the Green Bay Area Public School District would have had to provide all the requested information to School Choice Wisconsin if they had not limited the request, as the district defined everything the group originally asked for as directory data information. State law requires school districts to turn over directory data information to anyone who asks for it, but it also allows school districts to decide on their own definition of what constitutes directory data information. The Oshkosh Area School District, for example, has a more limited definition of directory data information, so it did not have to provide School Choice Wisconsin with the addresses or phone numbers of its middle and high school students.[12]
According to legal counsel for the Green Bay Area Public School District, the district planned to change its definition of directory data information for the 2015-2016 school year. The district asked for a fee of $380 in order to assemble and copy the records requested.[10][12]
Survey responses
Ten of the 77 candidates running for a school board seat in Wisconsin's 20 largest school districts in the 2015 elections responded to Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey. The following sections display their answers to questions about top priorities and education issues.
Top priorities
When asked what his top priorities would be if elected, Green Bay Area Public School District Board of Education challenger Edward Dorff stated:
| “ | Re-establish trust in the district, internally and externally. Validate the history, experience, and dedication of the staff, families, and community members who have invested so much in the district. Bring those who are closest to the actual work to the decision-making table.[14] | ” |
| —Edward Dorff (2015)[15] | ||
Mike Falkofske, winner of an at-large seat on the Kenosha Unified School District Board of Education, said the following:
| “ | My top priority is to create a new strategic plan, new mission statement, and new vision statement by using the information contained 2013 District Curriculum audit. The district will never be able to fix it’s problems if it doesn’t know how to define itself. The districts needs to have a clear vision of where it will be in the future and a roadmap for getting there. The district needs to stop being a reactive organization and instead become a proactive organization that can successfully navigate all the challenges it will face.[14] | ” |
| —Mike Falkofske (2015)[16] | ||
Jim Evans, winner of an at-large seat on the Oshkosh Area School District Board of Education stated the following as his top priorities:
| “ | In this time of spending caps and budget slashing, student retention and recruitment will become even more competitive. We must do all we can to keep our current students and find ways to attract students from outside the district to enroll in the Oshkosh School District. My top priority will be to make the Oshkosh School District a quality option for parents and their children.[14] | ” |
| —Jim Evans (2015)[17] | ||
The top priorities of Oshkosh Area School District Board of Education incumbent Allison Garner were:
| “ | Currently, the Oshkosh Area School District is seeing a net loss of students to other public school districts in the surrounding communities. This results in a decrease of revenues for our district. My top priority is to turnaround this net loss to a net gain. Using the results of a survey that answered why families leave our district, we can prioritize the changes that need to be made.[14] | ” |
| —Allison Garner (2015)[18] | ||
Marilyn Ruffin, Sun Prairie Area School District Board of Education challenger, responded with this statement:
| “ | No matter the pressing issue my top priority will be to LISTEN to all stakeholders before making a decision.[14] | ” |
| —Marilyn Ruffin (2015)[19] | ||
When asked what his top priorities would be if elected, Patrick McCaffery, incumbent on the Waukesha School Board, stated:
| “ | My top priority has been and will continue to be closing the achievement gap within the Waukesha School District. Regardless of the contributing reasons for an achievement gap, necessary measures need to be taken to address it. I have been a strong proponent of personalized learning which will allow students to get more out of their education. I am also a supporter of district programs such as the AVID program which gives students the abilities needed to develop math and literacy skills which in turn improves critical thinking. These programs and initiatives are integral for college and career readiness.[14] | ” |
| —Patrick McCaffery (2015)[20] | ||
The top priorities of Kurt O'Bryan, incumbent on the Waukesha School Board, were:
| “ | Ensure the image of the Waukesha School District is one that attracts high quality educators.[14] | ” |
| —Kurt O'Bryan (2015)[21] | ||
Paul Reese, Waukesha School Board challenger, said the following were his top priorities:
| “ | If I had to pick just one, then it would have to be to bring back the 4.0 GPA grading system (A,B,C,D,F). There is not a college in this country that doesn't accept anything but a 4.0 GPA grading system and if it is good enough for colleges, it ought to be good enough for parents. This is one of many things I would do to start reducing the confusion/frustration that many of us have.[14] | ” |
| —Paul Reese (2015)[22] | ||
When asked what his top priorities would be if elected, Wausau School District Board of Education challenger Jeff Kocha stated:
| “ | Providing appropriate facilities are on the top of the list. Our schools currently cannot support the numbers of students in our district, and currently the upcoming referendum seems to best address the issue, so I support that. I don't see the voucher system impacting greatly any outstanding school district, so instead of focusing on the symptom (vouchers), I intend to focus on the cause (dissatisfaction). Part of the reason Wausau hasn't seen more problems with the vouchers is because it currently offers a very good product, and we need to ensure we continue on the same path or it will become our problem.[14] | ” |
| —Jeff Kocha (2015)[23] | ||
Stephanie Emons, winner of a seat on the West Allis-West Milwaukee School District Board of Education, answered:
| “ | As noted above, rebuilding the trust with the community. More and better communication with the residents. Working on a long-range plan to curb enrollment issues (reviewing building plans, projected attendance, curriculum, staff/admin review). We have come to a point where people don't want to send their children to certain schools. That's unacceptable. All of our schools must be improved so that all children in the district can receive the same high quality education regardless of what school they attend. [14] | ” |
| —Stephanie Emons (2015)[24] | ||
Ranking the issues
The candidates were asked to rank the following issues by importance in the school district, with 1 being the most important and 7 being the least important. This table displays the candidates' average rankings as well as the highest and lowest rankings for each issue.
| Issue importance ranking | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Issues | Average ranking | Highest ranking | Lowest ranking |
| Expanding arts education | 5.30 | 2 | 7 |
| Expanding career-technical education | 4.10 | 2 | 6 |
| Balancing or maintaining the district's budget | 2.40 | 1 | 6 |
| Improving college readiness | 3.5 | 2 | 7 |
| Closing the achievement gap | 3.50 | 1 | 7 |
| Improving education for special needs students | 4.20 | 2 | 6 |
| Expanding school choice options | 5.00 | 1 | 7 |
Positions on the issues
The candidates were asked an additional 10 short answer and multiple choice questions regarding significant issues in education. Links to those responses can be found below.
State profile
| Demographic data for Wisconsin | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wisconsin | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 5,767,891 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 54,158 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 86.5% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 6.3% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 2.5% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 0.9% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 2.1% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 6.3% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 91% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 27.8% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $53,357 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 15% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Wisconsin. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
Presidential voting pattern
- See also: Presidential voting trends in Wisconsin
Wisconsin voted for the Democratic candidate in five out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
Pivot Counties (2016)
Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, 23 are located in Wisconsin, accounting for 11.17 percent of the total pivot counties.[25]
Pivot Counties (2020)
In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Wisconsin had 21 Retained Pivot Counties and two Boomerang Pivot Counties, accounting for 11.60 and 8.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively.
More Wisconsin coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in Wisconsin
- United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin
- Public policy in Wisconsin
- Endorsers in Wisconsin
- Wisconsin fact checks
- More...
Academic performance
| Education terms |
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| For more information on education policy terms, see this article. |
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- See also: Public education in Wisconsin
NAEP scores
- See also: NAEP scores by state
The National Center for Education Statistics provides state-by-state data on student achievement levels in mathematics and reading in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The chart below presents the percentage of fourth and eighth grade students that scored at or above proficient in reading and math during the 2012-2013 school year. Wisconsin had a higher percentage of students score at or above proficient in math and reading in fourth and eighth grades than students in Illinois and Michigan. Minnesota, however, had a higher percentage than Wisconsin.[26]
| Percent of students scoring at or above proficient, 2012-2013 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Math - Grade 4 | Math - Grade 8 | Reading - Grade 4 | Reading - Grade 8 | |
| Wisconsin | 47% | 40% | 35% | 36% |
| Illinois | 39% | 36% | 34% | 36% |
| Michigan | 37% | 30% | 31% | 33% |
| Minnesota | 59% | 47% | 41% | 41% |
| U.S. averages | 41% | 34% | 34% | 34% |
| Source: United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables," accessed May 13, 2014 | ||||
Graduation, ACT and SAT scores
The following table shows the graduation rates and average composite ACT and SAT scores for Wisconsin and surrounding states during the 2012-2013 school year. All statements made in this section refer to that school year.[26][27][28]
In the United States, public schools reported graduation rates that averaged to about 81.4 percent. About 54 percent of all students in the country took the ACT, while 50 percent reported taking the SAT. The average national composite scores for those tests were 20.9 out of a possible 36 for the ACT and 1,498 out of a possible 2,400 for the SAT.[29]
Wisconsin schools reported a graduation rate of 88 percent during the 2012-2013 school year. This gave Wisconsin the highest graduation rate when compared to its neighboring states.
In Wisconsin, more students took the ACT than the SAT in 2013. The students taking the ACT scored an average of 22.1.
| Comparison table for graduation rates and test scores, 2012-2013 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Graduation rate, 2013 | Average ACT composite, 2013 | Average SAT composite, 2013 | ||||
| Percent | Quintile ranking** | Score | Participation rate | Score | Participation rate | ||
| Wisconsin | 88% | First | 22.1 | 71% | 1,771 | 4% | |
| Illinois | 83.2% | Third | 20.6 | 100% | 1,807 | 5% | |
| Michigan | 77% | Fourth | 19.9 | 100% | 1,782 | 4% | |
| Minnesota | 79.8% | Fourth | 23 | 74% | 1,780 | 6% | |
| United States | 81.4% | 20.9 | 54% | 1498 | 50% | ||
| **Graduation rates for states in the first quintile ranked in the top 20 percent nationally. Similarly, graduation rates for states in the fifth quintile ranked in the bottom 20 percent nationally. Sources: United States Department of Education, "ED Data Express," accessed May 28, 2015 ACT.org, "2013 ACT National and State Scores," accessed May 28, 2015 The Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT scores by state, 2013," accessed May 28, 2015 | |||||||
Dropout rate
- See also: Public high school dropout rates by state for a full comparison of dropout rates by group in all states
The high school event dropout rate indicates the proportion of students who were enrolled at some time during the school year and were expected to be enrolled in grades 9–12 in the following school year but were not enrolled by October 1 of the following school year. Students who have graduated, transferred to another school, died, moved to another country, or who are out of school due to illness are not considered dropouts. The average public high school event dropout rate for the United States remained constant at 3.3 percent for both school year 2010–11 and school year 2011–12. The event dropout rate for Wisconsin was lower than the national average at 2.0 percent in the 2010-2011 school year, and 1.9 percent in the 2011-2012 school year.[30]
See also
| Wisconsin | School Boards | News and Analysis |
|---|---|---|
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Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Center for Education Statistics, "Elementary/Secondary Information System," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 La Crosse Tribune, "Parents, school officials oppose education cuts in Walker budget, "March 18, 2015
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ABC 2, "People sound off on governor's budget," March 20, 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 WTAQ, "Green Bay-area public school officials decry proposed budget cuts," March 18, 2015
- ↑ NBC 15, "Superintendents send letter to lawmakers over budget concerns," February 18, 2015
- ↑ WEAU.com, "Wisconsin Senate GOP leader wants to restore education cuts," April 11, 2015
- ↑ School Administrators Alliance, "Williams Sends Budget Letter to Wausau Families," February 18, 2015
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wausau School District, "Letter from Dr. Kathleen Williams, Superintendent of Schools," February 16, 2015
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 ABC 2, "Green Bay lawmakers want law to protect student information," February 13, 2015
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "School choice group seeks personal data on students," February 13, 2015
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Green Bay Press Gazette, "Voucher group requests student info from public schools," February 13, 2015
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fox 11, "School districts differ on giving up student information," February 13, 2015
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 WTAQ, "Modified open records request sent to Green Bay school district," February 18, 2015
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Jim Evan's responses," February 6, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Allison Garner's responses," January 23, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Marilyn Ruffin's responses," February 11, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Patrick McCaffery's responses," February 6, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Kurt O'Bryan's responses," February 5, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Paul Reese's responses," February 17, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Jeff Kocha's responses," March 24, 2015
- ↑ Ballotpedia School Board Candidate Survey, 2015, "Stephanie Emons responses," March 25, 2015
- ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables," accessed May 13, 2014
- ↑ ACT, "2012 ACT National and State Scores," accessed May 13, 2014
- ↑ Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT Scores by State 2013," October 10, 2013
- ↑ StudyPoints, "What's a good SAT score or ACT score?" accessed June 7, 2015
- ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Dropout and Graduation Rate Data File, School Year 2010-11, Provision Version 1a and School Year 2011-12, Preliminary Version 1a," accessed May 13, 2014
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