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Oregon Court of Appeals
The Oregon Court of Appeals, established by statute in 1969, is the intermediate appellate court in Oregon. The court hears all civil and criminal appeals from the circuit courts and also has jurisdiction to review some state administrative agency actions. The court does not have jurisdiction to hear death penalty cases, which is reserved for the Oregon Supreme Court, or tax court appeals, which is reserved for the Oregon Tax Court.[1] The 13 judges of the court are selected by voters in statewide nonpartisan elections to six-year terms. The administrative head of the court is the chief judge who is appointed by the chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.[2]
Due to its heavy caseload, the Oregon Court of Appeals hears cases divided into four three-judge panels. At the beginning of each month, the chief judge of the court assigns cases to each panel. The chief judge is not a member of a panel, but instead, may serve as a substitute for a judge who has a conflict of interest in the case or is not available to hear it.[1]
Appeals court decisions are subject to a petition by an aggrieved party for review by the Oregon Supreme Court. The petition must be made within 35 days of the decision, and the Oregon Supreme Court determines by vote of the justices whether to review the case.[2]
- Published opinions of the Oregon Court of Appeals can be found here.
| Oregon Court of Appeals | |||
 | |||
| Court information | |||
| Judges: | 13 | ||
| Founded: | 1969 | ||
| Location: | Salem, Oregon | ||
| Salary: | Associates: $220,596[3] | ||
| Judicial selection | |||
| Method: | Nonpartisan election of judges | ||
| Term: | 6 years | ||
Judges
Salary
- See also: Oregon court salaries and budgets
In 2025, the associate judges of the court received a salary of $220,596, according to the National Center for State Courts.[4]
Judicial selection
- See also: Judicial selection in Oregon
The thirteen judges on the Oregon Court of Appeals are selected through nonpartisan elections.[5]
Judges serve six-year terms. Judges seeking to serve more than one term must stand for re-election.[5]
Qualifications
To serve on this court, a judge must be:
- a United States citizen;
- a qualified elector of his or her county of residence;
- a state bar member; and
- under the age of 75.[5]
Chief judge
The chief judge is appointed by the chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court to serve a two-year term.[5]
Vacancies
If a midterm vacancy occurs on the court, the governor appoints a replacement. The appointee serves until the next general election occurring 61 or more days after the vacancy, at which point he or she may run for election.[5]
Elections
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2030
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2028
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 3
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 5
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 8
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2026
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 1
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 12
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 13
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2024
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2
General election
The general election scheduled for November 5, 2024, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2
Incumbent Megan Harris-Jacquot (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2 on May 21, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Megan Harris-Jacquot (Nonpartisan) | 97.9 | 571,325 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.1% | 12,280 | ||
| Total votes: 583,605 | |||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4
General election
The general election scheduled for November 5, 2024, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4
Incumbent Robyn Ridler Aoyagi (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4 on May 21, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Robyn Ridler Aoyagi (Nonpartisan) | 97.9 | 568,615 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.1% | 12,404 | ||
| Total votes: 581,019 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Daniel Zene Crowe (Nonpartisan)
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6
General election
The general election scheduled for November 5, 2024, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6
Incumbent James C. Egan (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6 on May 21, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | James C. Egan (Nonpartisan) | 97.7 | 569,253 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.3% | 13,241 | ||
| Total votes: 582,494 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7
General election
The general election scheduled for November 5, 2024, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7
Incumbent Steven Powers (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7 on May 21, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Steven Powers (Nonpartisan) | 98.0 | 565,143 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.0% | 11,600 | ||
| Total votes: 576,743 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2022
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 3
General election
The general election scheduled for November 8, 2022, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 3
Incumbent Darleen Ortega (Nonpartisan) won election outright against Vance Day (Nonpartisan) in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 3 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Darleen Ortega (Nonpartisan) | 62.2 | 547,660 |
 | Vance Day (Nonpartisan) | 37.5 | 330,454 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.3% | 2,473 | ||
| Total votes: 880,587 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 5
General election
The general election scheduled for November 8, 2022, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 5
Incumbent Scott A. Shorr (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 5 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Scott A. Shorr (Nonpartisan) | 98.4 | 611,050 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.6% | 10,105 | ||
| Total votes: 621,155 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 8
General election
The general election scheduled for November 8, 2022, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 8
Incumbent Ramón Pagán (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 8 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Ramón Pagán (Nonpartisan) | 98.3 | 603,936 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.7% | 10,625 | ||
| Total votes: 614,561 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10
General election
General election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10
Incumbent Kristina Hellman (Nonpartisan) won election in the general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Kristina Hellman (Nonpartisan) | 98.0 | 1,093,911 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.0% | 22,646 | ||
| Total votes: 1,116,557 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11
General election
General election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11
Incumbent Anna Joyce (Nonpartisan) won election in the general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Anna Joyce (Nonpartisan) | 97.9 | 1,042,573 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.1% | 21,843 | ||
| Total votes: 1,064,416 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
See also: Oregon intermediate appellate court elections, 2020
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 1
General election
The general election scheduled for November 3, 2020, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 1
Incumbent Josephine H. Mooney (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 1 on May 19, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Josephine H. Mooney (Nonpartisan) | 98.7 | 806,796 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.3% | 10,680 | ||
| Total votes: 817,476 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9
General election
Special general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9
Incumbent Jacqueline Kamins (Nonpartisan) won election in the special general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Jacqueline Kamins (Nonpartisan) | 97.6 | 1,354,230 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 2.4% | 33,333 | ||
| Total votes: 1,387,563 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Nonpartisan primary
The primary scheduled for May 19, 2020, was canceled. Incumbent Jacqueline Kamins (Nonpartisan) advanced from the special primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9 without appearing on the ballot.
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11
General election
The general election scheduled for November 3, 2020, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11
Incumbent Joel S. DeVore (Nonpartisan) won election outright against Kyle Krohn (Nonpartisan) in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 11 on May 19, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Joel S. DeVore (Nonpartisan) | 57.7 | 572,427 |
 | Kyle Krohn (Nonpartisan) | 41.9 | 415,922 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.3% | 3,363 | ||
| Total votes: 991,712 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 12
General election
The general election scheduled for November 3, 2020, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 12
Incumbent Erin C. Lagesen (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 12 on May 19, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Erin C. Lagesen (Nonpartisan) | 98.9 | 804,231 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.1% | 8,595 | ||
| Total votes: 812,826 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 13
General election
The general election scheduled for November 3, 2020, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 13
Incumbent Douglas L. Tookey (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 13 on May 19, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Douglas L. Tookey (Nonpartisan) | 98.8 | 793,533 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.2% | 9,836 | ||
| Total votes: 803,369 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2
General election
General election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2
Incumbent Bronson James (Nonpartisan) won election in the general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 2 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Bronson James (Nonpartisan) | 98.2 | 992,125 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.8% | 17,957 | ||
| Total votes: 1,010,082 (100% precincts reporting) | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4
General election
General election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4
Incumbent Robyn Ridler Aoyagi (Nonpartisan) won election in the general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 4 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Robyn Ridler Aoyagi (Nonpartisan) | 98.4 | 1,021,221 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.6% | 16,133 | ||
| Total votes: 1,037,354 (100% precincts reporting) | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6
General election
The general election scheduled for November 6, 2018, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6
Incumbent James C. Egan (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 6 on May 15, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | James C. Egan (Nonpartisan) | 100.0 | 502,274 |
| Total votes: 502,274 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7
General election
General election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7
Incumbent Steven Powers (Nonpartisan) won election in the general election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 7 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Steven Powers (Nonpartisan) | 98.5 | 1,007,114 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 1.5% | 15,795 | ||
| Total votes: 1,022,909 (100% precincts reporting) | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9
General election
The general election scheduled for November 6, 2018, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9
Incumbent Erika L. Hadlock (Nonpartisan) won election outright in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 9 on May 15, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Erika L. Hadlock (Nonpartisan) | 100.0 | 481,596 |
| Total votes: 481,596 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10
General election
The general election scheduled for November 6, 2018, was canceled.
Nonpartisan primary
Nonpartisan primary election for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10
Incumbent Rex Armstrong (Nonpartisan) won election outright against Kyle Krohn (Nonpartisan) in the primary for Oregon Court of Appeals Position 10 on May 15, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Rex Armstrong (Nonpartisan) | 62.8 | 405,899 |
| | Kyle Krohn (Nonpartisan) | 37.2 | 240,896 | |
| Total votes: 646,795 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Ethics
The Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct sets forth ethical guidelines and principles for the conduct of judges and judicial candidates in Oregon. It is composed of six rules:[6]
| “ |
Rule 1 - Scope and Application of this Code; Definitions; Fundamental Principles Rule 2 - Maintaining the Integrity of the Judicial System Rule 3 - Impartial and Diligent Performance of Judicial Duties Rule 4 - Minimizing the Risk of Conflict Between a Judge's Activities and the Obligations of Judicial Office Rule 5 - Engaging in Political Activity and Judicial Campaign Activity Rule 6 - Procedure for Advisory Opinions and Consideration of Good Faith Compliance[7] |
” |
The full text of the Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here.
Removal of judges
Judges in Oregon may be removed in one of two ways:
- By a recommendation of the Oregon Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability to the Oregon Supreme Court, which may then discipline, retire, or remove a judge.[8]
- By a recall election.[9]
Oregon Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability
The Oregon Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability reviews charges or complaints against judges whose actions are in alleged violation of Article VIII of the Oregon Constitution or the Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct. If the commission files formal charges against the judge, a public hearing is held, after which the commission submits its findings and recommendations of disciplinary action to the Oregon Supreme Court. The Oregon Supreme Court is the only court in the state that may discipline judges via suspension, censure, or removal of the offending judge.[8]
State profile
| Demographic data for Oregon | ||
|---|---|---|
| Oregon | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 4,024,634 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 95,988 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 85.1% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 1.8% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 4% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 1.2% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0.4% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 4.1% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 12.3% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 89.8% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 30.8% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $51,243 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 18.4% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Oregon. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
Presidential voting pattern
- See also: Presidential voting trends in Oregon
Oregon voted for the Democratic candidate in all seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
Pivot Counties (2016)
Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, two are located in Oregon, accounting for 0.97 percent of the total pivot counties.[10]
Pivot Counties (2020)
In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Oregon had two Retained Pivot Counties, 1.10 of all Retained Pivot Counties.
More Oregon coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in Oregon
- United States congressional delegations from Oregon
- Public policy in Oregon
- Endorsers in Oregon
- Oregon fact checks
- More...
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Oregon Judicial Department, "An Introduction to the Courts of Oregon," accessed April 23, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Oregon Court of Appeals, "Welcome to the Oregon Court of Appeals," accessed November 3, 2014
- ↑ The salary of the chief judge may be higher than an associate judge.
- ↑ National Center for State Courts, "2025 Salaries and Rankings," accessed October 8, 2025
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Oregon," archived October 3, 2014
- ↑ Oregon Judicial Department, "Oregon Code of Judicial Conduct," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Oregon Judicial Branch - Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability, "About the Commission," accessed August 20, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "Recall manual," accessed August 20, 2025
- ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
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