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Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2022
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| Virginia's 4th Congressional District |
|---|
 |
| Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
| Election details |
| Filing deadline: April 7, 2022 |
| Primary: June 21, 2022 (canceled) General: November 8, 2022 |
| How to vote |
| Poll times: 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voting in Virginia |
| Race ratings |
Cook Political Report: Solid Democratic Inside Elections: Solid Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic |
| Ballotpedia analysis |
| U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2022 |
| See also |
1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th Virginia elections, 2022 U.S. Congress elections, 2022 U.S. Senate elections, 2022 U.S. House elections, 2022 |
All U.S. House districts, including the 4th Congressional District of Virginia, held elections in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. The primary was scheduled for June 21, 2022. The filing deadline was April 7, 2022.
The outcome of this race affected the partisan balance of the U.S. House of Representatives in the 118th Congress. All 435 House districts were up for election.
Republicans won a 222-213 majority in the U.S. House in 2022.
Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have received 67.2% of the vote in this district and Donald Trump (R) would have received 31.5%.[1]
For more information about the primaries in this election, click on the links below:
- Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 21 Democratic primary)
- Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 (June 21 Republican primary)
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin defeated Leon Benjamin Sr. in the general election for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Aston Donald McEachin (D) | 64.9 | 159,044 |
 | Leon Benjamin Sr. (R)  | 34.9 | 85,503 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 425 | ||
| Total votes: 244,972 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Leon Benjamin Sr. advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4.
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Philip Hamilton (R)
- Michael Dickinson (R)
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. The section below shows responses from candidates in this race who completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
Survey responses from candidates in this race
Click on a candidate's name to visit their Ballotpedia page.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
| Collapse all
Stop Increasing Gas Prices and Surging Inflation and Stop Voting to Increase National Debt and Taxes
Protect our Freedom and Constitutional Rights and Close the Borders
Crime in Virginia’s major cities and across the nation is on the rise. For the last three years, Democrats have loudly and repeatedly called for the defunding and dismantling of police departments. This is ridiculous! Public safety requires a strong and visible police force. The Democrat-led anti-police rhetoric has fueled lawlessness and destroyed police morale – and our entire country has suffered. We need to unite WITH law enforcement, FUNDING the police and taking a hard stand against crime. We cannot sit back and allow violent and repeat criminals to be released from jail or to avoid incarceration altogether. We must be hard on crime, enforcing the laws, preventing repeat offenders, and protecting our law-abiding citizens. Most importantly, we must support and respect our men and women in blue. That said, however, I believe that keeping our neighborhoods safe begins in the home, with faith in God and a strong family structure. We need to build back confidence in the family unit and prioritize families. Children who are raised in loving, nurturing environments with positive adult role models grow into productive members of society. God and love are central to our prosperity as a country. Of course, children are not always at home under a parent’s watchful
eye. Recognizing the pressures and realities facing working parents today, we need to provide kids with safe and accessible after-school activities.
Voting information
- See also: Voting in Virginia
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[2] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[3] Click here to view the reporting schedule for candidates for U.S. Congress in 2022.
| U.S. Congress campaign reporting schedule, 2022 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Report | Close of books | Filing deadline |
| Year-end 2021 | 12/31/2021 | 1/31/2022 |
| April quarterly | 3/31/2022 | 4/15/2022 |
| July quarterly | 6/30/2022 | 7/15/2022 |
| October quarterly | 9/30/2022 | 10/15/2022 |
| Pre-general | 10/19/2022 | 10/27/2022 |
| Post-general | 11/28/2022 | 12/08/2022 |
| Year-end 2022 | 12/31/2022 | 1/31/2023 |
| Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aston Donald McEachin | Democratic Party | $936,470 | $1,041,249 | $104,353 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Leon Benjamin Sr. | Republican Party | $382,045 | $367,605 | $36,365 | As of December 31, 2022 |
|
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2022. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
|||||
General election race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[4]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[5][6][7]
| Race ratings: Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2022 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
| November 8, 2022 | November 1, 2022 | October 25, 2022 | October 18, 2022 | ||||||
| The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
| Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
| Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | |||||
| Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. | |||||||||
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Virginia in the 2022 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Virginia, click here.
| Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2022 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
| Virginia | U.S. House | Ballot-qualified party | 1,000 | $3,480.00 | 4/7/2022 | Source |
| Virginia | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 1,000 | N/A | 6/21/2022 | Source |
District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district before and after redistricting.
- Effect of redistricting - How districts in the state changed as a result of redistricting following the 2020 census.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2022 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
District map
Below was the map in use at the time of the election, enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle, compared to the map in place before the election.
Virginia District 4
until January 2, 2023
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Virginia District 4
starting January 3, 2023
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Effect of redistricting
The table below details the results of the 2020 presidential election in each district at the time of the 2022 election and its political predecessor district.[8] This data was compiled by Daily Kos Elections.[9]
| 2020 presidential results by Congressional district, Virginia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | 2022 district | Political predecessor district | ||
Joe Biden 
|
Donald Trump 
|
Joe Biden
|
Donald Trump
| |
| Virginia's 1st | 46.2% | 52.3% | 47.0% | 51.4% |
| Virginia's 2nd | 50.1% | 48.2% | 51.4% | 46.7% |
| Virginia's 3rd | 68.3% | 30.0% | 67.2% | 31.2% |
| Virginia's 4th | 67.2% | 31.5% | 61.8% | 36.8% |
| Virginia's 5th | 45.2% | 53.4% | 45.1% | 53.6% |
| Virginia's 6th | 38.4% | 60.0% | 38.6% | 59.8% |
| Virginia's 7th | 52.6% | 45.8% | 49.8% | 48.7% |
| Virginia's 8th | 77.4% | 21.3% | 77.6% | 21.1% |
| Virginia's 9th | 28.5% | 70.3% | 28.4% | 70.4% |
| Virginia's 10th | 58.3% | 40.2% | 58.9% | 39.6% |
| Virginia's 11th | 70.0% | 28.7% | 70.3% | 28.3% |
Competitiveness
This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Virginia.
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Virginia in 2022. Information below was calculated on June 7, 2022, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
Thirty-three candidates filed to run for Virginia's 11 U.S. House districts, including 12 Democrats and 21 Republicans. That's three candidates per district, more than the 2.36 candidates per district in 2020 and less than the 4.09 in 2018.
This was the first election to take place under new district lines following the 2020 census. Virginia was apportioned 11 districts, the same number it was apportioned after the 2010 census.
All 11 incumbents filed to run for re-election, meaning there were no open seats this year for the first time since 2012.
There were five contested primaries — one Democratic and four Republican — this year. That's the fewest contested primaries since 2014, when four primaries were contested.
Two incumbents — Rep. Ben Cline (R) from the 6th district and Rep. Don Beyer (D) from the 8th district — faced primary challengers, the same number as every year since 2014, except for 2016, when only one incumbent faced a primary challenger.
Republican and Democratic candidates filed to run in all 11 districts, so no seats were guaranteed to either party this year. Seven candidates, including incumbent Abigail Spanberger (D), filed to run in the 7th district, the most candidates who ran in a district that held primaries this year.
Presidential elections
Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2022 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+16. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 16 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. This made Virginia's 4th the 86th most Democratic district nationally.[10]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
| 2020 presidential results in Virginia's 4th based on 2022 district lines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joe Biden
|
Donald Trump
| |||
| 67.2% | 31.5% | |||
Presidential voting history
- See also: Presidential election in Virginia, 2020
Virginia presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 17 Democratic wins
- 14 Republican wins
| Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winning Party | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D |
Demographics
The table below details demographic data in Virginia and compares it to the broader United States as of 2019.
| Demographic Data for Virginia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Virginia | United States | |
| Population | 8,001,024 | 308,745,538 |
| Land area (sq mi) | 39,481 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White | 67.6% | 72.5% |
| Black/African American | 19.2% | 12.7% |
| Asian | 6.4% | 5.5% |
| Native American | 0.3% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Other (single race) | 2.6% | 4.9% |
| Multiple | 3.8% | 3.3% |
| Hispanic/Latino | 9.4% | 18% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate | 89.7% | 88% |
| College graduation rate | 38.8% | 32.1% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income | $74,222 | $62,843 |
| Persons below poverty level | 10.6% | 13.4% |
| Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2010). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2014-2019). | ||
| **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
State party control
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Virginia's congressional delegation as of November 2022.
| Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Virginia, November 2022 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
| Democratic | 2 | 7 | 9 |
| Republican | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 2 | 11 | 13 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Virginia's top four state executive offices as of November 2022.
| State executive officials in Virginia, November 2022 | |
|---|---|
| Office | Officeholder |
| Governor | Glenn Youngkin
|
| Lieutenant Governor | Winsome Earle-Sears
|
| Secretary of State | Kay Coles James
|
| Attorney General | Jason Miyares
|
State legislature
The tables below highlight the partisan composition of the Virginia General Assembly as of November 2022.
Virginia State Senate
| Party | As of November 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 21 | |
| Republican Party | 19 | |
| Vacancies | 0 | |
| Total | 40 | |
Virginia House of Delegates
| Party | As of November 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 47 | |
| Republican Party | 52 | |
| Vacancies | 1 | |
| Total | 100 | |
Trifecta control
As of November 2022, Virginia was a divided government, with Republicans controlling the governorship and a majority in the house and Democrats controlling a majority in the state senate. The table below displays the historical trifecta status of the state.
Virginia Party Control: 1992-2022
Four years of Democratic trifectas • Four years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | R |
District history
2020
See also: Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2020
Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2020 (June 23 Democratic primary)
Virginia's 4th Congressional District election, 2020 (June 27 Republican convention)
General election
General election for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin defeated Leon Benjamin Sr. in the general election for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Aston Donald McEachin (D) | 61.6 | 241,142 |
| Leon Benjamin Sr. (R) | 38.2 | 149,625 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 578 | ||
| Total votes: 391,345 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin defeated R. Cazel Levine in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on June 23, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Aston Donald McEachin | 80.0 | 45,083 |
 | R. Cazel Levine | 20.0 | 11,287 | |
| Total votes: 56,370 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican convention
Republican convention for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Leon Benjamin Sr. advanced from the Republican convention for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on June 27, 2020.
Candidate | ||
| ✔ | | Leon Benjamin Sr. (R) |
| ||||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- James Spivey (R)
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin defeated Ryan McAdams and Pete Wells in the general election for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Aston Donald McEachin (D) | 62.6 | 187,642 |
 | Ryan McAdams (R) | 35.9 | 107,706 | |
 | Pete Wells (L) | 1.4 | 4,233 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 273 | ||
| Total votes: 299,854 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Incumbent Aston Donald McEachin advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on June 12, 2018.
Candidate | ||
| ✔ | | Aston Donald McEachin |
| ||||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4
Ryan McAdams defeated Shion Fenty in the Republican primary for U.S. House Virginia District 4 on June 12, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Ryan McAdams | 72.6 | 17,513 |
 | Shion Fenty | 27.4 | 6,621 | |
| Total votes: 24,134 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- David Leon (R)
2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Donald McEachin (D) defeated Mike Wade (R) in the general election on November 8, 2016. McEachin defeated Ella P. Ward in the Democratic primary, while Wade defeated Jackee Gonzalez to win the Republican nomination. The primary elections took place on June 14, 2016. Incumbent Randy Forbes (R) chose to seek re-election in the 2nd District instead of the 4th after redistricting flipped his safely Republican seat to a safely Democratic one.[11][12]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic |  Donald McEachin |
57.7% | 200,136 | |
| Republican | Mike Wade | 42% | 145,731 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.2% | 789 | |
| Total Votes | 346,656 | |||
| Source: Virginia Department of Elections | ||||
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mike Wade |
64% | 4,987 | ||
| Jackee Gonzalez | 36% | 2,801 | ||
| Total Votes | 7,788 | |||
| Source: Virginia Department of Elections |
||||
| Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Donald McEachin |
75.4% | 11,851 | ||
| Ella Ward | 24.6% | 3,867 | ||
| Total Votes | 15,718 | |||
| Source: Virginia Department of Elections |
||||
2014
Incumbent Randy Forbes won re-election to the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. He defeated Elliott Fausz (D) and Libertarian Bo Brown in the general election.
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Randy Forbes Incumbent |
60.2% | 120,684 | |
| Democratic | Elliott Fausz | 37.5% | 75,270 | |
| Libertarian | Bo Brown | 2.2% | 4,427 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.1% | 257 | |
| Total Votes | 200,638 | |||
| Source: Virginia Department of Elections | ||||
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Political predecessor districts are determined primarily based on incumbents and where each chose to seek re-election.
- ↑ Daily Kos Elections, "Daily Kos Elections 2020 presidential results by congressional district (old CDs vs. new CDs)," accessed May 12, 2022
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed February 6, 2023
- ↑ The New York Times, "Virginia Primary Results," June 14, 2016
- ↑ Virginia Department of Elections, "List of Candidates," accessed September 8, 2016
