JP Election Brief: Election preview for all thirty-six states
September 6, 2012
by: the State Court Staff
Overview
The general election is two months from today, and in honor of that, the State Court team at Judgepedia wanted to share an overview of all 35 states with judicial elections in November. With all filing deadlines passed and only one primary left, the vast majority of races for the fall are set. With this edition of the Brief, you can check out what is happening in your own state, or read through to compare the differences in judicial elections in all states.
The staff at Judgepedia has spent over six months researching elections across the nation. Our research is only as strong as the sources we can find, however! If you think we have missed something, please send an email to the State Court Project Director.
Remember: Judgepedia has pages for all of the candidates running in these races. Before you head to the polls or vote from home, make sure to research your judicial candidates!
States with judicial elections in 2012
Alabama
Elections in Alabama:
Judicial candidates in Alabama compete in partisan elections. The culture of elections in the state is that they are competitive, if you're a Republican, and expensive. In 2010, the cost of running for the three seats on the Alabama Supreme Court was $4,241,091 (for all nine opponents). The campaign to re-elect Justice Michael Bolin spent $1,225,491 alone.[1] So far this year, fundraising is nowhere near those levels, with mostly uncontested races.
2012 election:
In Alabama this year, there are:
- three races for the Supreme Court
- three races for the Court of Civil Appeals
- three races for the Court of Criminal Appeals
- 67 races for the Circuit Courts
Race spotlight:
Judging by importance and interest, without question the biggest race in Alabama this year is for Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. In a well-publicized race, former Chief Justice Roy Moore will compete against Democrat Robert S. Vance to lead the state's judiciary. There are three other races for the high court, but those were either settled in the primary or drew no challengers.
Link to election pages:
Alaska
Elections in Alaska:
The Missouri Plan method is utilized in Alaska, therefore judges must run in a retention election after one year in office and at the end of every term. Terms in Alaska are as follows: District Courts, 4 years; Superior Courts, 6 years; Court of Appeals, 8 years; and Supreme Court, 10 years.[2]
2012 election:
This year there are 26 judges on the ballot facing retention. Justice Daniel Winfree of the Alaska Supreme Court, Judge Joel Bolger of the Alaska Court of Appeals, 10 judges on the Alaska District Court, and 14 judges on the Alaska Superior Court will stand for retention.[3]
Link to election page:
Arizona
Elections in Arizona:
Since the passage of Proposition 108 in 1974, justices of the Arizona Supreme Court and Arizona Court of Appeals have been appointed using merit selection. After appointment, a justice must stand for retention in the next general election to occur more than two years after taking office. If retained, the justice then serves a full six-year term. Meanwhile, Arizona Superior Court judges are chosen in one of two ways. In Pima County and Maricopa County, each of which has over 250,000 residents, judges are chosen using merit selection. In counties with a population of less than 250,000 (the remaining 13 counties), judges are selected in nonpartisan elections. Trial court judges chosen through either method serve a four-year term.
2012 election:
This year, only one Supreme Court justice, John Pelander, is up for retention in Arizona. Nine justices of the Court of Appeals are up for retention. These retention decisions will take place as part of the general election on November 6, 2012.
This year, 43 judges in Maricopa County and 17 judges in Pima County will face a retention election in November. In the remaining 13 counties, 22 candidates competed for 17 superior court positions in the August 28 primary. Only four positions were the subject of contested races, and two of them were decided in the August 28 partisan primary; the remaining 13 positions were uncontested.
Race spotlight:
In the two races that will be contested on the general election ballot, Democrat Robert James Higgins will face Republican D. Shawn Taylor for the Division III position on the Navajo County Superior Court, and Democrat Jim Clark will face Republican David M. Haws for the Division IV position on the Yuma County Superior Court.
Link to election pages:
Arkansas
Elections in Arkansas:
Judges are chosen in a nonpartisan primary election. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the primary, the top two vote-getters take part in a runoff during the general election.
2012 election:
This year, only one position on the Supreme Court was up for election in Arkansas: Josephine Hart defeated Raymond Abramson in the primary election. Six positions are open on the Court of Appeals, four of which were the subject of contested races in the primary. In only one of those races did no candidate receive over 50% of the vote, necessitating a runoff in the general election: Jeannette Robertson will face Phillip Whiteaker in November for the District 1, Position 2 seat. Only four of the nine open positions on the Circuit Courts featured uncontested races. The two races that will be decided in the general election are for the Fourth Circuit, Division 4 (pitting Bob Lambert against Cristi Beaumont) and for the Sixth Circuit, Division 11, Subdistrict 6.2 (pitting John Hout against Patti James).
Link to election page:
California
Elections in California:
In California, Superior Court judicial candidates compete in nonpartisan elections. Like some states, many races are decided in the primary, including all of the unopposed contests. California is unique in that if a judge files for re-election but draws no opponent in the primary, one is automatically re-elected in the primary, without even appearing on the ballot. Also, if two candidates compete and one receives more than 50% of the vote, he or she is elected.
2012 election:
In the June 5 primary, 480 judges were retained or re-elected. In the general election, there will be only five of races on the ballot. Those are on the following courts:
Link to election pages:
- California judicial elections, 2012 - Superior Courts (A-P)
- California judicial elections, 2012 - Superior Courts (R-Y)
Colorado
Elections in Colorado:
Judges in Colorado stand for retention at the end of their terms. Supreme Court justices have a term of 10 years, Court of Appeals judges have eight-year terms, District Court judges have six-year terms and County Court judges have a term of four years.
2012 election:
This year, there is one Supreme Court race, six Court of Appeals races and 42 District Court races. These elections will be decided on November 6 in the general election.
Link to election page:
Florida
Elections in Florida:
Florida holds nonpartisan judicial elections in even-numbered years. Trial court judicial candidates face primary elections for contested seats. Candidates who win a majority of the votes in the primary are automatically elected. If no one receives a majority in the primary, the two highest-voted candidates face-off in the general election.
2012 election:
This year, the primary was on August 14th. Unopposed candidates, such as many of the judges seeking re-election, did not appear on the ballot, but were automatically re-elected after the primary.
The general election will consist of contested trial court races, as well as retention elections for appellate-level judges. Since judges of the Supreme Court and District Courts of Appeal are initially appointed, they do not face opposition. Voters simply decide whether or not to keep the incumbents in office for another term. It is very rare for judges to lose in retention elections.
This year, there are three Supreme Court justices and 14 Appellate Court judges seeking retention. Most trial court races were decided in the primary. There will be four Circuit Court races and 13 County Court races on the general election ballot.
Race spotlight:
The key races in Florida are those of the Supreme Court. Though the justices are only seeking retention and are unopposed, the election is proving to be uncharacteristically exciting as Restore Justice 2012 leads the fight to oust the justices. The organization claims that Justices Barbara Pariente, Fred Lewis and Peggy Quince have been inappropriately activist in their rulings.[4]
Link to election pages:
- Florida judicial elections, 2012
- Florida judicial elections, 2012 - Circuit Court
- Florida judicial elections, 2012 - County Court
Georgia
Elections in Georgia:
Georgia judicial elections are nonpartisan, and occur in even-numbered years. This year, all judicial elections took place during the primary election in July, with a runoff election in August. As a result, no judicial races will be on the ballot during the November 6 general election. For a wrap-up of this year's election in Georgia, please see two previous Election Briefs: Results from Texas and Georgia (and more!) and High court races setting the tone.
Link to election pages:
Idaho
Elections in Idaho:
Those serving on the Idaho Supreme Court, Idaho Court of Appeals and Idaho District Courts compete in nonpartisan elections. These races are often uncontested and therefore decided in the primary. Magistrate judges stand for retention in the general election; first after serving in the position for 18 months, then later at the end of four-year terms.
2012 election:
There are no contested elections in Idaho in 2012. Three unopposed appellate races were decided in the primary on May 15. The staff at Judgepedia is working to develop a list of magistrates standing for retention in 2012. If you have access to this information, please email: our Associate Editor.
Link to election page:
Illinois
Elections in Illinois:
Illinois judicial candidates compete in partisan elections. Republican and Democratic primaries are held to determine the nominee from each party. The winners of the primaries face each other in the general election. Incumbent Supreme Court justices may also face retention in the general election.
2012 election:
This November, there will be one Supreme Court race and one justice seeking retention. There will also be one race for the Appellate Court and 21 races for the Circuit Courts. Most of the races were decided in the primary or are uncontested.
Race spotlight:
The big race in Illinois this year is the Supreme Court race to fill the seat of retired Justice Thomas R. Fitzgerald. On the Democratic side is incumbent Mary Jane Theis, who was appointed to a temporary term on the Supreme Court after Fitzgerald retired in late 2010. Her opponent is Republican Judge James G. Riley, who serves on the 4th Subcircuit of Cook County in Chicago.
Link to election pages:
Indiana
Elections in Indiana:
Judges in Indiana participate in every possible kind of judicial election: retention, partisan, and nonpartisan elections. Most primaries are partisan, though trial court candidates in some county participate in nonpartisan elections. Many elections in the state go unopposed, however some races are competitive.
2012 election:
This year, two Indiana Supreme Court justices and four Indiana Court of Appeals judges stand for retention; one Probate Court seat is up for election. 42 Circuit Court seats up for election, eight of which are opposed.[5] 31 Superior Court seats are up for election, six of which are contested.[6]
Link to election pages:
- Indiana judicial elections, 2012
- Indiana judicial elections, 2012 - Circuit Courts
- Indiana judicial elections, 2012 - Superior Courts
Kentucky
Elections in Kentucky:
Kentucky judges participate in nonpartisan elections; term lengths at all levels of state courts are eight years. Elections may occur in any year.
2012 election:
This year, about half of races are opposed, meaning that elections are low to moderately competitive. There is one Supreme Court race, one Court of Appeals race, three Circuit Court races, and two District Court races.
Race spotlight:
The race to watch is for a seat on the Supreme Court; candidates are Janet Stumbo, a judge on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, and incumbent judge Will T. Scott. Stumbo previously served on the high court from 1993 to 2004.[7]
Stumbo is challenging Scott to represent the judicial district that covers Kentucky's eastern coalfields.[7][8] Stumbo earned the endorsement of the United Mine Workers of America, a powerful group in the district in which she is seeking election, on April 24, 2012.[7]
Link to election page:
Iowa
Elections in Iowa:
All judges in Iowa are selected following a assisted appointment method of judicial selection. Judges must stand for retention the first election year following their appointment if they chose to keep their seat. If they are not approved, a new judge is selected for the seat.
2012 election:
In 2012, four Supreme Court justices, three Court of Appeals judges, and 68 District Court judges are facing retention.
Race spotlight:
The most closely watched judicial race in the state is for the retention of David Wiggins, who has served on the court since 2006 and was involved in the controversial gay marriage ruling. Three other Supreme Court justices will also stand for retention: Edward Mansfield, Bruce B. Zager, and Thomas Waterman. These judges are new to the court, and were appointed following the removal of three of the justices involved in the legalization of gay marriage in Iowa. The retention vote for Wiggins promises to be an interesting indicator of the political climate in the state, and how it has or has not changed in the past two years.
Link to election page:
Kansas
Elections in Kansas:
Kansas holds judicial elections in even-numbered years. Most judges in the state are appointed and therefore only face retention elections, which are uncontested. Only 14 out of the 31 District Courts hold partisan elections (Districts 13-20, 22-24, 26, 27 and 29). Republican and Democratic primaries are held to determine the nominee from each party. The winners of the primaries face each other in the general election.
2012 election:
This year, the primary was held on August 7th. In the general election, one Supreme Court justice and six Appellate Court judges are seeking retention. Almost all of the contested District Court races were decided in the primary except for one race for Magistrate of the 17th District Court.
Race spotlight:
The candidates for 17th District Magistrate position are Republican Richard E. Linton and Democrat Renee Henke. They are seeking to replace retiring Magistrate Judge Barbara Stites.
Link to election page:
Louisiana
Elections in Louisiana:
Judges at all levels of the court in this state compete in partisan elections. Louisiana is unique in that multiple judicial elections are held every year. The reason for this is that unlike almost every other state, the governor does not appoint judges to fill vacancies on the courts. Instead elections are held for all open seats.
2012 election:
Louisiana is holding its second judicial election on November 6, following its earlier March 24 election. In the general election, there will be:
- 2 Louisiana Supreme Court races
- 22 races for the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal
- 3 District Court races.
Race spotlight:
The most anticipated race is that to succeed Chief Justice Catherine Kimball in the Fifth District. Eight individuals have filed to compete, almost ensuring that the race will not be settled in November, but rather will head to the December 1 runoff election.
Link to election page:
Maryland
Elections in Maryland:
Maryland has retention and partisan judicial elections. The type of election depends on the court level. Trial Court judges have partisan elections. Appellate judges stand for retention in the general election.
2012 election:
This year, Maryland two Maryland Court of Special Appeals judges and 25 Circuit Court judges will stand for retention. There is only one contested Circuit Court race.
Link to election page:
Michigan
Elections in Michigan:
Judges in Michigan compete in nonpartisan elections. Regardless of the percentage of votes received in the primary election, the top two vote-getters advance to the general election. While many judges run unopposed, judicial races in the state tend to be more competitive than other states with nonpartisan elections.
2012 election:
This year, there are contested three races for the Supreme Court, 12 uncontested races for the Michigan Court of Appeals, 70 races for the Circuit Courts, 66 races for the District Courts, and 80 races for the Michigan Probate Courts.
Link to election pages:
- Michigan judicial elections, 2012
- Michigan judicial elections, 2012 - Circuit Courts
- Michigan judicial elections, 2012 - District Courts
- Michigan judicial elections, 2012 - Probate Courts
Minnesota
Elections in Minnesota:
Minnesota judges compete in nonpartisan elections; all judges serve six-year terms, and elections may occur in any year.
2012 election:
This year, there are three Supreme Court races, two Court of Appeals races, and 74 District Court races. Many races in the state are unopposed; in the case of unopposed races no primary takes place, and the race is formally decided in the general election.
Link to election page:
Mississippi
Elections in Mississippi:
Mississippi holds nonpartisan elections for all levels of the court. There are no primaries, but if no candidate receives a majority of the votes in the general election, a runoff election is held.
2012 election:
There will be three Supreme Court races and one Court of Appeals race on the November ballot.
Race spotlight:
One of the key Supreme Court races is between two non-incumbents. Richard T. Phillips and Josiah Dennis Coleman are seeking to replace retiring Justice George Carlson.
In the other Supreme Court races, Chief Justice William Waller is challenged by Rep. Earle Banks and Incumbent Justice Mike Randolph is challenged by Talmadge Braddock.
Link to election page:
Missouri
Elections in Missouri:
In Missouri judges are appointed through the Missouri Plan and compete in partisan elections as well.[9]
2012 election:
Thirty of Missouri's thirty-seven races were decided in the August 7th primary, leaving only seven races for the November 6th election. Below are the courts with races in the general election.
- 17th Circuit Court
- 23rd Circuit Court
- 25th Circuit Court
- 30th Circuit Court
- 35th Circuit Court
- 41st Circuit Court
- 45th Circuit Court
Link to election page:
Montana
Elections in Montana:
In Montana, judges compete in nonpartisan elections.
2012 elections:
This year, there are candidates running for election in all 22 of the state's judicial districts as well as in the Supreme Court. There is also a three way race for the Cascade County Justice Court.[10]
Race spotlight:
In the contested race for the Supreme Court, attorney Ed Sheehy will take on 9th District Judge Laurie McKinnon. They are running for Position Number 5 that will open due to the upcoming retirement of Judge James Nelson (Montana). This race follows a heated primary race in which candidates accused one-another of conduct violations and being untrustworthy. Judge [[Brian Morris]], an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, is running unopposed for re-election to Position Number 6.[10]
Cascade County will have its first contested district court race in a decade as Justice of the Peace Steven T. Fagenstrom faces off against attorney Greg Pinski in a battle for the 8th Judicial District Court.[10]
Link to election page:
Nebraska
Elections in Nebraska:
Judges in Nebraska face retention and voters cast their ballots in the November general election. Judges stand for retention every six years.
2012 election:
The following number of justices and judges will stand for retention this year:
- two Supreme Court justices
- seventeen District Court judges
- nine County Court judges
- one Workers' Compensation Court judge
- one Separate Juvenile Court judge
Link to elections page:
Nevada
Elections in Nevada:
In Nevada, justices are elected in nonpartisan elections to serve six-year terms on the Supreme Court. Trial court judges are elected to two-year terms on the Nevada District Courts in nonpartisan elections.
2012 election:
This year, none of the Supreme Court races are contested; incumbents Michael Cherry, Michael Douglas, and Nancy Saitta are all running unopposed for re-election in the general election on November 6. At the trial court level, the only race features incumbent Judge Kimberly Wanker facing off against Nancy Lord in the general election for a position on the Fifth Judicial District Court.
Link to election pages:
New Mexico
Elections in New Mexico:
Judges in New Mexico are selected in partisan elections. Elections occur in even numbered years.
2012 election:
This year, there is one Supreme Court race, two Court of Appeals races, and 13 District Court races. Many of the races are contested, however none of them are generating national headlines, though they may be very locally competitive.
Link to election page:
New York
Elections in New York:
Judges in New York compete in partisan elections in which they are often cross-endorsed by multiple parties. If a judge receives the endorsement of the two major political parties, it is tantamount to winning the election.
2012 election:
Because the primary election has not yet been held, Judgepedia currently does not have any information on judicial candidates in this year's election. Check back after September 11 for more information!
Link to election page:
North Carolina
Elections in North Carolina:
North Carolina judges and judicial candidates participate in nonpartisan elections in even-numbered years. A primary election is held only if more than two candidates apply for the same position. In that case, the two candidates with the highest votes in the primary advance to the general election.
2012 election:
There will be one Supreme Court race, three Court of Appeals races, eight Superior Court races and 38 District Court races on the ballot in November.
Race spotlight:
The big race in North Carolina, of course, is the Supreme Court race, as Sam Ervin attempts to unseat incumbent Associate Justice Paul Newby. Though the elections are nonpartisan, it is well-known that Newby is a Republican and Ervin is a Democrat. Currently, conservatives hold the majority on the Supreme Court, but only by one justice. This election could flip the court's political balance.[11]
Link to election page:
North Dakota
Elections in North Dakota:
In North Dakota, candidates compete in nonpartisan elections. The two candidates who receive the greatest number of votes advance to the general election. One unique feature of this system in the state is that even if there are only two candidates competing for one seat, they face-off in the primary and general elections.
2012 election:
This year, 14 District Court judges are unopposed for re-election. There are also two contested races. For more on the general election in the state, read: Only two contested races in North Dakota's judicial elections from August 30.
Link to elections page:
Ohio
Elections in Ohio:
Judicial candidates in Ohio compete in partisan primaries and nonpartisan elections. This means that candidates are endorsed by political parties, but do not appear with that designation on the general election ballot. All judges in Ohio serve six-year terms.
2012 election:
This year, candidates will compete in over 100 elections in Ohio. This is a pretty common occurrence in even-numbered years.
There will be four races for the Supreme Court, 23 races for the District Courts of Appeal, 89 races for the Courts of Common Pleas and one County Court race.
Race spotlight:
As to be expected, the races generating the most buzz in the state are those for the Supreme Court. For the unexpired term ending December 31, 2014, incumbent Justice Yvette McGee Brown has a challenger in Butler County Court of Common Pleas Judge Sharon L. Kennedy. Brown was appointed by former Governor Ted Strickland and is the only Democrat serving on the court.
Another race drawing attention is that between incumbent Justice Robert Cupp and former Judge William O'Neill. O'Neill previously served on the Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals, and currently works as a Pediatric Nurse. This is O'Neill's third attempt to win a seat on the high court, and he has a strong platform against campaign contributions.[12]
Link to election pages:
Oklahoma
Elections in Oklahoma:
Appellate judges in Oklahoma, serving on the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Court of Civil Appeals, are chosen using merit selection, a process by which they are appointed to terms of at least one year in length by the governor through a nominating commission. Subsequent terms, decided in retention elections, last for six years. Judges on the Oklahoma District Courts are elected to four-year terms in nonpartisan elections.
2012 election:
This year, Supreme Court Justices James Edmondson, Noma D. Gurich, Yvonne Kauger, and Douglas L. Combs face retention. Judges Arlene Johnson, David B. Lewis, and Carlene Clancy Smith are up for retention to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals.
Link to election page:
Oregon
Elections in Oregon:
Judges in Oregon are elected though nonpartisan elections.[13]
2012 election:
With many races already decided in the May 15th primary, the upcoming general election on November 6th will feature only six contested races. One race for the Supreme Court, one for the Court of Appeals, and four races for the Circuit Courts.
Below are the Circuit Courts with contested races in the general election.
- 1st District Circuit Court
- 6th District Circuit Court
- 11th District Circuit Court
- 12th District Circuit Court
Race spotlight:
Non-incumbent Judge Richard C. Baldwin will face attorney Nena Cook in the race for Position 3 on the Supreme Court.[14] In the race for the Court of Appeals Position 6, non-incumbent Judge James C. Egan will face off against attorney Tim Volpert.[15]
Link to election pages:
Tennessee
Elections in Tennessee:
Tennessee has appellate and trial court elections. Appellate elections are retention elections while the trial court elections are partisan. The elections are held in even numbered years. The Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Court of Criminal Appeals face retention every 8 years. Chancery, Criminal, Circuit and General Sessions all have partisan elections every eight years.
2012 election:
The two Court of Criminal Appeals judges were retained on August 2, 2012.
Link to election page:
Texas
Elections in Texas:
Texas judges compete in partisan elections in even-numbered years.
2012 election:
This year, there are three Supreme Court races, three Court of Criminal Appeals races, 47 Court of Appeals races, and 168 District Court races.
Race spotlight:
In 2012, the most surprising and high-profile race has been between Supreme Court Justice David Medina and challenger John Devine. Neither Devine nor Medina received over 50% of the vote in the primary, and as a result a runoff was required. Despite high profile endorsements and the benefits of incumbency, Devine defeated Medina, receiving 53.3% of the vote to Medina's 46.7%. Devine will face challengers in the upcoming November 6th election, Libertarian Tom Oxford and Green Party candidate Charles E. Waterbury, but he is expected to easily win election.
Link to election pages:
Utah
Elections in Utah:
Judges in Utah are selected using the Commission-selection, political appointment method and therefore only participate in retention elections.
2012 election:
In 2012, there are only District Court and Justice Court judges up for retention. Twenty-five judges will stand for retention in the general election.
- Link to elections page:
Washington
Elections in Washington:
In Washington, judges are chosen in a nonpartisan primary election. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the primary, the top two vote-getters take part in a runoff during the general election.
2012 election:
Three positions are up for election on the Supreme Court this year. Incumbent Justices Susan Owens and Steven Gonzalez were victorious in the primary election. Former Justice Richard Sanders will face Sheryl McCloud in the general election for the open seat, since neither candidate received over 50% of the vote in the primary. On the Court of Appeals, there were seven open positions this year; all of them but one were decided in the primary election. Thomas Bjorgen will face Pamela Loginsky in the general election for the Division 2, District 2 seat. A total of 54 positions were up for election at the trial court level. Of those positions, 44 were decided in the primary election, and 29 were uncontested.
Link to election page:
West Virginia
Elections in West Virginia:
West Virginia has partisan elections in even numbered years. Justices on the Supreme Court of Appeals serve twelve-year terms, judges of the Circuit and Family Courts serve eight-year terms and magistrates serve four-year terms.
2012 election:
This year, there are two seats up for election on Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, four on the Circuit Courts, and two on the Family Courts.
Link to election page:
Wyoming
Elections in Wyoming:
Wyoming judges participate in retention elections in even-numbered years. Justices and judges run unopposed in the general election for retention to a new term. Judges are rarely defeated in these elections.[16]
2012 election:
One Supreme Court justice, 10 Circuit Court judges and six District Court judges are seeking retention this year.
Link to election page:
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ Supreme Weekly: The cost of running for a Supreme Court
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Alaska," archived October 2, 2014
- ↑ Alaska Judicial Council, Judges Eligible to Stand for Retention Election in 2012
- ↑ JP Election Brief: 2012 Retention Elections#Florida
- ↑ Indiana Secretary of State, "Judge of the Circuit Court Election Results"
- ↑ Indiana Secretary of State, "Judge of the Circuit Court Election Results"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Republic, "United Mine Workers of America endorses Janet Stumbo in Kentucky Supreme Court race," April 24, 2012
- ↑ WTVQ-TV, "UMWA endorses Stumbo in Ky. Supreme Court race," April 24, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Judicial Selection in the States: Missouri; Overview," archived November 5, 2011
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Montana Secretary of State, "Unofficial 2012 Primary Election Results"
- ↑ JP Election Brief: Super PACs, primary results, and judicial selection#North Carolina Supreme Court race
- ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "O'Neill running for Supreme Court again," November 23, 2011
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Oregon," archived October 6, 2014
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "2012 Primary Results: Supreme Court"
- ↑ Oregon Secretary of State, "2012 Primary Results: Court of Appeals"
- ↑ American Judicature Society, "Judicial retention election trends 1964-2006," March-April 2007 Scroll to p.210
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