Michigan House of Representatives District 15: Difference between revisions
(added 2026 election section widget) |
(Adding State Navigate history embed) |
||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
{{SNElectionHistory|State=Michigan|Chamber=House|District=15}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{submit a link}} | {{submit a link}} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:27, 21 January 2026
Michigan House of Representatives District 15 is represented by Erin Byrnes (D).
As of the 2020 Census, Michigan state representatives represented an average of 91,677 residents. After the 2010 Census, each member represented 90,106 residents.
About the office
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives serve two-year terms with term limits.[1] Michigan legislators assume office at noon on the first day of January.[2]
Qualifications
Section 7 of Article 4 of the Michigan Constitution states, "Each senator and representative must be a citizen of the United States, at least 21 years of age, and an elector of the district he represents. The removal of his domicile from the district shall be deemed a vacation of the office. No person who has been convicted of subversion or who has within the preceding 20 years been convicted of a felony involving a breach of public trust shall be eligible for either house of the legislature."[3]
Salaries
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2025[4] | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $71,685/year | No per diem is paid. |
Term limits
- See also: State legislatures with term limits
The Michigan legislature is one of 16 state legislatures with term limits. The legislature has been term-limited since Michigan voters approved the Michigan Term Limits Act in 1992. The first year that the term limits enacted in 1992 impacted the ability of incumbents to run for office was 2002.
In 2022, Michigan voters modified the term limits for Michigan state legislative members. Voters passed Michigan Proposal 1 in November 2022 which changed the term limits for state legislators from three two-year terms in the state House and two four-year terms in the state Senate to 12 combined years in the Legislature.
Vacancies
If there is a vacancy in the Michigan State Legislature, the governor must call for a special election to fill the vacancy or direct that the vacancy be filled at the next general election.[5][6]
If the vacancy happens after the statewide primary election, the party organizations in the district select the party's nominee. The nominee must be voted on no later than 21 days after the vacancy occurred and at least 10 days before the general election.[7]
See sources: Michigan Const. Art. 5, § 13
District map
Redistricting
2020-2024
On July 26, 2024, a three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan approved state Senate district boundaries submitted by the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission (MICRC) on June 27, 2024, and authorized Michigan's secretary of state to implement the plan for the 2026 elections:[8]
| “ | On December 21, 2023, we unanimously held that the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission violated the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution when it drew the boundaries of thirteen state-legislative districts—seven House districts, and six Senate—predominantly on the basis of race. We therefore enjoined the Michigan Secretary of State, Jocelyn Benson, from holding further elections in those districts as they were drawn. ... The Commission has now submitted a revised Senate map, which Plaintiffs agree 'eliminates the predominate use of race that characterized' the previous plan. ... We have reviewed the record before us and agree that the new Senate map complies with this court’s December 21, 2023, opinion and order. ... Federal law provides us no basis to reject the Commission’s remedial Senate plan. The Secretary of State may proceed to implement the Commission’s remedial Senate plan for the next election cycle.[9] | ” |
The MICRC voted on June 26 to approve the state Senate map called Crane A1.[10]
On March 27, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan approved new state House district boundaries drawn by the MICRC for use in the 2024 elections. According to the court order:[11]
| “ | On December 21, 2023, we unanimously held that the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission violated the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution when it drew the boundaries of thirteen state-legislative districts—seven House districts, and six Senate—predominantly on the basis of race. We therefore enjoined the Michigan Secretary of State, Jocelyn Benson, from holding further elections in those districts as they are currently drawn. ... The Commission has now submitted a revised House plan, to which the plaintiffs have submitted several objections. We have reviewed the record before us and now overrule those objections.[9] | ” |
The MICRC voted 10-3 on February 28, 2024, to adopt the new state House map known as “Motown Sound FC E1."
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan struck down the state House and Senate maps on December 21, 2023.[12]
State Senate map
State House map
Reactions to 2024 state legislative maps (Senate)
After the court approved the Crane A1 map, independent MICRC commissioner Anthony Eid said:[13]
| “ | There’s certainly been a lot of ups and downs throughout this process. ... There have been things that as a commission we’ve gotten right and things we’ve gotten wrong. We’re currently in the middle of putting together a report that will go over a few of those things in great detail. But I think right now we’re just happy and relieved that we made it this far.[9] | ” |
Following the MICRC's selection of the new map, Republican commissioner Cynthia Orton said:[14]
| “ | I felt strongly that Crane A1 did answer the requirements that we needed to follow and what the court had ordered. ... I’m glad everyone was able to vote their conscience, vote what they felt was best.[9] | ” |
Democratic MICRC vice chair Brittni Kellom said:[15]
| “ | I don’t think that Crane A1 is the best representation for what Detroit citizens and beyond have expressed.[9] | ” |
Reactions to 2024 state legislative maps (House)
The Executive Director of the Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission, Edward Woods III, said the following in a news conference:[16]
| “ | Democracy won ... Despite doubts and concerns raised, the commission demonstrated once again that it could focus on its purpose to draw fair maps with citizen input. ... We appreciate the public input that overwhelmingly favored the Motown Sound FC E1 in making our job easier. We now have a clear road map to follow in completing the remedial State Senate plan.[9] | ” |
Independent Commissioner Rebecca Szetela, who did not vote for the map, said:[16]
| “ | I wish we could have agreed to make those changes to (districts) 16, 17, and 18 because I would have considered voting for it if those changes had been made.[9] | ” |
Former state House member Sherry Gay-Dagnogo was one of the plaintiffs in the Donald Agee, Jr. v. Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson case that led to the new House map. In a statement to the Michigan Advance, she reacted to the new map:[16]
| “ | While our expert Sean Trende demonstrated that the Motown Sound Map does not provide the greatest number of Black majority seats with the highest Black voting age population, we embrace the words of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., that ‘the Arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice,’ and as such we are grateful that the Agee v. Benson lawsuit yielded a greater opportunity for Detroit voters to elect a candidate of their choice in seven house districts. Our focus now turns towards educating the community on the House Map changes, and drawing a new Senate map.[9] | ” |
District map after 2020 redistricting
Michigan House of Representatives District 15
before 2020 redistricting cycle
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Michigan House of Representatives District 15
after 2020 redistricting cycle
Click a district to compare boundaries.
Elections
2026
See also: Michigan House of Representatives elections, 2026
There are no official candidates yet for this election.
2024
See also: Michigan House of Representatives elections, 2024
General election
General election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Erin Byrnes defeated Gary Gardner in the general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Erin Byrnes (D) | 56.3 | 19,974 |
 | Gary Gardner (R)  | 43.7 | 15,512 | |
| Total votes: 35,486 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Erin Byrnes advanced from the Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 6, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Erin Byrnes | 100.0 | 6,391 |
| Total votes: 6,391 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Gary Gardner advanced from the Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 6, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Gary Gardner | 100.0 | 2,794 |
| Total votes: 2,794 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2022
Regular
General election
General election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Erin Byrnes defeated Steven J. Mackie in the general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Erin Byrnes (D) | 61.6 | 17,864 |
| Steven J. Mackie (R) | 38.4 | 11,119 | ||
| Total votes: 28,983 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Erin Byrnes defeated Bilal Hammoud and Afaf Ahmad in the Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Erin Byrnes | 61.8 | 5,288 |
 | Bilal Hammoud | 34.9 | 2,986 | |
| Afaf Ahmad | 3.2 | 276 | ||
| Total votes: 8,550 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Steven J. Mackie advanced from the Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Steven J. Mackie | 100.0 | 3,970 | |
| Total votes: 3,970 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Special
A special election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 was called for May 3, 2022. A primary took place on March 1, 2022. The major party candidate filing deadline passed on January 7, 2022, while the independent filing deadline was set for February 2, 2022. The deadline for minor parties to hold nominating conventions for the election was March 1, 2022.[17]
The seat became vacant after Abdullah Hammoud (D) was elected Mayor of Dearborn, Michigan, on November 2, 2021.[17]
General election
Special general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Jeffrey Pepper defeated Ginger Shearer in the special general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on May 3, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Jeffrey Pepper (D) | 72.5 | 4,628 |
| Ginger Shearer (R) | 27.4 | 1,748 | ||
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 5 | ||
| Total votes: 6,381 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Special Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Jeffrey Pepper defeated Alabas Farhat in the special Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on March 1, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Jeffrey Pepper | 56.3 | 3,590 |
 | Alabas Farhat | 43.6 | 2,778 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.0 | 3 | ||
| Total votes: 6,371 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
Republican primary election
Special Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Ginger Shearer advanced from the special Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on March 1, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Ginger Shearer | 99.3 | 1,201 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.7 | 9 | ||
| Total votes: 1,210 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2020
General election
General election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Abdullah Hammoud defeated Carla O'Neill and Larry Betts in the general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Abdullah Hammoud (D) | 70.5 | 28,362 |
| Carla O'Neill (R) | 27.1 | 10,906 | ||
 | Larry Betts (Working Class Party) | 2.4 | 970 | |
| Total votes: 40,238 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Abdullah Hammoud advanced from the Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 4, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abdullah Hammoud | 100.0 | 10,289 |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.0 | 1 | ||
| Total votes: 10,290 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Carla O'Neill advanced from the Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 4, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Carla O'Neill | 100.0 | 3,347 | |
| Total votes: 3,347 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Working Class Party convention
Working Class Party convention for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Larry Betts advanced from the Working Class Party convention for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on July 26, 2020.
Candidate | ||
| ✔ | | Larry Betts (Working Class Party) |
| ||||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2018
General election
General election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Abdullah Hammoud defeated Doug Mitchell in the general election for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abdullah Hammoud (D) | 68.6 | 20,634 |
| Doug Mitchell (R) | 31.4 | 9,445 | ||
| Total votes: 30,079 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Incumbent Abdullah Hammoud advanced from the Democratic primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 7, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Abdullah Hammoud | 100.0 | 11,739 |
| Total votes: 11,739 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15
Doug Mitchell advanced from the Republican primary for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 on August 7, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Doug Mitchell | 100.0 | 3,310 | |
| Total votes: 3,310 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2016
Elections for the Michigan House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election was held on August 2, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was April 19, 2016. Incumbent George Darany (D) did not seek re-election because of term-limits.
Abdullah Hammoud defeated Terrance Guido Gerin in the Michigan House of Representatives District 15 general election.[18]
| Michigan House of Representatives, District 15 General Election, 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic |  Abdullah Hammoud |
61.77% | 21,739 | |
| Republican | Terrance Guido Gerin | 38.23% | 13,452 | |
| Total Votes | 35,191 | |||
| Source: Michigan Secretary of State | ||||
The following candidates ran in the Michigan House of Representatives District 15 Democratic primary.[19][20]
| Michigan House of Representatives, District 15 Democratic Primary, 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democratic | Abdullah Hammoud |
38.11% | 3,477 | |
| Democratic | Norman Alsahoury | 0.46% | 42 | |
| Democratic | Roxanne McDonald | 20.40% | 1,861 | |
| Democratic | Alex Shami | 1.59% | 145 | |
| Democratic | Brian Stone | 28.95% | 2,641 | |
| Democratic | Jacklin Zeidan | 10.49% | 957 | |
| Total Votes | 9,123 | |||
Terrance Guido Gerin defeated Richard Johnson and Paul Sophiea in the Michigan House of Representatives District 15 Republican primary.[19][20]
| Michigan House of Representatives, District 15 Republican Primary, 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican | Terrance Guido Gerin |
38.02% | 1,033 | |
| Republican | Richard Johnson | 25.95% | 705 | |
| Republican | Paul Sophiea | 36.03% | 979 | |
| Total Votes | 2,717 | |||
2014
Elections for the Michigan House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election was held on August 5, 2014, and a general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was April 22, 2014. Incumbent George Darany was unopposed in the Democratic primary. Johnnie Salemassi was unopposed in the Republican primary. Darany defeated Salemassi in the general election.[21][22][23][24]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Darany Incumbent |
67.5% | 15,009 | |
| Republican | Johnnie Salemassi | 32.5% | 7,216 | |
| Total Votes | 22,225 | |||
2012
Elections for the office of Michigan House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on August 7, 2012 and a general election on November 6, 2012. The signature filing deadline for major party candidates wishing to run in this election was May 15, 2012. The deadline for independent candidates was July 19, 2012. The deadline for write-in candidates was July 27, 2012.[25] Incumbent George Darany (D) defeated Priscilla Parness (R) in the general election. Both candidates were unopposed in the August 7 primary elections.[26][27]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George Darany Incumbent |
75% | 26,465 | |
| Republican | Priscilla Parness | 25% | 8,804 | |
| Total Votes | 35,269 | |||
Campaign contributions
From 2000 to 2024, candidates for Michigan House of Representatives District 15 raised a total of $1,325,885. Candidates who raised money in contributions earned $25,998 on average. All figures come from Follow the Money
| Campaign contributions, Michigan House of Representatives District 15 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Amount | Candidates | Average |
| 2024 | $63,326 | 2 | $31,663 |
| 2022 | $85,436 | 7 | $12,205 |
| 2020 | $106,270 | 1 | $106,270 |
| 2018 | $184,155 | 2 | $92,077 |
| 2016 | $237,257 | 9 | $26,362 |
| 2014 | $63,191 | 2 | $31,596 |
| 2012 | $78,593 | 2 | $39,297 |
| 2010 | $191,756 | 6 | $31,959 |
| 2008 | $35,347 | 2 | $17,674 |
| 2006 | $50,911 | 2 | $25,456 |
| 2004 | $140,603 | 13 | $10,816 |
| 2002 | $23,987 | 1 | $23,987 |
| 2000 | $65,054 | 2 | $32,527 |
| Total | $1,325,885 | 51 | $25,998 |
Other election results in district
The map below highlight's this state legislative district and provides election results from the most recent election. Using the dropdown on the left, you can choose to view results for the most recent presidential election or U.S. House district election instead. This will show you the votes cast in this district for that election. The dropdown on the right will let you see either the map colored by the percentage of votes the winning candidate received or let you know the number and type of votes cast by size and shade of the circle in each county.
|
|
||
|
|
||
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ michiganinbrief.org, "Term limits," accessed December 17, 2013
- ↑ Michigan Constitution, "Article XI, Section 2," accessed February 12, 2021
- ↑ Michigan Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed May 21, 2024
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2025 Legislator Compensation," December 2, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "Statute 168.178, Michigan Compiled Laws," accessed February 12, 2021
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "Constitution of Michigan of 1963, Article 5, Section 13," accessed February 12, 2021
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "Statute 168.634 (1)-(2), Michigan Compiled Laws," accessed May 22, 2014
- ↑ Michigan Advance, "Federal court grants final approval to new Michigan Senate districts," July 26, 2024
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Michigan Advance, "Redistricting commission selects a proposed Senate map on 6th round of voting," June 27, 2024
- ↑ PacerMonitor, "Opinion and order," March 27, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Public, "Federal court finds Detroit-area legislative districts unconstitutional, orders them redrawn," December 21, 2023
- ↑ Michigan Advance, "Federal court grants final approval to new Michigan Senate districts ," July 26, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Advance, "Redistricting commission selects a proposed Senate map on 6th round of voting," June 27, 2024
- ↑ Michigan Public, "Redistricting commission chooses final state Senate plan for court approval," June 26, 2024
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Michigan Advance, "Court approves new Michigan House district map," March 28, 2024
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 State of Michigan Office of the Governor, "Letter Gov. Whitmer to Sec. Benson re special election HD 15 (1.3.22)," January 3, 2022
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 official general election results," accessed May 2, 2017
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing," accessed April 22, 2016
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Election Results," accessed August 2, 2016
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Representative in State Legislature," accessed August 6, 2014
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Representative in State Legislature," accessed December 5, 2014
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2014 Official Michigan Primary Candidate Listing," accessed May 27, 2014
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2014 Official Michigan General Candidate Listing," accessed September 8, 2014
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2012 Michigan Election Dates.” Retrieved October 29, 2013
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, 2012 primary election results. Retrieved October 29, 2013
- ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, 2010 general election results. Retrieved October 29, 2013
