Ballot harvesting (ballot collection) laws by state
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Most states have laws that govern who may return a voter's absentee/mail-in ballot. These laws vary by state.
As of November 2025:
- 20 states allowed anyone chosen by the voter to return a ballot on the voter's behalf, with certain exceptions.
- 16 states allowed anyone with certain relationships to the voter to return the voter's ballot.
- 4 states allowed only the voter to return the voter's ballot, with certain exceptions.
- 2 states required voters to return their ballots by mail.
- 8 states and D.C. did not specify who may return ballots.
Whether states should place restrictions on who may return absentee/mail-in ballots is a subject of debate. Terms used to refer to this topic include ballot harvesting, community ballot collection, ballot gathering, third-party possession of another's ballot, and ballot return.
This page includes the following information about state ballot collection laws:
- An overview of state policies
- Relevant law for each state
- Support and opposition arguments
- Noteworthy events
- Current state legislation
Overview
The following sections categorize states by their laws addressing who may return voters' absentee/mail-in ballots.
Anyone chosen by voter may return ballot, with certain exceptions
As of November 2025, 20 states allowed anyone chosen by the voter to return a ballot on the voter's behalf, with certain exceptions. Of those states, eight had Democratic trifectas, eight had Republican trifectas, and four had divided government.
Anyone with certain relationships to voter may return ballot
As of November 2025, 16 states allowed anyone with certain relationships to the voter to return the voter's ballot. Of those states, four had Democratic trifectas, nine had Republican trifectas, and three had divided government.
Only the voter may return ballot, with certain exceptions
As of November 2025, four states allowed only the voter to return the voter's ballot, with certain exceptions. Of those states, two had Republican trifectas and two had divided governments.
Voters must return ballot by mail
As of November 2025, two states required voters to return their ballots by mail. Both had Republican trifectas.
Not specified
As of November 2025, eight states and D.C. did not have laws specifying who may return voters' absentee/mail-in ballots. Of those states, five had Democratic trifectas, two had Republican trifectas, and one had divided government.
Additional restrictions
Certain people may not return ballots
As of November 2025, laws in the following 12 states named specific groups of individuals who were prohibited from returning other voters' absentee/mail-in ballots, such as employers, union agents, candidates, and campaign workers.
Limits on number of ballots
As of November 2025, laws in the following 14 states placed limits on how many ballots a person was permitted to return for other voters.
Details by state
This section provides information about laws addressing ballot collection in each state.
Alabama
Alabama law allows only a voter to return their absentee ballot. It states that "the voter shall seal his or her ballot in the plain envelope, place that plain envelope inside the affidavit envelope, complete the affidavit, have a notary public (or other officer authorized to acknowledge oaths) or two witnesses witness his or her signature to the affidavit, and forward it by United States mail to the absentee election manager or hand it to him or her in person."[1]
According to the Alabama Secretary of State, a voter who qualifies for a medical emergency ballot absentee ballot "may designate someone to turn in the medical emergency absentee ballot application, receive the absentee ballot on behalf of the voter, and return the voted absentee ballot to the Absentee Election Manager on behalf of the voter."[2]
Alaska
Alaska law does not specify whether someone can return an absentee ballot on a voter's behalf.
Alaska law allows a representative to return an absentee ballot for a voter who qualifies for a special needs ballot and specifies who may not act as a representative. It states the following:
"A qualified voter with a disability who, because of that disability, is unable to go to a polling place to vote may vote a special needs ballot. ... The representative shall deliver the ballot and voter certificate to an election official not later than 8:00 p.m. Alaska time on election day. ... The voter's employer, an agent of the voter's employer, or an officer or agent of the voter's union may not act as a representative for the voter. A candidate for office at an election may not act as a representative for a voter in the election."[3]
Arizona
Arizona permits a family member, household member, or caregiver to return a voter's absentee ballot. It establishes the collection of early ballots by anyone outside those groups as a class 6 felony. The law states the following:[4]
| “ | A person who knowingly collects voted or unvoted early ballots from another person is guilty of a class 6 felony. An election official, a United States postal service worker or any other person who is allowed by law to transmit United States mail is deemed not to have collected an early ballot if the official, worker or other person is engaged in official duties.
I. Subsection H of this section does not apply to: 1. An election held by a special taxing district formed pursuant to title 48 for the purpose of protecting or providing services to agricultural lands or crops and that is authorized to conduct elections pursuant to title 48. 2. A family member, household member or caregiver of the voter. For the purposes of this paragraph: (a) "Caregiver" means a person who provides medical or health care assistance to the voter in a residence, nursing care institution, hospice facility, assisted living center, assisted living facility, assisted living home, residential care institution, adult day health care facility or adult foster care home. (b) "Collects" means to gain possession or control of an early ballot. (c) "Family member" means a person who is related to the voter by blood, marriage, adoption or legal guardianship. (d) "Household member" means a person who resides at the same residence as the voter.[5] |
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Arkansas
Arkansas law permits a designated bearer to return absentee ballots for up to two voters, an authorized agent to return ballots for up to two voters who are "in a hospital or long-term care or residential care facility licensed by the state," and an administrator to return ballots for "any voter who is a patient of a long-term care or residential care facility licensed by the state and who authorizes the administrator to obtain an absentee ballot on his or her behalf."
The law specifies that false information provided by any of the above is subject to a fine of up to $10,000 or up to 10 years of imprisonment.[6]
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(1) A designated bearer may obtain absentee ballots for no more than two (2) voters per election. ... A designated bearer receiving an absentee ballot from a voter shall obtain the absentee ballot directly from the voter and deliver the absentee ballot directly to the county clerk. ... (7) When providing an absentee ballot to a designated bearer or receiving an absentee ballot from a designated bearer, the county clerk shall provide to the designated bearer a written notice informing the designated bearer that: (1) An authorized agent may deliver applications for absentee ballots to the county clerk and obtain absentee ballots from the county clerk for not more than two (2) voters per election who cannot cast a ballot at the appropriate polling place on election day because the voter is a patient in a hospital or long-term care or residential care facility licensed by the state. (2) At no time shall an authorized agent have more than two (2) absentee ballots in his or her possession. ... (B) An authorized agent receiving an absentee ballot from a voter shall deliver the absentee ballot directly to the county clerk. ... (6) When an authorized agent delivers an absentee ballot to the county clerk, the: (7) The county clerk shall write or stamp the words "AUTHORIZED AGENT" and the agent's name and address on the voter's absentee ballot return envelope. ... (c) (d) (A) An administrator may deliver the absentee ballot to the county clerk for any voter who names the administrator on his or her application and voter statement. (6) When the ballots are returned by the administrator in person or by mail, the county clerk shall write or stamp the word "ADMINISTRATOR" and write the administrator's name on the voter's absentee ballot return envelope. (e) Any person who knowingly makes a false statement on an affidavit required by this section shall be guilty of perjury and subject to a fine of up to ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or imprisonment of up to ten (10) years.[5] |
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California
California law states that a person voting by mail ballot may designate another person to return the ballot if the voter cannot do so themselves and that those who return ballots on behalf of others may not receive compensation based on the number of ballots returned.
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2) A vote by mail voter who is unable to return the ballot may designate another person to return the ballot to the elections official who issued the ballot, to the precinct board at a polling place or vote center within the state, or to a vote by mail ballot dropoff location within the state that is provided pursuant to Section 3025 or 4005 . The person designated shall return the ballot in person, or put the ballot in the mail, no later than three days after receiving it from the voter or before the close of the polls on election day, whichever time period is shorter. Notwithstanding subdivision (d), a ballot shall not be disqualified from being counted solely because it was returned or mailed more than three days after the designated person received it from the voter, provided that the ballot is returned by the designated person before the close of polls on election day. ... (e)(1) A person designated to return a vote by mail ballot shall not receive any form of compensation based on the number of ballots that the person returns and an individual, group, or organization shall not provide compensation on this basis. (2) For purposes of this paragraph, “compensation” means any form of monetary payment, goods, services, benefits, promises or offers of employment, or any other form of consideration offered to another person in exchange for returning another voter's vote by mail ballot. (3) A person in charge of a vote by mail ballot and who knowingly and willingly engages in criminal acts related to that ballot as described in Division 18 (commencing with Section 18000 ), including, but not limited to, fraud, bribery, intimidation, and tampering with or failing to deliver the ballot in a timely fashion, is subject to the appropriate punishment specified in that division.[5] |
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Colorado
In Colorado, vote-by-mail ballots can be delivered on a voter's behalf by any person they choose. Only an authorized agent of the county clerk and recorder or designated election official may return more than 10 ballots.
Colorado law states that a voter may deliver "the ballot to any person of the elector's own choice or to any duly authorized agent of the county clerk and recorder or designated election official for mailing or personal delivery; except that no person other than a duly authorized agent of the county clerk and recorder or designated election official may receive more than ten mail ballots in any election for mailing or delivery."
Connecticut
In Connecticut, a designee may return the ballot of a voter who obtained an absentee ballot due to illness or disability, and an immediate family member may return the ballot of a standard absentee voter. The law defines designee and immediate family member.[7]
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An absentee ballot shall be cast at a primary, election or referendum only if: (1) It is mailed by (A) the ballot applicant, (B) a designee of a person who applies for an absentee ballot because of illness or physical disability, or (C) a member of the immediate family of an applicant who is a student, so that it is received by the clerk of the municipality in which the applicant is qualified to vote not later than the close of the polls; ... (3) it is returned by a designee of an ill or physically disabled ballot applicant, in person, to said clerk not later than the close of the polls on the day of the election, primary or referendum; (4) it is returned by a member of the immediate family of the absentee voter, in person, to said clerk not later than the close of the polls on the day of the election, primary or referendum; ... A person returning an absentee ballot to the municipal clerk pursuant to subdivision (3) or (4) of this subsection shall present identification and, on the outer envelope of the absentee ballot, sign his name in the presence of the municipal clerk, and indicate his address, his relationship to the voter or his position, and the date and time of such return. As used in this section, “immediate family” means a dependent relative who resides in the individual's household or any spouse, child or parent of the individual. (b) As used in this section and section 9-150c, “designee” means (1) a person who is caring for the applicant because of the applicant's illness or physical disability, including but not limited to, a licensed physician or a registered or practical nurse, (2) a member of the applicant's family, who is designated by an absentee ballot applicant and who consents to such designation, or (3) a police officer, registrar of voters, deputy registrar of voters or assistant registrar of voters in the municipality in which the applicant resides.[5] |
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Delaware
Delaware law does not specify whether someone can return an absentee ballot on a voter's behalf. It states the following:
"The elector shall return the sealed ballot envelope to the Department by:
a. Depositing it in a United States postal mailbox, thereby mailing it to the Department; or
b. Delivering it, or causing it to be delivered, to the Department before the polls close on the day of the election."
D.C.
D.C. law does not specify whether someone can return an absentee ballot on a voter's behalf.
It states:[8]
| “ | An absentee ballot may be returned to the Board by: (a) Mail, provided it is postmarked or otherwise demonstrated to have been sent on or before the day of the election and received by no later than the 10th day after Election Day; |
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Florida
Florida law allows a person designated by the voter to return an absentee/mail-in ballot. It is a felony of the third degree to distribute, order, request, collect, deliver, or otherwise physically possess more than two ballots per election, in addition to a person's own ballot or those belonging to an immediate family member.[9]
State law says the following:
"Any person who distributes, orders, requests, collects, delivers, or otherwise physically possesses more than two vote-by-mail ballots per election in addition to his or her own ballot or a ballot belonging to an immediate family member, except as provided in ss. 101.6105-101.694, including supervised voting at assisted living facilities and nursing home facilities as authorized under s. 101.655, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084."
Georgia
In Georgia, a voted absentee ballot may be returned by a family member (defined by the law) or a household member. Voted absentee ballots of voters confined to a hospital or with a physical disability may also be returned by a caregiver, and voted absentee ballots of voters in custody in a jail may be returned by a jail employee.[10]
State law says:
| “ | ... the elector shall then personally mail or personally deliver same to the board of registrars or absentee ballot clerk, provided that mailing or delivery may be made by the elector’s mother, father, grandparent, aunt, uncle, brother, sister, spouse, son, daughter, niece, nephew, grandchild, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, or an individual residing in the household of such elector. The absentee ballot of a disabled elector may be mailed or delivered by the caregiver of such disabled elector, regardless of whether such caregiver resides in such disabled elector’s household. The absentee ballot of an elector who is in custody in a jail or other detention facility may be mailed or delivered by any employee of such jail or facility having custody of such elector. An elector who is confined to a hospital on a primary or election day to whom an absentee ballot is delivered by the registrar or absentee ballot clerk shall then and there vote the ballot, seal it properly, and return it to the registrar or absentee ballot clerk.[5] | ” |
Hawaii
Hawaii law does not specify whether someone may return a mail ballot on behalf of someone else.
Idaho
In Idaho, an absentee/mail-in ballot may be returned by a person related to the voter, a member of their household, a caregiver, or a person who is paid by the voter to return their ballot, in addition to election officials, common carriers, and postal workers. Candidates or employees of a campaign may not return ballots for family members, members of their household, or individuals they are caring for.[11]
An individual may not collect more than six total voted ballots per election.
Illinois
Illinois law allows vote-by-mail ballots to be delivered in person by any person the voter authorizes or by a company licensed as a motor carrier of property by the state. In the case of voters who are physically incapacitated or hospitalized, an employee of the facility the voter is in may place the ballot in the mail.
Illinois law states the voter must do the following after sealing their absentee ballot in the return envelope:
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The voter shall then endorse his certificate upon the back of the envelope and the envelope shall be mailed in person by such voter, postage prepaid, to the election authority issuing the ballot or, if more convenient, it may be delivered in person, by either the voter or by any person authorized by the voter, or by a company licensed as a motor carrier of property by the Illinois Commerce Commission under the Illinois Commercial Transportation Law, which is engaged in the business of making deliveries ... It shall be unlawful for any person not the voter or a person authorized by the voter to take the ballot and ballot envelope of a voter for deposit into the mail unless the ballot has been issued pursuant to application by a physically incapacitated elector under Section 3-3 or a hospitalized voter under Section 19-13, in which case any employee or person under the direction of the facility in which the elector or voter is located may deposit the ballot and ballot envelope into the mail. If the voter authorized a person to deliver the ballot to the election authority, the voter and the person authorized to deliver the ballot shall complete the authorization printed on the exterior envelope supplied by an election authority for the return of the vote by mail ballot.[5] |
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Illinois law also contains a section for absentee voting by individuals who have been "admitted to a hospital, nursing home, or rehabilitation center due to an illness or physical injury not more than 14 days before an election." Such voters may have anyone registered to vote in the same precinct as them or a legal relative to obtain and return their mail ballot.
The law states, "Upon receipt of the vote by mail ballot, the admitted voter shall mark the ballot in secret and subscribe to the certifications on the vote by mail ballot return envelope. After depositing the ballot in the return envelope and securely sealing the envelope, such voter shall give the envelope to the precinct voter or the relative who shall deliver it to the election authority in sufficient time for the ballot to be delivered by the election authority to the election authority's central ballot counting location before 7 p.m. on election day."
Indiana
In Indiana, an absentee ballot may be returned by a voter's household member or attorney in fact. The law states that a voter may do the following after sealing their absentee envelope:[12]
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(1) Deliver the envelope to the county election board in person. (2) Deliver the sealed envelope to the county election board with not more than one (1) ballot per envelope, by United States mail or by a bonded courier company. (3) Authorize a member of the voter's household, family listed in IC 3-6-6-7(a)(4), or the individual designated as the voter's attorney in fact to do one (1) of the following: (A) Deposit the sealed envelope in the United States mail. (B) Deliver the sealed envelope in person to the county election board at: (i) the office of the circuit court clerk or the office of the board of elections and registration under section 26 of this chapter; (ii) a satellite office of the circuit court clerk designated under section 26.3 of this chapter; or (iii) a satellite office of a vote center under IC 3-11-18.1-11.[5] |
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The following household family members may assist an absentee voter in returning his or her ballot: spouse, parent, father-in-law, mother-in-law, child, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, grandparent, grandchild, brother, sister, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, uncle, aunt, nephew, or niece.[13][14]
Iowa
Iowa law requires that "no person other than the registered voter, an individual who lives in the same household as the registered voter, an immediate family member of the registered voter ... or a delivery agent acting on behalf of a registered voter who is unable to return the registered voter's own ballot due to reason of blindness or other disability" can return a completed absentee/mail-in ballot.
A delivery agent is defined as "an individual registered to vote in this state who has been designated to return a completed absentee ballot ... by another registered voter who is unable to return the registered voter's own absentee ballot due to reason of blindness or other disability;" an immediate family member is defined as "an individual related to a registered voter within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity." A delivery agent cannot return more than two completed absentee/mail-in ballots per election.[15]
Kansas
In Kansas, a person designated in writing by the voter may return their advance ballot on their behalf. The person must sign a sworn statement affirming they have not "exercised undue influence on the voting decision of the voter" and that the person has not delivered more than 10 advance voting ballots during the election.[16] The written requirement is waived for voters with a disability preventing them from writing. The law says the following:[17]
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[A] person other than the voter may return the advance voting ballot by personal delivery or mail if authorized by the voter in writing ... except that a written designation shall not be required from a voter who has a disability preventing the voter from writing or signing a written designation. Any such person designated by the voter shall sign a statement in accordance with K.S.A. 25-2437, and amendments thereto.[5] |
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Kentucky
In Kentucky, a family member, a person who shares the same residence as the voter, or a caregiver may return an absentee ballot.[18]
It states:
| “ | No person shall knowingly collect, gain possession of, deliver, or exercise control over a mail-in absentee ballot, except for: (a) A voter personally casting his or her ballot by means of mail-in absentee ballot; |
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Louisiana
In Louisiana, someone who signs a statement that they have the authorization of the voter to hand-deliver the voter's absentee ballot may do so. Only an immediate family member may hand-deliver more than one ballot.[19]
The law says, "If delivered by other than the voter, a commercial courier, or the United States Postal Service, the registrar shall require that the person making such delivery sign a statement, prepared by the secretary of state, certifying that the person has the authorization and consent of the voter to hand deliver the marked ballot. ... No person except the immediate family of the voter, as defined in this Code, shall submit by any means or send for delivery by the United States Postal Service or commercial courier more than one marked ballot per election to the registrar."
Maine
Maine law says that a third person may obtain and return absentee ballots for voters. A ballot may not be issued to a third party who is a candidate or a member of a candidate's immediate family.[20] If a ballot is returned by a third party that is not the clerk or an immediate family member of the voter, two witnesses must sign the ballot return envelope or the envelope must be notarized.[21]
State law also says that a third party cannot have more than five absentee ballots outstanding at a time.
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When a ballot is delivered to the voter by a person other than the clerk or an immediate family member of the voter or is returned to the clerk by a person other than the voter, the clerk or an immediate family member of the voter and the voter receives no assistance in marking the ballot, the following procedures apply.
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Maryland
In Maryland, an authorized agent designated in writing by a voter may pick up and return their absentee ballot. The agent must be at least 18 years old and may not be a candidate. The law states the following:[22]
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(a) A qualified applicant may designate a duly authorized agent to pick up and deliver an absentee ballot under this subtitle. (b) An agent of the voter under this section: (1) must be at least 18 years old; (2) may not be a candidate on that ballot; (3) shall be designated in a writing signed by the voter under penalty of perjury; and (4) shall execute an affidavit under penalty of perjury that the ballot was: (i) delivered to the voter who submitted the application; (ii) marked and placed in an envelope by the voter, or with assistance as allowed by regulation, in the agent's presence; and (iii) returned to the local board by the agent.[5] |
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts law permits a family member to return an absentee ballot on behalf of a voter. A person in a healthcare facility may return it to the election official who delivered the ballot or, at the clerk's discretion, to an individual designated in writing who is not a candidate.[23]
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(a) A voter who receives the ballot by mail, as provided in subsection (a) of section ninety-one B, may return it by mail to the city or town clerk in the envelope provided pursuant to subsection (d) of section 87; via a secured municipal drop box, where provided; or such voter or a family member may deliver it in person to the office of the city or town clerk. A voter to whom a ballot was delivered in person at the office of the clerk as provided in said subsection (a) of said section ninety-one B shall return it without removing the ballot from such office. (b) A voter to whom an election official delivered the ballot in person at a designated health care facility, as provided in subsection (b) of section ninety-one B, shall return it to such election official, who shall return it in his custody to the office of the city or town clerk. (c) A voter to whom a ballot was delivered in person as provided in subsection (c) of section ninety-one B shall return it to the person who delivered it, and such person shall immediately return it in his custody to the office of the city or town clerk.[5] |
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Subsection (c) of section 91B reads as follows:[24]
"(c) To a voter who states, under penalty of perjury, that he has been admitted to a health care facility, as defined in section twenty-five B of chapter one hundred and eleven on or after the seventh day before the relevant election, the ballot and accompanying papers shall, unless the clerk determines that there is insufficient time, be delivered in the same manner as provided in subsection (b); provided, however, that if permitted in the sole discretion of the city or town clerk, a person designated in writing by the voter and who is not a candidate for an office at the election, may instead perform the functions of an election official. If the health care facility is outside the city or town and no such family member is available for such purpose, the ballot need not be delivered in person, but may be mailed."
Michigan
Michigan law permits a household member or a family member (defined by law), or an election official if those options are not available, to return a voter's absentee ballot.[25]
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Step 6. Deliver the return envelope by 1 of the following methods: (a) Deposit the postage prepaid return envelope in the United States mail, or place the necessary postage on the return envelope and deposit the return envelope with another public postal service, express mail service, parcel post service, or common carrier. Step 7. The ballot must reach the clerk or an authorized assistant of the clerk before the close of the polls on election day. An absent voter ballot received by the clerk or assistant of the clerk after the close of the polls on election day will not be counted. ... WARNING |
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Minnesota
In Minnesota, a designated agent can return absentee ballots on behalf of not more than three voters. State law establishes that tampering with a ballot or failing to immediately deliver the ballot is a misdemeanor.[26]
According to the law, "The voter may designate an agent to deliver in person the sealed absentee ballot return envelope to the county auditor or municipal clerk or to deposit the return envelope in the mail. An agent may deliver or mail the return envelopes of not more than three voters in any election. Any person designated as an agent who tampers with either the return envelope or the voted ballots or does not immediately mail or deliver the return envelope to the county auditor or municipal clerk is guilty of a misdemeanor."
Mississippi
In Mississippi, voters must return absentee ballots by mail. Ballots may not be returned in person.[27]
Mississippi law states:
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When the absentee ballot has been voted and the envelope sealed, signed and certified to as provided above, the absentee voter shall mail the envelope containing the ballot to the registrar. Hand-delivery of ballots to a voter or from a voter shall be prohibited, and the use of drop boxes or other mechanisms to submit a completed absentee ballot other than by mail or common carrier, shall be prohibited.[5] |
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State law says that only an election official, U.S. Postal Service worker or mail carrier, family member, household member, caregiver, or common carrier may collect and transmit a ballot. Voters who require help due to blindness, disability, or inability to read or write may choose who gives them assistance, as long as the person is not their employer or union agent, a candidate or close family member of a candidate, or a poll watcher.[28]
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(1) For purposes of this section, the following words shall have the meanings as defined herein unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
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Missouri
In Missouri, an absentee ballot may be returned in person by a relative (defined by the law) or by a team of election authorities.[29]
Missouri law states that "each absentee ballot that is not cast by the voter in person in the office of the election authority shall be returned to the election authority in the ballot envelope and shall only be returned by the voter in person, or in person by a relative of the voter who is within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity, by mail or registered carrier or by a team of deputy election authorities; except that covered voters, when sent from a location determined by the secretary of state to be inaccessible on election day, shall be allowed to return their absentee ballots cast by use of facsimile transmission or under a program approved by the Department of Defense for electronic transmission of election materials."
Montana
Montana's law on ballot collection was permanently enjoined by a state judge on September 25, 2020. As a result, election officials were barred from enforcing these requirements. The law stated that an authorized individual may collect ballots and specifies that the person may be a caregiver, household member, family member, or acquaintance. The law said that the authorized individual cannot return more than six ballots.[30]
Nebraska
Nebraska allows a voter to appoint an agent to obtain and return their mail ballot. The law specifies that the agent may not be a candidate or member of a campaign committee unless they are a member of the voter's family. It also states that someone cannot serve as an agent for more than two voters.[31]
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(3) A candidate for office at such election and any person serving on a campaign committee for such a candidate shall not act as an agent for any registered voter requesting a ballot pursuant to this section unless such person is a member of the registered voter's family. No person shall act as agent for more than two registered voters in any election. (3) The agent shall pick up the ballot before one hour prior to the closing of the polls on election day and deliver the ballot to the registered voter. The ballot shall be returned not later than the closing of the polls on the day of the election and shall be returned in an identification envelope as provided in section 32-947..[5] |
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Nevada
In Nevada, a person authorized by the voter may return a mail ballot at the request of a voter.[32]
The law says, "[A]t the request of a voter whose mail ballot has been prepared by or on behalf of the voter, a person authorized by the voter may return the mail ballot on behalf of the voter by mail or personal delivery to the county clerk, or any ballot drop box established in the county[.]"[33]
New Hampshire
New Hampshire law specifies that a voter's absentee ballot may be returned by a family member (defined by the law), nursing home administrator or staff member, or residential care facility administrator or staff member. The law also specifies that an individual assisting a voter who is blind or has a disability may return an absentee ballot upon signing a statement on the affidavit envelope and that such individual may not return more than four ballots unless they are a family member, nursing home administrator/staff, or residential care facility administrator/staff.[34]
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The absentee ballot shall be delivered to the city or town clerk from whom it was received in one of the following ways: (a) The voter or the voter's delivery agent may personally deliver the envelope, in which case the voter or the voter's delivery agent need not enclose the affidavit envelope in the outer envelope; or II. As used in this section, "delivery agent" means: III. The city or town clerk, or ward clerk on election day at the polls, shall not accept an absentee ballot from a delivery agent unless the delivery agent completes a form provided by the secretary of state, which shall be maintained by the city or town clerk, and the delivery agent presents a government-issued photo identification or has his or her identity verified by the city or town clerk. Absentee ballots delivered through the mail or by the voter's delivery agent shall be received by the town, city, or ward clerk no later than 5:00 p.m. on the day of the election. A delivery agent who is assisting a voter who is blind or who has a disability pursuant to this section may not personally deliver more than 4 absentee ballots in any election, unless the delivery agent is a nursing home or residential care facility administrator, an administrator designee, or a family member, each as authorized by this section.[5] |
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New Jersey
In New Jersey, an authorized messenger may return mail-in ballots for a voter. The messenger may not be a candidate and can return no more than three voters' ballots.[35] A messenger may return up to five voters' ballots if they are immediately family members residing in the same household as the messenger. The law states the following:[36]
"Hand delivery of a mail-in ballot shall be made by the county clerk or the clerk's designee only to the voter, or the voter's authorized messenger, who must appear in person. No person shall serve as an authorized messenger for more than three qualified voters in an election, but a person may serve as such for up to five qualified voters in an election if those voters are immediate family members residing in the same household as the messenger."
New Mexico
New Mexico law states that a caregiver, household member or immediate family member (defined by the law) can return a voter's absentee ballot.[37]
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A. A voter, caregiver to that voter or member of that voter's immediate family or household may deliver that voter's absentee ballot to the county clerk in person or by mail; provided that the voter has subscribed the official mailing envelope of the absentee ballot. |
” |
New York
New York law does not specify whether someone may return mail ballots on behalf of voters.
North Carolina
North Carolina law states that a near relative or legal guardian may return a voter's absentee ballot. It is a class I felony for anyone else to return absentee ballots on behalf of others.[38]
| “ | All ballots issued under the provisions of this Article and Article 21A of this Chapter shall be transmitted by one of the following means: a. Mail or commercial courier service, at the voter's expense, and received by the county board not later than 7:30 P.M. on the day of the statewide primary or general election or county bond election. b. Delivered in person, by the voter or the voter's near relative or verifiable legal guardian, to the county board not later than 7:30 P.M. on the day of the statewide primary or general election or county bond election. c. Electronically transmitted to the county board, if the ballot was issued under the provisions of Article 21A of this Chapter.[5] |
” |
State law also says that it is a class I felony for "any person to take into that person's possession for delivery to a voter or for return to a county board of elections the absentee ballot of any voter, provided, however, that this prohibition shall not apply to a voter's near relative or the voter's verifiable legal guardian."[39]
North Dakota
In North Dakota, an absentee voter can name an agent in a written authorization. The agent cannot be a candidate for office, cannot accept compensation for acting as agent, and can serve as agent for no more than four voters.[40]
| “ |
Upon receipt of an application for an official ballot properly filled out and duly signed, or as soon after receipt of the application as the official ballot for the precinct in which the applicant resides has been prepared, the county auditor, city auditor, or business manager of the school district, as the case may be, shall send to the absent voter by mail or secure electronic delivery, if the secretary of state determines the necessary technology is available and according to the choice made by the voter on the application for the ballot, at the expense of the political subdivision conducting the election, one official ballot, or personally deliver the ballot to the applicant or the applicant's agent, which agent may not, at that time, be a candidate for any office to be voted upon by the absent voter. The agent shall sign the agent's name before receiving the ballot and deposit with the auditor or business manager of the school district, as the case may be, authorization in writing from the applicant to receive the ballot or according to requirements set forth for signature by mark. The auditor or business manager of the school district, as the case may be, may not provide an absent voter's ballot to an individual acting as an agent who cannot provide a signed, written authorization from an applicant. A person may not receive compensation, including money, goods, or services, for acting as an agent for an elector, and a person may not act as an agent for more than four electors in any one election. A voter voting by absentee ballot may not require the political subdivision providing the ballot to bear the expense of the return postage for an absentee ballot.[5] |
” |
Ohio
Ohio law allows a family member (defined by the law) to return a voter's absentee ballot. It says the following:[41]
| “ | "The elector shall mail the identification envelope to the office of the board of elections in the return envelope, postage prepaid, or the elector may personally deliver it to the office of the board, or the spouse of the elector, the father, mother, father-in-law, mother-in-law, grandfather, grandmother, brother, or sister of the whole or half blood, or the son, daughter, adopting parent, adopted child, stepparent, stepchild, uncle, aunt, nephew, or niece of the elector may deliver it to the office of the board. The return envelope shall be returned by no other person, in no other manner, and to no other location, except as otherwise provided in section 3509.08 of the Revised Code."[5] | ” |
Following a ruling by a federal judge in Ohio in July 2024, voters with disabilities may select a person of their choice to return their ballot. The ruling found that a 2023 law adopted in Ohio, that prohibited any other than a close family member from returning anyone else's voted absentee/mail-in ballot, violated Section 208 of the Voting Rights Act, which "allows a disabled voter to select a person of their choice to assist them with voting, including the return of a disabled voter’s absentee ballot."[42][43][44]
On August 31, 2024, Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose (R) issued a directive that said only a voter may drop their own ballot in a ballot drop box during early voting. If an individual is returning another voter's ballot during the early voting period, then they must sign a form attesting that they are lawfully assisting the voter when they return the ballot. This form must be signed at a board of elections office.[45][46] The Ohio Supreme Court dismissed a challenge to the directive on October 15, 2024.[47]
Oklahoma
Oklahoma law allows the following people to return an absentee/mail-in ballot:[48]
- Voters themselves with valid identification,
- A voter's assistant or agent acting pursuant to law,
- An absentee voting board member who is assisting a voter confined to a nursing home or state veterans home,
- An employee of the Federal Voting Assistance Program, the United States Department of Defense or the Oklahoma National Guard who is assisting a uniformed-services voter,
- A spouse or relative of the voter in the first or second degree, and
- An election official acting in accordance with the law.
Oregon
Oregon law permits voters to return mail ballots by any appropriate means. The law also says that non-election officials cannot collect ballots within a certain distance of an election office and must display signs at such collection sites noting they are not official dropoff sites.[49][50]
| “ |
(1)Upon receipt of a ballot the absent elector shall mark it and comply with the instructions provided with the ballot. The absent elector may return the marked ballot to the office of the clerk, by any appropriate means. (2)If the absent elector returns the marked ballot by any means other than by mail, the ballot must be received by a county clerk not later than 8 p.m. of the day of the election.[5] |
” |
Oregon law also states the following:
| “ |
(14)A person, except an elections official in performance of duties, may not provide elections advice or attempt to collect voted ballots within any building in which any state or local government elections office designated for the deposit of ballots under ORS 254.470 (Procedures for conducting election by mail) is located, or within 100 feet measured radially from any entrance to the building. (15)A person, except an elections official in performance of duties, may not establish a location to collect ballots voted by electors unless: (a)The person prominently displays at the location a sign stating: “NOT AN OFFICIAL BALLOT DROP SITE”; and (b)The sign is printed in all capital letters in bold 50-point type.[5] |
” |
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania law allows only a voter to return their absentee ballot.
The law states:[51]
| “ | (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), at any time after receiving an official absentee ballot, but on or before eight o'clock P.M. the day of the primary or election, the elector shall, in secret, proceed to mark the ballot only in black lead pencil, indelible pencil or blue, black or blue-black ink, in fountain pen or ball point pen, and then fold the ballot, enclose and securely seal the same in the envelope on which is printed, stamped or endorsed “Official Election Ballot.” This envelope shall then be placed in the second one, on which is printed the form of declaration of the elector, and the address of the elector's county board of election and the local election district of the elector. The elector shall then fill out, date and sign the declaration printed on such envelope. Such envelope shall then be securely sealed and the elector shall send same by mail, postage prepaid, except where franked, or deliver it in person to said county board of election.[5] | ” |
In Pennsylvania, a voter who qualifies for an emergency absentee ballot may authorize in writing a representative to return their ballot. If an authorized representative is not available, a deputy sheriff or constable may deliver and return the emergency ballot.[52]
| “ |
(a.3)(1) The following categories of electors may apply for an absentee ballot under this subsection, if otherwise qualified:
|
” |
Rhode Island
Rhode Island law does not specify whether someone may return mail ballots on behalf of voters.
South Carolina
In South Carolina, an absentee ballot may be returned by a member of their immediate family or an authorized representative. The authorized person cannot be a candidate or paid campaign worker unless that candidate or worker is a member of the voter's immediate family. The law states the following:[53]
| “ |
(A) Upon receipt of the ballot or ballots, the absentee ballot applicant must mark each ballot on which he wishes to vote and place each ballot in the single envelope marked "Ballot Herein" which in turn must be placed in the return-addressed envelope. The applicant must return the return-addressed envelope only by:
|
” |
South Dakota
South Dakota law states that an authorized messenger may deliver a voter's absentee ballot and that a messenger for more than one voter must notify the person in charge of the election of all voters they are the messenger for.[54]
"An authorized messenger shall deliver the absentee ballot to the office of the person in charge of the election unless there is not sufficient time for the person in charge of the election to transmit the absentee ballot to the voter's home precinct or a vote center as prescribed by § 12-14-17. In that instance, the authorized messenger shall personally deliver the absentee ballot to the precinct superintendent of the voter's home precinct. If the authorized messenger requests a receipt when returning the absentee ballot, the person in charge of the election shall provide the authorized messenger a receipt."
State law further says, "If a person is an authorized messenger for more than one voter, the person must notify the person in charge of the election of all voters for whom that person is a messenger. The person in charge of the election shall keep a record of the authorized messenger requesting an absentee ballot to be delivered to another voter."[55]
Tennessee
In Tennessee, voters must return absentee ballots by mail. Ballots may not be returned in person.[56]
Tennessee law says, "After receiving the absentee voting supplies and completing the ballot, the voter shall sign the appropriate affidavit under penalty of perjury. The effect of the signature is to verify the information as true and correct and that the voter is eligible to vote in the election. The voter shall then mail the ballot."[57]
Texas
Texas law allows only the voter to return their absentee ballot.[58]
It states:
| “ | (a) A marked ballot voted under this chapter must be returned to the early voting clerk in the official carrier envelope. The carrier envelope may be delivered in another envelope and must be transported and delivered only by:
(1) mail; (2) common or contract carrier; or (3) subject to Subsections (a-1) and (a-2), in-person delivery by the voter who voted the ballot. (a-1) The voter may deliver a marked ballot in person to the early voting clerk's office only while the polls are open on election day. A voter who delivers a marked ballot in person must present an acceptable form of identification described by Section 63.0101. (a-2) An in-person delivery of a marked ballot voted under this chapter must be received by an election official at the time of delivery. The receiving official shall record the voter's name, signature, and type of identification provided under Section 63.0101 on a roster prescribed by the secretary of state. The receiving official shall attest on the roster that the delivery complies with this section.[5] |
” |
Texas law allows a representative to return the absentee ballot of a voter who is eligible to vote a late ballot.
The law states:[59]
| “ |
(a) A marked late ballot must be delivered to the early voting clerk in person by the representative who submitted the voter's application. The ballot must be delivered in the official carrier envelope. A ballot returned by any other method may not be counted.[5] |
” |
To be eligible to vote a late ballot, an individual must meet one of the following criteria:
| “ |
(1) has a sickness or physical condition that prevents the voter from appearing at the polling place on election day without a likelihood of needing personal assistance or of injuring the voter's health; or (2) is expecting to give birth within three weeks before or after election day. (b) The following do not constitute sufficient cause to entitle a voter to vote under Subsection (a): (1) a lack of transportation; (2) a sickness that does not prevent the voter from appearing at the polling place on election day without a likelihood of needing personal assistance or of injuring the voter's health; or (3) a requirement to appear at the voter's place of employment on election day. (c) To be eligible for an early voting ballot by mail under Subsection (a)(1), an applicant must affirmatively indicate that he or she agrees with the statement prescribed by Section 84.002(c).[5] |
” |
Utah
In Utah, someone who resides in the same household as the voter may "possess" another individual's voted ballot.[60]
It states:
| “ |
(5) (a) An individual may not knowingly possess or control another individual's voted manual ballot, unless: (i) the individual is an election official or postal worker acting in the capacity of an election official or postal worker; (ii) the individual possesses or controls the voted ballot in accordance with Section 20A-3a-301, relating to emergency ballots; (iii) the possession or control is authorized in order to deliver a military-overseas ballot in accordance with Chapter 16, Uniform Military and Overseas Voters Act; (iv) subject to Section 20A-3a-208, the individual is authorized by a voter to possess or control the voter's voted ballot if the voter needs assistance delivering the ballot due to the voter's age, illness, or disability; or (v) the individual resides in the same household as the voter.[5] |
” |
Vermont
Vermont law does not specify whether someone may return absentee/mail-ballots on behalf of voters.
State law states that a candidate whose name appears on the ballot for that election, or a paid campaign staff member of any such candidate, may not return a ballot unless the individual:[61]
| “ |
(1) is returning the candidate’s or paid campaign staff member’s own ballot; (2) is returning the ballot of an immediate family member, as defined in section 2532 of this title, including a person’s spouse, children, brothers, sisters, parents, spouse’s parents, grandparents, and spouse’s grandparents, who has requested the candidate’s or paid campaign staff member’s assistance with the return of that ballot; (3) is returning the ballot of a voter for whom the candidate or paid campaign staff member is a caretaker, and who has requested the candidate’s or paid campaign staff member’s assistance with the return of that ballot; or (4) is a justice of the peace performing his or her official duties pursuant to section 2538 of this title. [5] |
” |
State law also impose limits on how many ballots an individual may return. Only a "justice of the peace performing his or her official duties" may return more than 25 absentee/mail-in ballots.
Virginia
Virginia law allows anyone to return an absentee ballot to a drop-off location.
In a 2023 opinion, the Virginia attorney general stated:[62]
| “ |
It is my opinion that under §24.2-707 of the Code of Virginia, a mailed absentee ballot may be returned, at the request of the voter, by a third party through the mail or at a drop-off location.[5] |
” |
Virginia law allows a designated representative to return an emergency ballot for a voter who is incapacitated or hospitalized. The representative must complete a statement, in which false statement is considered a felony and they cannot be an elected official, a candidate, or the deputy, spouse, parent, or child of an elected official or candidate.[63]
| “ |
Any person registered and otherwise qualified to vote may request at any time prior to 2:00 p.m. on the day preceding the election that he be permitted to vote by emergency absentee ballot with the assistance of his designated representative. The Department shall prescribe a form and the instructions for submitting such a request to the general registrar that shows that the voter requesting an emergency absentee ballot (i) was unable to apply for an absentee ballot by the deadline due to his hospitalization or illness, or the hospitalization, illness, or death of a spouse, child, or parent, or other emergency found to justify receipt of an emergency absentee ballot or (ii) will be unable to vote on election day due to his hospitalization or illness, the hospitalization, illness, or death of a spouse, child, or parent, or other emergency found to justify receipt of an emergency absentee ballot that occurred after the deadline for applying for an absentee ballot.
|
” |
Washington
Washington law does not specify whether someone may return mail ballots on behalf of voters.
West Virginia
West Virginia law does not specify who may return absentee ballots, but it says a person may not return more than two ballots and must certify that they haven't examined or altered the ballot. State law also lays out crime classifications and penalties for different types of behavior related to absentee ballots.
The law says, "Absentee ballots which are hand delivered are to be accepted if they are received by the official designated to supervise and conduct absentee voting no later than the day preceding the election: Provided, That no person may hand deliver more than two absentee ballots in any election and any person hand delivering an absentee ballot is required to certify that he or she has not examined or altered the ballot. Any person who makes a false certification violates §3-9-1 et seq. of this code and is subject to those provisions."[64]
Article 9 states the following:
| “ |
(a) Any person who, with the intent to commit fraud, obtains, removes, or disseminates an absent voter’s ballot, intimidates an absent voter, or completes or alters an absent voter’s ballot, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $10,000 nor more than $20,000, imprisoned in a state correctional facility for not less than one nor more than five years, or both fined and imprisoned. (b) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any person who, having procured an absent voter's official ballot or ballots, shall willfully neglect or refuse to return the same as provided in article three of this chapter, or who shall otherwise willfully violate any of the provisions of said article three of this chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $250, or confined in jail for not more than three months. If the clerk of the county commission of any county, or any member of the board of ballot commissioners, or any member of the board of canvassers refuses or neglects to perform any of the duties required of him or her by any of the provisions of articles three, five and six of this chapter relating to voting by absentees or discloses to any other person or persons how any absent voter voted, he or she shall, in each instance, be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $500, or confined in jail for not more than six months.[5] |
” |
Wisconsin
In Wisconsin, only the voter may return their absentee ballot.[65] Wisconsin law states that a hospitalized voter may select an agent to return their ballot.[66]
It states:
| “ | The ballot shall be sealed by the elector and returned to the municipal clerk either by mail or by personal delivery of the agent; but if the ballot is returned on the day of the election, the agent shall make personal delivery to the polling place serving the hospitalized elector’s residence before the closing hour or, in municipalities where absentee ballots are canvassed under s. 7.52, to the municipal clerk no later than 8 p.m. on election day.[5] | ” |
Wyoming
Wyoming law does not specify whether someone may return mail ballots on behalf of voters.
Support and opposition
Whether states should restrict who may return mail ballots is the subject of debate. Specifically, whether people affiliated with political campaigns and unions should be allowed to collect and return mail ballots is the subject of debate. Those who support restricting who may return mail ballots often refer to the practice of campaign and union workers returning ballots as ballot harvesting.
The following quotes briefly summarize some of the most prevalent arguments for and against restricting who may return mail ballots.
|
| ||||||||||||
Click here for detailed support and opposition arguments from a variety of sources.
Noteworthy events
Federal judge temporarily blocks Mississippi's ballot collection law (2023)
On July 25, 2023, Henry Wingate, a federal judge on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi issued an order temporarily blocking Senate Bill 2358, which established rules for who was allowed to return absentee ballots on behalf of another voter.[69]
S.B. 2358, which was signed into law on March 22, 2023, stipulated the following:[70]
| “ |
(1) A person shall not knowingly collect and transmit a ballot that was mailed to another person, except as follows:
(2) Any violation of this section shall be subject to the penalties of Section 97-13-37.[5] |
” |
Prior to S.B. 2358, Mississippi law did not specify who was allowed to return an absentee ballot on behalf of another voter. In May of 2023, Disability Rights Mississippi, the League of Women Voters of Mississippi and three voters filed a federal lawsuit challenging the law. The plaintiffs said the law made it harder for voters to cast a ballot and also risked disenfranchising disabled voters entirely, violating Section 208 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), which guarantees that "[a]ny voter who requires assistance to vote by reason of blindness, disability, or inability to read or write may be given assistance by a person of the voter’s choice" so long as the assistor is not the "the voter’s employer or agent of that employer or officer or agent of the voter’s union."[69][71]
Supporters of S.B. 2358 said it was necessary to prevent ballot harvesting, which is the practice of collecting and returning absentee ballots on behalf of others. In a 2023 video address, Governor Tate Reeves (R) said, "Senate Bill 2358 is now law and Mississippi's elections are safer because of it." He also said that ballot harvesting was an effort to undermine the democratic process and that "bad actors have used ballot harvesting to take advantage of elderly and vulnerable voters."[69]
On March 3, 2025, the parties jointly agreed to dismiss the lawsuit after Reeves signed SB 2425 into law in 2024.[72] The law clarified the definitions of caregiver, family member, and household member. It also allows any voter who requires assistance to vote due to blindness, disability, or inability to read or write to be assisted by a person of the voter's choice, except for a representative of the voter's employer or union, a candidate on the ballot, or a relative of theirs, or a poll watcher.[73]
Supreme Court of the United States upholds Arizona ballot collection law (2021)
On July 1, 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a ruling in Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee. One of the two questions presented in the case was whether Arizona's ballot collection law violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act or the Fifteenth Amendment. In a 6-3 ruling, the court held that the law did not violate the Voting Rights Act and was not enacted with a racially discriminatory purpose. Justice Samuel Alito delivered the majority opinion of the court. Justice Neil Gorsuch filed a concurring opinion, joined by Justice Clarence Thomas. Justice Elena Kagan filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor.[74] Click here for more information about the case.
Group asks Wisconsin Elections Commission for absentee ballot rule (2020)
On June 8, 2020, the Wisconsin Institute for Law & Liberty (WILL) submitted a rules petition to the Wisconsin Elections Commission asking it to issue a rule stating that only a voter may return their absentee ballot as opposed to a third party.
WILL Deputy Counsel Lucas Vebber said, "We can expect significant interest in absentee voting in 2020. This can be a positive development given the pandemic. But the Wisconsin Elections Commission should make clear that it is the responsibility and right of voters, not third parties, to request and submit ballots."[75]
On June 17, the Wisconsin Elections Commission approved the letter that accompanied absentee ballot applications that went to most voters ahead of the general election. The commission's three Republican members voted in favor of a motion to draft regulations around absentee ballot return, and the three Democratic members voted against it. Since the vote was tied, the motion failed.[76]
On June 22, Vebber sent a letter to the election commission stating, "I am writing to you regarding the Absentee Ballot Return Options Memo you sent to municipal clerks dated March 31, 2020. In the Memo, in paragraph 2 you say: Ballots can be returned to the clerk’s office, an in-person absentee (or early voting) site or the voter’s polling on election day. A family member or another person may also return the ballot on behalf of the voter. ... This statement is in conflict with the law. In particular, Wis. Stat. § 6.87(4)(b)1 provides that electors must place their ballot in an envelope and follow certain procedures."[77]
Four commission members are appointed by the four state legislative leaders and two are appointed by the governor.[78]
WILL's website says it seeks "to advance the public interest in the rule of law, individual liberty, constitutional government, and a robust civil society."[79]
Ballot collection legislation
The table below lists bills related to ballot collection introduced during (or carried over to) each state's regular legislative session this year. The following information is included for each bill:
- State
- Bill number
- Official bill name or caption
- Most recent action date
- Legislative status
- Sponsor party
- Topics dealt with by the bill
Bills are organized by state and then by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker, which includes bill details and a summary.
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These reports deliver insights into partisan priorities, dive deep into notable trends, and highlight activity in key states.
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The newsletter tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker.
See also
- State of Election Administration Legislation Reports
- Factors affecting the speed of ballot counting and delivery of unofficial election results
- Absentee/mail-in voting
Footnotes
- ↑ Alabama Legislature, "Section 17-11-9 Materials Furnished with Ballot; Delivery of Ballot to Absentee Election Manager," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Alabama Secretary of State, "Absentee Voting Information," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Alaska Legislature, "Sec. 15.20.072. Special needs voting," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Arizona Revised Statutes, "16-1005. Ballot abuse; violation; classification," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Arkansas Bureau of Legislative Services, "A.C.A. § 7-5-403," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Connecticut General Assembly, "Sec. 9-140b. Return of absentee ballots. Secure drop boxes; regulations re use and video recording. Possession of ballots and envelopes restricted," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ District of Columbia Municipal Regulations and District of Columbia Register. "Absentee Voting," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Florida Legislature, "104.0616 Vote-by-mail ballots and voting; violations," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Official Code of Georgia Annotated, "21-2-385. Procedure for voting by absentee ballot; advance voting," accessed November 3, 2025
- ↑ Idaho State Legislature, "Idaho Code § 18-2324," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Indiana General Assembly, "IC 3-11-10-24," accessed November 4, 2025
- ↑ Indiana General Assembly, "Senate Bill 398," accessed November 4, 2025
- ↑ Indiana General Assembly, "IC 3-6-6-7," accessed November 4, 2025
- ↑ Iowa General Assembly, "Iowa Code § 53.33," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Kansas Revisor of Statutes, "Kan. Stat. Ann. §25-2437," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Kansas Revisor of Statutes, "Kan. Stat. Ann. §25-1128," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Kentucky General Assembly, "Ky. Rev. Stat. § 117.0861," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Louisiana State Legislature, "La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18:1308," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Maine Revised Statutes, "Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 21-A § 753-B," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Maine Revised Statutes, "Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 21-A § 754-A," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Maryland General Assembly, "Md. Election Code Ann. § 9-307," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Massachusetts Legislature, "Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 54 § 92," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Massachusetts Legislature, "Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 54 § 91B," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Michigan Legislature, "MCL - Section 168.764a," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Minnesota Legislature, "Minn. Stat. § 203B.07," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis , "Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15-697," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis , "Miss. Code Ann. § 23-15-907," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 115.291," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Montana Code Annotated 2023, "§ 13-35-703, Ballot Collection Prohibited -- Exceptions," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Nebraska Legislature, "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 32-943," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Nevada Legislature, "Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.269923," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Nevada Revised Statutes, "Section 293.269923," accessed May 31, 2022
- ↑ New Hampshire General Court, "N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 657:17," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "N.J. Rev. Stat. §§ 19:63-16," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ New Jersey Legislature, "N.J. Rev. Stat. §§ 19:63-9," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ New Mexico One Source, "N.M. Stat. Ann. § 1-6-10.1," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163-231," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 163-226.3," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ North Dakota Legislative Assembly, "N.D. Cent. Code § 16.1-07-08," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Ohio Laws and Administrative Code, "Ohio Rev. Code. Ann. § 3509.05," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO EASTERN DIVISION, "Case: 1:23-cv-02414-BMB Doc #: 6," July 23, 2024
- ↑ The Hill, "Election law violates rights of voters with disabilities in Ohio, judge rules," July 23, 2024
- ↑ Ohio Secretary of State, "Accessible Absentee Voting in Ohio," accessed November 5, 2025
- ↑ Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose, "DIRECTIVE 2024-21," August 31, 2024
- ↑ Ohio Capital Journal, "Ohio Sec. of State LaRose proposes eliminating ballot drop boxes, changes rules ahead of election," September 4, 2024
- ↑ Democracy Docket, " Ohio Drop Box Limitations Challenge," accessed December 10, 2024
- ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Okla. Stat. tit. 26 § 14-101.1," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 253.070," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Oregon Laws, "Or. Rev. Stat. § 260.695," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ WestLaw, "Pa. Stat. Tit. 25 § 3146.6," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ WestLaw, "Pa. Stat. Tit. 25 § 3146.2a," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ South Carolina General Assembly, "S.C. Code Ann. § 7-15-385," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ South Dakota Legislature Legislative Research Council, "S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 12-19-9," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ South Dakota Legislature Legislative Research Council, "S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 12-19-2.2," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Tennessee Secretary of State, "Guide to Absentee Voting," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ LexisNexis, "Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-6-202," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Texas Constitution and Statutes, "Tex. Election Code Ann. § 86.006," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Texas Constitution and Statutes, "Tex. Election Code Ann. § 102.006," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Utah State Legislature, "Utah Code § 20A-3a-501," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Vermont General Assembly, "Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 17 § 2543," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Virginia Office of the Attorney General, "October 26, 2023 opinion," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Virginia Legislative Information System, "Va. Code § 24.2-705," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "W. Va. Code § 3-3-5," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Village of Oregon, "FAQs," accessed November 4, 2025
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Wis. Stat. § 6.86," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ The Heritage Foundation, "Vote Harvesting: A Recipe for Intimidation, Coercion, and Election Fraud," October 8, 2019
- ↑ Congress.gov, "Field Hearing on Voting Rights and Election Administration in Arizona," October 8, 2019
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 NPR "A Mississippi law limits who can help mail-in voters. A federal court struck it down," July 26, 2023
- ↑ BillTrack50, "MS SB2358," accessed August 18, 2023
- ↑ Democracy Docket, "CIVIL ACTION No.: 3:23-CV-350-HTW-LGI," July 25, 2023
- ↑ League of Women Voters, "Disability Rights Mississippi v. Fitch," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ Bill Track 50, "MS SB2425," accessed November 6, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Supreme Court, Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, decided July 1, 2021
- ↑ Wisconsin Institute for Law & Liberty, "WILL Asks Wisconsin Elections Commission to Ban Ballot Harvesting," June 8, 2020
- ↑ Greater Milwaukee Today, "Wisconsin panel gives final approval on absentee ballots," June 19, 2020
- ↑ The Center Square, "More questions about ballot harvesting in Wisconsin," June 23, 2020
- ↑ Wisconsin Elections Commission, "About the Wisconsin Elections Commission," accessed June 9, 2020
- ↑ Wisconsin Institute for Law & Liberty, "Who We Are," accessed June 9, 2020
