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Early voting

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Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. Some states allow voters to cast absentee ballots in person. States that allow in-person absentee voting without an excuse are counted below among no-excuse early voting states.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • As of February 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting. For a full list of these states, see here.[1]
  • Proponents argue that early voting opportunities make the voting process more convenient for citizens, thereby increasing turnout and diversifying the electorate.
  • Critics argue that citizens who vote early may be more likely to make ill-informed decisions.

    • To see the arguments for and against early voting , click here.

    The most important step in voting is knowing where and when to vote. Ballotpedia is committed to making sure everyone who wants to vote, can vote. Check the list of states below to find the contact information for your state Election Commission or Secretary of State's office. This information can be used to find more information about signing up for early voting or finding your local polling place.

    Click here to see a comprehensive list of states that allow early voting.

    Click here to find the contact information for your state election commission or secretary of state.

    Click here for a list of upcoming election dates.

    Early voting by state

    As of February 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting in some form:[1]

    States with all-mail voting

    See also: All-mail voting

    Eight states – California, Colorado, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington – conduct what are commonly referred to as all-mail elections. In these states, voting is conducted primarily, although not necessarily exclusively, by mail. These states allow for in-person early voting by default (generally by allowing voters to return their mail-in ballots in person at municipal-level offices or vote centers).

    Frequently asked questions

    Voter identification requirements for early voting

    States can have different voter identification requirements for early voting compared with voting on Election Day. Early voting refers to any in-person voting conducted before Election Day.

    As of August 2025, 21 states required voters to present photo identification when voting in-person before Election Day, while 12 states required voters to present non-photo identification. Alabama, Mississippi, and New Hampshire have voter ID laws but do not have no-excuse early voting.

    Voter identification requirements for early voting by state
    State Requirement Source
    Alabama Does not offer no-excuse early voting N/A
    Alaska Non-photo ID required for early voting AS 15.20.061
    Arizona Non-photo ID required for early voting Arizona Secretary of State
    Arkansas Photo ID required for early voting A.C.A. § 7-5-418
    California No voter ID law N/A
    Colorado Non-photo ID required for early voting[3][4] C.R.S. § 1-7-110
    Connecticut Non-photo ID required for early voting Conn. Gen. Stat. §9-163
    Delaware Non-photo ID required for early voting[5] 15 Del. C. § 4937
    Delaware Secretary of State
    Florida Photo ID required for early voting Fla. Stat. §101.657
    Georgia Photo ID required for early voting Georgia Secretary of State
    Hawaii No voter ID law N/A
    Idaho Photo ID required for early voting Idaho Code §34-1012
    Illinois No voter ID law N/A
    Indiana Photo ID required for early voting Ind. Code §3-11-10-26
    Iowa Non-photo ID required for early voting Iowa Code §53.10
    Kansas Photo ID required for early voting Kan. Stat. Ann. §25-1122
    Kentucky Photo ID required for early voting KRS §117.076
    Louisiana Photo ID required for early voting LSA 18:1309
    Maine No voter ID law N/A
    Maryland No voter ID law N/A
    Massachusetts No voter ID law N/A
    Michigan Photo ID required for early voting [6] Mich. Comp. Laws §168.720b
    Minnesota No voter ID law N/A
    Mississippi Does not offer no-excuse early voting[7] N/A
    Missouri Photo ID required for early voting RSMo §115.277
    Montana Photo ID required for early voting §13-13-114
    Nebraska Photo ID required for early voting Neb. Rev. Stat. §32942
    Nevada No voter ID law N/A
    New Hampshire Does not offer no-excuse early voting N/A
    New Jersey No voter ID law N/A
    New Mexico No voter ID law N/A
    New York No voter ID law N/A
    North Carolina Photo ID required for early voting N.C. Gen. Stat. §163-166.40
    North Dakota Non-photo ID required for early voting[8] N.D.C.C. §16.1-01-04.1
    Ohio Photo ID required for early voting R.C. 3509.051
    Oklahoma Non-photo ID required for early voting Okla. Stat. §26-14-115.4
    Oregon No voter ID law N/A
    Pennsylvania No voter ID law N/A
    Rhode Island Photo ID required for early voting Rhode Island Secretary of State
    South Carolina Photo ID required for early voting S.C. Code Ann. §7-13-710
    South Carolina Election Commission
    South Dakota Photo ID required for early voting South Dakota Secretary of State
    Tennessee Photo ID required for early voting Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-7-112
    Tennessee Secretary of State
    Texas Photo ID required for early voting Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §85.031
    Utah Non-photo ID required for early voting[9] Utah Code §20A-1-102
    Vermont No voter ID law N/A
    Virginia Non-photo ID required for early voting Va. Code §24.2-701.1
    Washington Non-photo ID required for early voting [10] RCW 29A.40.160
    West Virginia Photo ID required for early voting W. Va. Code §3-1-34
    West Virginia Secretary of State
    Wisconsin Photo ID required for early voting Wis. Stat. §6.86(ar)
    Wyoming Non-photo ID required for early voting Wy. Stat. §22-2-119


    Support and opposition

    The following quotes briefly summarize arguments for and against early voting. See our page, Arguments for and against early voting, for detailed support and opposition arguments from a variety of sources.


    Arguments for and against early voting
    Support Opposition
    "Early voting eases Election Day congestion, leading to shorter lines and improved poll-worker performance. It allows election officials to correct registration errors and fix voting system glitches earlier. And polling has shown that early voting enjoys popular support. ... [S]tarting in 2011, lawmakers in some states have sought to cut back on early voting. In many cases, these reductions have targeted voting days used heavily in African-American communities, such as the last Sunday before the election, when churches organize 'souls to the polls' drives. States that cut back on early voting have faced lawsuits and some rulings that the changes were discriminatory."

    		 "Although voters may find early voting convenient, turnout data show that early voting may actually decrease turnout, not increase it. Early voting raises the costs of political campaigns, since expensive get-out-the-vote efforts must be spread out over a longer period of time. There is also no question that when voters cast their ballots weeks before Election Day, they do so without the same access to knowledge about the candidates and the issues as those who vote on Election Day. When there are late-breaking developments in campaigns that could be important to the choices made by voters, those who have voted early cannot change their votes."

    - Hans von Spakovsky of The Heritage Foundation (2017)[12]


    Upcoming election dates

    State District Description Date
    What's on your ballot? Enter your address into Ballotpedia's Sample Ballot Lookup tool to find out!
    California Santa Clara County Special general runoff election for Santa Clara County, California December 30, 2025
    Iowa Iowa State Senate District 16 Special election for Iowa State Senate District 16 December 30, 2025
    Maine Raymond (Cumberland County) Select Board Members Denis Morse and Kaela Gonzalez recall election December 30, 2025
    South Carolina South Carolina S.C. local elections December 30, 2025
    Arkansas Arkansas House of Representatives District 70 Special primary for Arkansas House of Representatives District 70 January 6, 2026
    Arkansas Arkansas State Senate District 26 Special primary for Arkansas State Senate District 26 January 6, 2026
    California Blue Lake Recall election January 6, 2026
    Connecticut Connecticut House of Representatives District 25 Special election for Connecticut House of Representatives District 25 January 6, 2026
    Georgia Georgia House of Representatives District 121 Special general runoff for Georgia House of Representatives District 121 January 6, 2026
    Georgia Georgia House of Representatives District 23 Special general runoff for Georgia House of Representatives District 23 January 6, 2026
    Oregon Josephine County Recall election January 6, 2026
    Rhode Island Rhode Island R.I. local elections January 6, 2026
    South Carolina South Carolina House of Representatives District 98 Special general for South Carolina House of Representatives District 98 January 6, 2026
    Virginia Virginia House of Delegates District 77 Virginia House of Delegates District 77 special general election January 6, 2026
    Virginia Virginia State Senate District 15 Special election for Virginia State Senate District 15 January 6, 2026
    Oregon Lincoln County Recall election January 9, 2026
    Alabama Alabama House of Representatives District 63 Special general election for Alabama House District 63 January 13, 2026
    Connecticut Connecticut House of Representatives District 139 Special election for Connecticut House of Representatives District 139 January 13, 2026
    Florida Florida Fla. local elections January 13, 2026
    Florida Florida House of Representatives District 87 Special primary election for Florida House of Representatives District 87 January 13, 2026
    Maine Maine Maine local elections January 13, 2026
    Nebraska Dunbar Terry Weible recall election January 13, 2026
    Oklahoma Oklahoma House of Representatives District 35 Special primary runoff election for Oklahoma House District 35 January 13, 2026
    South Carolina South Carolina S.C. local elections January 13, 2026
    Virginia Virginia House of Delegates District 11 Special election for Virginia House of Delegates District 11 January 13, 2026
    Virginia Virginia House of Delegates District 23 Special election for Virginia House of Delegates District 23 January 13, 2026
    Delaware Delaware Del. local elections January 17, 2026
    Florida Lynn Haven Jesse Nelson recall election January 20, 2026
    Georgia Georgia State Senate District 18 Georgia State Senate District 18 special general election January 20, 2026
    New Hampshire New Hampshire House of Representatives Carroll 7 Special primary election for New Hampshire House of Representatives District Carroll 7 January 20, 2026
    South Carolina South Carolina S.C. local elections January 20, 2026

    Note: An election date on the above list may have been scheduled initially but later canceled due to a lack of candidates or a lack of races advancing to a runoff, if applicable.

    Early voting legislation

    The table below lists bills related to early voting introduced during (or carried over to) each state's regular legislative session this year. The following information is included for each bill:

    • State
    • Bill number
    • Official bill name or caption
    • Most recent action date
    • Legislative status
    • Sponsor party
    • Topics dealt with by the bill

    Bills are organized by state and then by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker, which includes bill details and a summary.

    Method of how ballots were cast by state

    See also: Voting policies in the United States

    The following table shows how many ballots were cast by specific methods (by mail, early in-person voting, etc.) according to the Election Assistance Commission's 2024 report on U.S. election administration, which can be found here.

    Method of how ballots were cast by state, 2024
    State Mail ballots counted In-person Election Day votes In-person early votes Provisional voters
    Alabama 126,018 N/A[13] N/A[13] N/A[13]
    Alaska 48,744 175,541 92,281 14,786
    Arizona 2,816,885 496,753 349,129 15,699
    Arkansas 24,552 294,235 810,714 1,389
    California 13,062,318 1,836,518 878,489 289,935
    Colorado 2,957,550 141,556 109,209 205
    Connecticut 127,354 N/A 715,275 36
    Delaware 33,659 268,718 210,295 14
    D.C. 168,111 82,396 72,914 93
    Florida 2,947,371 2,596,761 5,364,821 6,168
    Georgia 268,751 1,239,125 3,768,395 3,718
    Hawaii 483,078 0 39,158 0
    Idaho 179,777 508,734 225,973 N/A[13]
    Illinois 1,022,256 2,666,185 2,001,203 8,316
    Indiana 1,603,815 1,372,508 1,397,345 1,939
    Iowa 220,041 N/A[13] N/A[13] 749
    Kansas 149,350 604,319 557,906 27,441
    Kentucky 116,324 1,267,653 687,057 194
    Louisiana 119,706 1,047,445 849,784 535
    Maine 215,242 463,500 157,116 N/A
    Maryland 744,244 1,145,134 974,945 145,763
    Massachusetts 1,173,112 1,713,191 600,225 1,797
    Michigan 2,017,704 2,453,252 1,214,409 10
    Minnesota 446,576 1,960,360 850,705 N/A[13]
    Mississippi N/A 1,010,752 N/A[13] 14,685
    Missouri 178,526 2,067,247 867,936 5,534
    Montana 430,159 N/A[13] N/A[13] N/A[13]
    Nebraska 307,135 564,660 80,304 10,651
    Nevada 656,140 247,291 543,461 28,242
    New Hampshire 92,945 730,273 0 0
    New Jersey 828,200 N/A[13] N/A[13] 116,528
    New Mexico 111,527 252,629 556,395 1,597
    New York 836,987 4,320,467 2,986,704 194,588
    North Carolina 298,269 1,175,905 4,224,909 24,989
    North Dakota 89,429 181,998 99,007 N/A[13]
    Ohio 1,058,400 3,130,240 1,536,604 104,848
    Oklahoma 98,548 1,174,876 294,037 1,598
    Oregon 2,253,114 N/A[13] N/A[13] 52
    Pennsylvania 1,933,102 5,043,808 N/A[13] 69,506
    Rhode Island 51,995 290,699 173,547 2,514
    South Carolina 98,782 977,341 1,476,843 4,517
    South Dakota 151,762 273,648 0 201
    Tennessee 86,904 856,491 2,132,535 3,139
    Texas 384,221 2,329,171 8,703,181 20,511
    Utah 1,239,070 104,350 36,381 41,114
    Vermont 240,375 122,386 2,631 0
    Virginia 474,332 2,053,905 1,840,239 111,390
    Washington 3,890,945 N/A[13] 171 12
    West Virginia 22,377 431,925 310,305 2,905
    Wisconsin 572,434 1,870,285 977,648 57
    Wyoming 38,217 154,579 76,943 63
    Total 47,496,433 51,698,810 48,847,129 1,278,028

    Noteworthy events

    This section summarizes noteworthy events related to early voting.

    Delaware (2024)

    On June 28, 2024, the Delaware Supreme Court struck down a ruling from the Delaware Superior Court and reinstated early voting in the state. In a 5-0 decision, the court ruled that plaintiffs failed to prove that they would be harmed by laws permitting early voting, and therefore had no standing to sue. Consequently, the decision did not rule on the lower court's determination that early voting was prohibited by the Delaware Constitution.[14] The court agreed to hear the case on an expedited basis to provide clarity to voters and election administrators before the November election.[15]

    In a statement, Delaware Attorney General Kathy Jennings (D) said, "I’m grateful to the Court for its ruling and for agreeing to hear this case on an expedited basis so that Delawareans know their rights going into the September and November elections."[15] In response to the ruling, Delaware House of Representatives Minority Whip Lyndon Yearick (R) said, "This is frustrating because the constitutionality issue was our sole concern. We support early voting."[16] The plaintiffs attorney, M. Jane Brady, a former Superior Court judge and former chair of the Delaware Republican Party, said that plaintiffs would continue to challenge the constitutionality of early voting in the state.[15]

    Earlier in the year, on February 23, Superior Court Judge Mark Conner ruled that early voting was unconstitutional in the state, saying that the laws were "inconsistent with our constitution and therefore cannot stand."[17][18] Article V, Section 1 of the Delaware Constitution says, "The general election shall be held biennially on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November." Judge Conner wrote, "Any enactment of the General Assembly that provides for casting ballots on other days than that day enumerated by Article V, Section 1, unless permitted elsewhere Article V, runs afoul of and is inconsistent with the Constitution."[19]

    On February 27, Attorney General Jennings announced that she would appeal the decision to the Delaware Supreme Court and said, "We will file our appeal quickly and intend to request a decision from the Delaware Supreme Court so that voters have final clarity in time for the September primaries."[20] On February 29, lawmakers introduced legislation, SB3, to amend the state's constitution and restore in-person early voting.

    Lawmakers originally established early in-person voting by passing HB38 in 2019. Delaware Governor John Carney (D) signed HB38 on June 30, 2019, which established in-person early voting beginning January 1, 2022. The law allowed voters to vote "in-person during at least 10 days before an election, up to and including the Saturday and Sunday immediately before the election at locations determined by the State Election Commissioner."[21][22] According to Senate Bill 149, which was signed into law on July 21, 2023, Sundays did not have to be included in the early voting period for presidential preference primaries.[23]

    Iowa (2018)

    On August 10, 2018, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled on several provisions of HF 516, which called for shortening the state's early voting period from 40 to 29 days along with other provisions related to voting, including voter ID requirements. Concerning the early voting period, the court lifted an injunction put in place by a district court. The court did not provide their reasoning in the order.[24]

    On May 30, 2018, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) of Iowa and Taylor Blair, a student at Iowa State University, filed suit in the Iowa District Court for Polk County against Secretary of State Paul Pate (R) alleging that HF 516 illegally impaired the ability of Iowans to vote.

    On July 24, 2018, the district court granted the plaintiffs' request for temporary injunctions against several parts of HF 516, including the provision shortening the early voting period, saying that provision would cause irreparable harm to those unable to vote in the 29-day period. The case proceeded to the Iowa Supreme Court, which lifted the injunction.[25]

    Florida (2018)

    On July 24, 2018, a federal judge barred enforcement of a Florida rule, established by Secretary of State Ken Detzner in 2014, prohibiting the use of college campus sites as early voting locations. The rule stated that educational facilities did not meet state law definitions for early voting sites.[26]

    Judge Mark E. Walker of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida wrote the following in his order: "Simply put, Defendant's Opinion [i.e., Florida's rule barring early voting on college campuses] reveals a stark pattern of discrimination. It is unexplainable on grounds other than age because it bears so heavily on younger voters than all other voters. ... The Opinion is intentionally and facially discriminatory." Walker barred the secretary of state from enforcing the 2014 rule, though he did not order election officials to designate early voting sites on college campuses, leaving such action to the discretion of local officials.[26][27]

    Ohio (2014-2016)

    On August 23, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld an Ohio law reducing the state's early voting period from 35 days to 29 days.[28]

    On February 21, 2014, Governor John Kasich signed into law two bills that altered the state's early and absentee voting provisions. Senate Bill 238 shortened the early voting period by a week, thereby eliminating "Golden Week," a period during which state residents could register and vote on the same day. Senate Bill 205 established a requirement that the secretary of state obtain funding approval from the legislature before mailing absentee ballot applications statewide.[29]

    The NAACP and other groups filed a lawsuit seeking to block enforcement of Senate Bill 238. A federal district court placed an injunction on SB 238's provisions, then the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to stay the injunction, putting the law into effect. On April 17, 2015, the parties involved agreed to a settlement. The terms of the settlement included the restoration of one day of voting on Sunday, additional weekday evening voting hours, and the elimination of "Golden Week."[30]

    The Ohio Democratic Party, along with two local parties and three individuals, challenged the version of the law that was revised based on the 2015 settlement. A district court issued an injunction barring implementation of the law on May 24, 2016, ruling that the law created a disparate burden on African-American voters. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the ruling on August 23, 2016, ruling that the change to 29 days of early voting remained generous and that it did not violate the Voting Rights Act.[28]

    North Carolina (2013-2016)

    The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit struck down several provisions of a North Carolina law, including a provision shortening the state's early voting period, on July 29, 2016.[31]

    On July 25, 2013, the North Carolina Legislature passed a law with several provisions related to voting, including voter ID requirements and shortening the early voting period from 17 days to 10 days. Governor Pat McCrory (R) signed the bill into law on August 12, 2013. A number of lawsuits opposing the law were filed, and the cases were consolidated in a case brought before the District Court of the Middle District of North Carolina. The suits alleged that the law discriminated against minority groups. North Carolina was the first state to approve new voting laws after the United States Supreme Court struck down portions of the federal Voting Rights Act in June 2013.[32][33]

    The district court upheld the provisions of the law, ruling that the provisions did not place a discriminatory burden on African Americans and that the state had other reasons beyond discriminatory intent for imposing the provisions.[34] The plaintiffs in the case appealed.

    On July 29, 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit struck down the shortened early voting period and the state's photo ID requirement along with other provisions, ruling that the state legislature had enacted them with racially discriminatory intent. On May 15, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the state's appeal, letting the Fourth Circuit's decision stand.[31]

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    See also

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Early In-Person Voting," March 23, 2023 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ncslabsentee" defined multiple times with different content
    2. ↑ North Dakota only offers early voting in some counties.
    3. ↑ While Colorado conducts all-mail elections, it does offer in-person voting prior to and on Election Day.
    4. ↑ Andrew Bahl, "Email interview with Jack Todd, Colorado Secretary of State's Office," September 4, 2025
    5. ↑ If a voter does not have ID but is present in their correct polling place or at an early voting site and appears on the poll list, the voter is allowed to cast a ballot after filling out an affirmation form.
    6. ↑ If a voter does not have ID, they can be allowed to vote by signing an affidavit.
    7. ↑ Mississippi has excuse-required, in-person absentee voting where voters are required to present a photo ID
    8. ↑ Andrew Bahl, "Interview with Misty Curn, North Dakota Secretary of State's office," September 5, 2025
    9. ↑ Andrew Bahl, "Email interview with Amy Iversen, Utah Lieutenant Governor's office," September 5, 2025
    10. ↑ While Washington conducts all-mail elections, voters who go to an in-person voting center must present identification or sign a ballot declaration
    11. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "Democracy: An Election Agenda for Candidates, Activists, and Legislators," May 4, 2018
    12. ↑ The Heritage Foundation, "The Costs of Early Voting," October 3, 2017
    13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 Information not provided in the report.
    14. ↑ WHYY, "Delaware Supreme Court restores access to early voting, permanent absentee voting," February 23, 2024
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Delaware.gov, "In unanimous ruling, Court sides with Jennings on voting rights," June 28, 2024
    16. ↑ WGMD, "Early Voting/Permanent Absentee Voting Overturned by DE Supreme Court," June 28, 2024
    17. ↑ Delaware Online, "Delaware lawmakers consider options after court tosses out early voting, mail-in ballots," February 27, 2024
    18. ↑ ABC News, "Delaware's early voting and permanent absentee laws are unconstitutional, a judge says," February 26, 2024
    19. ↑ ABC News, "Mennella, et al. v. Albence, et al., C.A. No. S23C-03-014 MHC," February 23, 2024
    20. ↑ Attorney General, State of Delaware, "Attorney General Jennings’ comments on Superior Court’s voting ruling (as prepared)," February 27, 2024
    21. ↑ Delaware.gov, "Governor Carney Signs Early Voting Legislation," June 30, 2019
    22. ↑ Delaware General Assembly, "House Bill 38," accessed April 6, 2023
    23. ↑ Delaware General Assembly, "Senate Bill 149," accessed July 31, 2023
    24. ↑ The Gazette, "Iowa voter ID ruling: Early voting period stands at 29 days, high court says," August 10, 2018
    25. ↑ Iowa District Court for Polk County, "League of United Latin American Citizens of Iowa v. Pate: Ruling on Plaintiffs' Motion for a Temporary Injunction," July 24, 2018
    26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida, "League of Women Voters of Florida v. Detzner: Order Granting Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction," July 24, 2018
    27. ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "Judge: Florida’s early voting-on-campus ban shows ‘stark pattern of discrimination,’" July 24, 2018
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Leagle, "Ohio Democratic Party v. Husted," August 23, 2016
    29. ↑ The Columbus Dispatch, "Kasich signs both elections bills; 'livid' FitzGerald may take action," February 22, 2014
    30. ↑ MSNBC, "Settlement reverses some cuts to Ohio early voting," April 17, 2015
    31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Ballot Access News, "U.S. Supreme Court Refuses to Hear All Four Election Law Cases that had Been on Conference Last Week," May 15, 2017
    32. ↑ CBS News, "N.C. sued soon after voter ID bill signed into law," August 13, 2013
    33. ↑ Politico, "Justice Department challenges North Carolina voter ID law," September 30, 2013
    34. ↑ Harvard Law Review, "North Carolina State Conference of the NAACP v. McCrory," April 10, 2017
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