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United States Senate election in Michigan (August 7, 2018 Democratic primary)
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 9
- Early voting: N/A
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: No
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Photo ID requested
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.
2020 →
← 2014
|
U.S. Senate, Michigan |
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Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: April 24, 2018 |
Primary: August 7, 2018 General: November 6, 2018 Pre-election incumbent: Debbie Stabenow (Democrat) |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Voting in Michigan |
Race ratings |
Inside Elections: Solid Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018 |
See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 13th (special) Michigan elections, 2018 U.S. Congress elections, 2018 U.S. Senate elections, 2018 U.S. House elections, 2018 |
A Democratic Party primary election took place on August 7, 2018 in Michigan to determine which Democrat would run in the state's November 6, 2018, general election.
This page focuses on the Democratic primary. For an overview of the election in general, click here.
Given three-term incumbent Sen. Debbie Stabenow ran unopposed in her last Democratic primary in 2012 and won the general election that year by 21 points, she is not expected to face a competitive primary in 2018. She also raised $2.1 million in the second quarter of 2017, giving her a sizeable war chest of $5.8 million to ward off challengers.[1]
Candidates and election results
Incumbent Debbie Stabenow advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Michigan on August 7, 2018.
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Michigan
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Debbie Stabenow | 100.0 | 1,045,450 |
Total votes: 1,045,450 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Campaign finance
The table below contains data from FEC Quarterly October 2017 reports. It includes only candidates who reported at least $10,000 in campaign contributions as of September 30, 2017.[2]
Pivot Counties
- See also: Pivot Counties by state
Twelve of 83 Michigan counties—14 percent—are Pivot Counties. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.
Counties won by Trump in 2016 and Obama in 2012 and 2008 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County | Trump margin of victory in 2016 | Obama margin of victory in 2012 | Obama margin of victory in 2008 | ||||
Bay County, Michigan | 12.55% | 5.56% | 15.31% | ||||
Calhoun County, Michigan | 12.46% | 1.60% | 9.36% | ||||
Eaton County, Michigan | 4.72% | 3.13% | 8.40% | ||||
Gogebic County, Michigan | 14.80% | 8.10% | 17.27% | ||||
Isabella County, Michigan | 3.66% | 9.28% | 19.26% | ||||
Lake County, Michigan | 22.77% | 5.01% | 12.28% | ||||
Macomb County, Michigan | 11.53% | 3.99% | 8.62% | ||||
Manistee County, Michigan | 15.29% | 5.93% | 13.26% | ||||
Monroe County, Michigan | 21.97% | 0.98% | 4.35% | ||||
Saginaw County, Michigan | 1.13% | 11.89% | 17.34% | ||||
Shiawassee County, Michigan | 19.59% | 3.67% | 8.59% | ||||
Van Buren County, Michigan | 13.92% | 0.45% | 8.78% |
In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Michigan with 47.5 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 47.3 percent. In presidential elections between 1836 and 2016, Michigan voted Republican 60.8 percent of the time and Democratic 34.7 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Michigan voted Democratic four out of the five elections.[3]
Presidential results by legislative district
The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state House districts in Michigan. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[4][5]
In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 53 out of 110 state House districts in Michigan with an average margin of victory of 37.1 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won 43 out of 110 state House districts in Michigan with an average margin of victory of 39.3 points. Clinton won four districts controlled by Republicans heading into the 2018 elections. |
In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 57 out of 110 state House districts in Michigan with an average margin of victory of 12.4 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 67 out of 110 state House districts in Michigan with an average margin of victory of 21.2 points. Trump won eight districts controlled by Democrats heading into the 2018 elections. |
2016 presidential results by state House district | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Obama | Romney | 2012 Margin | Clinton | Trump | 2016 Margin | Party Control |
1 | 76.12% | 23.52% | D+52.6 | 74.49% | 22.85% | D+51.6 | D |
2 | 75.84% | 23.76% | D+52.1 | 74.45% | 22.64% | D+51.8 | D |
3 | 98.21% | 1.58% | D+96.6 | 96.30% | 2.42% | D+93.9 | D |
4 | 96.04% | 3.37% | D+92.7 | 92.77% | 5.06% | D+87.7 | D |
5 | 96.95% | 2.71% | D+94.2 | 93.33% | 4.83% | D+88.5 | D |
6 | 94.15% | 5.34% | D+88.8 | 90.29% | 7.44% | D+82.9 | D |
7 | 98.97% | 0.86% | D+98.1 | 96.95% | 1.74% | D+95.2 | D |
8 | 97.77% | 1.98% | D+95.8 | 95.72% | 2.90% | D+92.8 | D |
9 | 96.42% | 3.28% | D+93.1 | 93.92% | 4.34% | D+89.6 | D |
10 | 83.03% | 16.36% | D+66.7 | 80.28% | 16.66% | D+63.6 | D |
11 | 69.83% | 29.28% | D+40.6 | 60.65% | 34.79% | D+25.9 | D |
12 | 69.66% | 29.46% | D+40.2 | 56.96% | 38.90% | D+18.1 | D |
13 | 58.70% | 40.26% | D+18.4 | 47.99% | 46.73% | D+1.3 | D |
14 | 63.97% | 34.90% | D+29.1 | 50.54% | 44.29% | D+6.2 | D |
15 | 65.45% | 33.49% | D+32 | 62.76% | 31.92% | D+30.8 | D |
16 | 65.88% | 33.26% | D+32.6 | 56.06% | 38.69% | D+17.4 | D |
17 | 53.64% | 45.27% | D+8.4 | 38.41% | 56.34% | R+17.9 | R |
18 | 58.28% | 40.69% | D+17.6 | 50.48% | 44.92% | D+5.6 | D |
19 | 47.24% | 51.98% | R+4.7 | 43.64% | 51.18% | R+7.5 | R |
20 | 47.63% | 51.76% | R+4.1 | 49.30% | 45.76% | D+3.5 | R |
21 | 55.97% | 43.27% | D+12.7 | 54.96% | 40.68% | D+14.3 | D |
22 | 62.75% | 36.16% | D+26.6 | 50.97% | 44.23% | D+6.7 | D |
23 | 51.61% | 47.53% | D+4.1 | 41.73% | 53.84% | R+12.1 | D |
24 | 48.16% | 51.15% | R+3 | 40.03% | 55.91% | R+15.9 | R |
25 | 51.35% | 47.82% | D+3.5 | 42.94% | 52.49% | R+9.6 | D |
26 | 58.60% | 40.29% | D+18.3 | 56.27% | 37.48% | D+18.8 | D |
27 | 74.32% | 24.77% | D+49.6 | 71.48% | 23.39% | D+48.1 | D |
28 | 63.19% | 35.81% | D+27.4 | 54.82% | 40.99% | D+13.8 | D |
29 | 75.48% | 23.86% | D+51.6 | 69.48% | 26.66% | D+42.8 | D |
30 | 47.68% | 51.54% | R+3.9 | 39.34% | 57.11% | R+17.8 | R |
31 | 57.26% | 41.80% | D+15.5 | 47.27% | 48.11% | R+0.8 | D |
32 | 45.10% | 53.91% | R+8.8 | 30.78% | 64.53% | R+33.8 | R |
33 | 43.07% | 56.18% | R+13.1 | 32.28% | 63.80% | R+31.5 | R |
34 | 91.05% | 8.32% | D+82.7 | 85.10% | 12.15% | D+73 | D |
35 | 81.97% | 17.64% | D+64.3 | 81.81% | 15.71% | D+66.1 | D |
36 | 38.24% | 61.04% | R+22.8 | 30.40% | 65.42% | R+35 | R |
37 | 59.10% | 40.27% | D+18.8 | 60.06% | 35.59% | D+24.5 | D |
38 | 45.76% | 53.61% | R+7.9 | 45.77% | 49.43% | R+3.7 | R |
39 | 47.87% | 51.46% | R+3.6 | 45.98% | 49.67% | R+3.7 | R |
40 | 46.75% | 52.82% | R+6.1 | 53.61% | 42.72% | D+10.9 | R |
41 | 47.73% | 51.57% | R+3.8 | 48.35% | 46.97% | D+1.4 | R |
42 | 39.08% | 60.20% | R+21.1 | 35.20% | 59.46% | R+24.3 | R |
43 | 44.30% | 54.75% | R+10.5 | 37.46% | 56.79% | R+19.3 | R |
44 | 40.04% | 59.10% | R+19.1 | 33.95% | 60.71% | R+26.8 | R |
45 | 43.50% | 55.87% | R+12.4 | 43.89% | 51.48% | R+7.6 | R |
46 | 38.96% | 60.14% | R+21.2 | 33.28% | 61.11% | R+27.8 | R |
47 | 36.64% | 62.49% | R+25.9 | 29.62% | 65.24% | R+35.6 | R |
48 | 58.92% | 39.84% | D+19.1 | 42.94% | 51.79% | R+8.9 | D |
49 | 70.36% | 28.78% | D+41.6 | 62.12% | 33.46% | D+28.7 | D |
50 | 56.32% | 42.74% | D+13.6 | 47.23% | 47.93% | R+0.7 | D |
51 | 45.91% | 53.06% | R+7.1 | 35.38% | 58.95% | R+23.6 | R |
52 | 51.66% | 47.46% | D+4.2 | 52.00% | 42.81% | D+9.2 | D |
53 | 79.38% | 19.51% | D+59.9 | 84.00% | 11.95% | D+72.1 | D |
54 | 75.10% | 23.79% | D+51.3 | 72.03% | 23.05% | D+49 | D |
55 | 67.37% | 31.61% | D+35.8 | 68.76% | 26.59% | D+42.2 | D |
56 | 48.37% | 50.57% | R+2.2 | 35.50% | 59.23% | R+23.7 | R |
57 | 49.04% | 49.87% | R+0.8 | 36.78% | 57.21% | R+20.4 | R |
58 | 38.71% | 60.10% | R+21.4 | 26.28% | 68.98% | R+42.7 | R |
59 | 44.29% | 54.72% | R+10.4 | 32.68% | 61.96% | R+29.3 | R |
60 | 72.01% | 26.83% | D+45.2 | 69.41% | 24.00% | D+45.4 | D |
61 | 50.04% | 49.13% | D+0.9 | 49.18% | 44.85% | D+4.3 | R |
62 | 55.24% | 43.75% | D+11.5 | 46.21% | 48.51% | R+2.3 | R |
63 | 44.40% | 54.59% | R+10.2 | 36.73% | 57.51% | R+20.8 | R |
64 | 47.70% | 51.23% | R+3.5 | 39.65% | 54.58% | R+14.9 | R |
65 | 45.58% | 53.37% | R+7.8 | 34.34% | 59.82% | R+25.5 | R |
66 | 49.22% | 49.68% | R+0.5 | 40.21% | 53.57% | R+13.4 | R |
67 | 54.11% | 44.79% | D+9.3 | 48.13% | 45.14% | D+3 | D |
68 | 74.22% | 24.64% | D+49.6 | 69.86% | 24.09% | D+45.8 | D |
69 | 63.28% | 35.87% | D+27.4 | 65.25% | 29.76% | D+35.5 | D |
70 | 46.16% | 52.60% | R+6.4 | 31.66% | 61.85% | R+30.2 | R |
71 | 51.63% | 47.28% | D+4.4 | 45.73% | 48.08% | R+2.4 | R |
72 | 42.84% | 56.25% | R+13.4 | 42.15% | 51.76% | R+9.6 | R |
73 | 38.17% | 60.92% | R+22.8 | 38.73% | 55.53% | R+16.8 | R |
74 | 38.55% | 60.36% | R+21.8 | 34.41% | 58.80% | R+24.4 | R |
75 | 74.68% | 23.76% | D+50.9 | 72.00% | 20.81% | D+51.2 | D |
76 | 54.72% | 44.21% | D+10.5 | 56.22% | 36.96% | D+19.3 | D |
77 | 40.65% | 58.32% | R+17.7 | 39.18% | 54.16% | R+15 | R |
78 | 42.78% | 56.14% | R+13.4 | 35.48% | 58.95% | R+23.5 | R |
79 | 47.82% | 51.46% | R+3.6 | 43.78% | 51.52% | R+7.7 | R |
80 | 41.20% | 57.64% | R+16.4 | 34.03% | 59.93% | R+25.9 | R |
81 | 43.91% | 55.01% | R+11.1 | 29.26% | 65.68% | R+36.4 | R |
82 | 43.67% | 55.14% | R+11.5 | 28.22% | 66.56% | R+38.3 | R |
83 | 46.42% | 52.52% | R+6.1 | 33.33% | 60.79% | R+27.5 | R |
84 | 43.28% | 55.59% | R+12.3 | 28.81% | 66.70% | R+37.9 | R |
85 | 49.88% | 48.85% | D+1 | 35.62% | 57.97% | R+22.4 | R |
86 | 36.01% | 62.99% | R+27 | 34.93% | 58.61% | R+23.7 | R |
87 | 40.02% | 58.70% | R+18.7 | 30.07% | 63.54% | R+33.5 | R |
88 | 26.40% | 72.87% | R+46.5 | 25.79% | 68.49% | R+42.7 | R |
89 | 37.56% | 61.56% | R+24 | 36.28% | 57.85% | R+21.6 | R |
90 | 32.62% | 66.46% | R+33.8 | 32.75% | 60.91% | R+28.2 | R |
91 | 50.46% | 48.46% | D+2 | 39.61% | 54.18% | R+14.6 | R |
92 | 67.85% | 31.32% | D+36.5 | 58.17% | 36.52% | D+21.7 | D |
93 | 46.26% | 52.90% | R+6.6 | 38.97% | 55.17% | R+16.2 | R |
94 | 43.56% | 55.67% | R+12.1 | 37.44% | 57.65% | R+20.2 | R |
95 | 74.44% | 24.76% | D+49.7 | 66.46% | 29.76% | D+36.7 | D |
96 | 53.72% | 45.31% | D+8.4 | 43.05% | 51.44% | R+8.4 | D |
97 | 45.55% | 53.21% | R+7.7 | 30.25% | 65.08% | R+34.8 | R |
98 | 43.01% | 56.04% | R+13 | 37.35% | 55.97% | R+18.6 | R |
99 | 50.75% | 48.05% | D+2.7 | 40.94% | 52.83% | R+11.9 | R |
100 | 43.36% | 55.52% | R+12.2 | 30.44% | 64.16% | R+33.7 | R |
101 | 48.22% | 50.74% | R+2.5 | 40.48% | 53.98% | R+13.5 | R |
102 | 42.55% | 56.27% | R+13.7 | 30.87% | 63.45% | R+32.6 | R |
103 | 42.90% | 55.90% | R+13 | 28.62% | 66.46% | R+37.8 | R |
104 | 43.58% | 55.39% | R+11.8 | 40.74% | 53.27% | R+12.5 | R |
105 | 40.35% | 58.47% | R+18.1 | 31.11% | 63.83% | R+32.7 | R |
106 | 45.20% | 53.57% | R+8.4 | 32.06% | 63.22% | R+31.2 | R |
107 | 43.34% | 55.54% | R+12.2 | 35.33% | 58.84% | R+23.5 | R |
108 | 44.37% | 54.58% | R+10.2 | 32.79% | 62.29% | R+29.5 | R |
109 | 53.29% | 45.44% | D+7.9 | 44.75% | 48.82% | R+4.1 | D |
110 | 47.04% | 51.62% | R+4.6 | 37.59% | 56.55% | R+19 | D |
Total | 54.30% | 44.79% | D+9.5 | 47.36% | 47.59% | R+0.2 | - |
Source: Daily Kos |
State overview
Partisan control
This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Michigan heading into the 2018 elections.
Congressional delegation
- Following the 2016 elections, Democrats held both U.S. Senate seats in Michigan.
- Republicans held 9 of 14 U.S. House seats in Michigan, Democrats held four seats, and one seat was vacant.
State executives
- As of September 2018, Republicans held eight of 16 state executive positions, Democrats held four, and the remaining four positions were officially nonpartisan.
- The governor of Michigan was Republican Rick Snyder. The state held an election for governor and lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018.
State legislature
- Republicans controlled both chambers of the Michigan State Legislature. They had a 63-46 majority in the state House and a 27-10 majority in the state Senate.
Trifecta status
- Michigan was a Republican trifecta, meaning that the Republican Party controlled the state government. Rick Snyder (R) served as governor, while Republicans controlled the state legislature.
2018 elections
- See also: Michigan elections, 2018
Michigan held elections for the following positions in 2018:
- One U.S. Senate seat
- 14 U.S. House seats
- Governor and lieutenant governor
- Five lower state executive positions
- 38 state Senate seats
- 110 state House seats
- Municipal elections in Wayne County
Demographics
Demographic data for Michigan | ||
---|---|---|
Michigan | U.S. | |
Total population: | 9,917,715 | 316,515,021 |
Land area (sq mi): | 56,539 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White: | 79% | 73.6% |
Black/African American: | 14% | 12.6% |
Asian: | 2.7% | 5.1% |
Native American: | 0.5% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander: | 0% | 0.2% |
Two or more: | 2.6% | 3% |
Hispanic/Latino: | 4.7% | 17.1% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate: | 89.6% | 86.7% |
College graduation rate: | 26.9% | 29.8% |
Income | ||
Median household income: | $49,576 | $53,889 |
Persons below poverty level: | 20% | 11.3% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Michigan. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
As of July 2016, Michigan's three largest cities were Detroit (pop. est. 673,000), Grand Rapids (pop. est. 199,000), and Warren (pop. est. 135,000).[6]
State election history
This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Michigan from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Michigan Secretary of State.
Historical elections
Presidential elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Michigan every year from 2000 to 2016.
Election results (President of the United States), Michigan 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2016 | ![]() |
47.5% | ![]() |
47.3% | 0.2% |
2012 | ![]() |
54.2% | ![]() |
44.7% | 9.5% |
2008 | ![]() |
57.4% | ![]() |
41.0% | 16.4% |
2004 | ![]() |
51.2% | ![]() |
47.8% | 3.4% |
2000 | ![]() |
51.3% | ![]() |
46.2% | 5.1% |
U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Michigan from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.
Election results (U.S. Senator), Michigan 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2014 | ![]() |
54.6% | ![]() |
41.3% | 13.3% |
2012 | ![]() |
58.8% | ![]() |
38.0% | 20.8% |
2008 | ![]() |
62.7% | ![]() |
33.9% | 28.8% |
2006 | ![]() |
56.9% | ![]() |
41.3% | 15.6% |
2002 | ![]() |
60.6% | ![]() |
37.9% | 22.7% |
2000 | ![]() |
49.5% | ![]() |
47.9% | 1.6% |
Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016
This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Michigan.
Election results (Governor), Michigan 2000-2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | First-place candidate | First-place candidate votes (%) | Second-place candidate | Second-place candidate votes (%) | Margin of victory (%) |
2014 | ![]() |
50.9% | ![]() |
46.9% | 4.0% |
2010 | ![]() |
58.1% | ![]() |
39.9% | 18.2% |
2006 | ![]() |
56.4% | ![]() |
42.3% | 14.1% |
2002 | ![]() |
51.4% | ![]() |
47.4% | 4.0% |
Congressional delegation, 2000-2016
This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Michigan in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.
Trifectas, 1992-2017
A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.
Michigan Party Control: 1992-2025
Two years of Democratic trifectas • Fourteen years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D |
House | D | S | S | R | R | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | R |
See also
- United States Senate election in Michigan, 2018
- United States Senate election in Michigan (2018 Republican primary)
- United States Senate elections, 2018
- United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2018
Footnotes
- ↑ The Detroit News, "Stabenow hauls in $2.1M in second quarter," July 13, 2017
- ↑ FEC, "Federal Election Commission," accessed November 5, 2017
- ↑ 270towin.com, "Michigan," accessed June 29, 2017
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
- ↑ Michigan Demographics, "Michigan Cities by Population," accessed September 5, 2018