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2018 West Virginia legislative session

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2018 legislative sessions coverage
West Virginia State Legislature

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General information
Type:   State legislature
Term limits:   None
Session start:   January 10, 2018
Session end:   March 10, 2018
Website:   Official Legislature Page
Leadership
Senate President:   Mitch Carmichael (R)
House Speaker:  Tim Armstead (R)
Majority Leader:   Senate: Ryan Ferns (R)
House: Daryl Cowles (R)
Minority Leader:   Senate: Roman Prezioso (D)
House: Timothy Miley (D)
Structure
Members:  34 (Senate), 100 (House)
Length of term:   4 years (Senate), 2 years (House)
Authority:   Art VI, West Virginia Constitution
Salary:   $20,000/year + per diem
Elections
Redistricting:  West Virginia Legislature has control via special session

This page provides an overview of the 2018 general and special sessions of the West Virginia State Legislature. The legislature was in session from January 10 to March 10 and in special session from May 20 to May 21 and again from June 26 to October 15.[1]

  • From June 26 to October 15, the state legislature held a special session to consider impeaching West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals justices. On August 13, 2018, the House approved 11 articles of impeachment against four of the court's sitting justices. The session adjourned October 15 after temporary supreme court justices blocked the Senate from continuing with impeachment trials. Click here for more information.
  • On March 21, 2018, Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed a bill eliminating multi-member districts in the West Virginia House of Delegates. The law required the districts in 2018—20 of which had two or more representatives—to be reorganized into 100 single-member districts after the 2020 census. Click here for more information.
  • On February 22, 2018, West Virginia public school teachers and staff walked out, demanding higher pay and better benefits. The strike closed schools for nine days while union leaders, legislators, and the governor worked on a legislative response to educator demands. The strike ended on March 6 when Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed a 5 percent pay raise into law. Click here for more information.

If you know of any additional events that should be added to this page, please email us at editor@ballotpedia.org.

Overview

Partisan control

West Virginia was one of 26 Republican state government trifectas in 2018. A state government trifecta occurs when one political party holds the governor's office, a majority in the state Senate, and a majority in the state House. For more information about state government trifectas, click here.

The following tables show the partisan breakdown of the West Virginia State Legislature.

Senate

Party As of July 2018
     Democratic Party 12
     Republican Party 22
     Vacancies 0
Total 34

House

Party As of July 2018
     Democratic Party 36
     Republican Party 64
     Independent 0
     Vacancies 0
Total 100

Leadership in 2018

Senate

House

Status of legislation

Bill statistics

House Senate Total
Passed both chambers 135 133 268
Governor signed 130 128 258
Became law without governor's signature 2 2 4
Governor vetoed 4 7 11

Sources:

Note: Includes bills from the regular and special sessions.

Status of legislation

This table details the status of legislation covered on this page at the end of the regular and special sessions.

Status of legislation at the end of the regular session
Legislation Subject area Actions during the regular session Status at the end of the regular session
HB 4002 Eliminate multi-member districts Passed House
Passed Senate 		Governor signed
SB 341 Create Intermediate Court of Appeals Passed Senate Did not see further action
HB 4006 Eliminate state Department of Education and the Arts Passed legislature Governor signed
HB 4145 Raise teacher and state employee salaries Passed House
Passed Senate 		Governor signed
SB 152 Budget Passed legislature Governor signed
Status of legislation at the end of the special session
Legislation Subject area Actions during the special session Status at the end of the special session
HB 101 Reestablish state Department of Education and the Arts Passed legislature Governor signed

Regular session

January 22, 2018

West Virginia House of Delegates approves bill to eliminate multi-member districts
The West Virginia House of Delegates voted 72-25 to approve a bill that would eliminate the chamber’s multi-member districts and reorganize state House representation into 100 single-member districts after the 2020 Census. The 100 members of the state House currently represent a total of 67 districts: 11 districts elect two members, six districts elect three members, two districts elect four members, one district elects five members, and the remaining 47 districts elect one member. The bill was sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee for consideration.[2][3][4] Read more here.

Update: The state Senate approved the legislation on March 9, 2018, and the governor signed it on March 21, 2018.
See also: Electoral systems in West Virginia

February 15, 2018

State Senate passes bill creating Intermediate Court of Appeals
The state Senate passed Senate Bill (SB) 341 in a 23-11 vote. SB 341 would create an Intermediate Court of Appeals composed of a northern and southern district with three judges each. Judges would be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state Senate to serve 10-year terms. The intermediate court would hear appeals of workers' compensation claims, family court cases, and other administrative appeals cases. SB 341 was sent to the House of Delegates for consideration.[5] Read more here.

Update: SB 341 stalled in the House Judiciary Committee on February 16, 2018.

March 9, 2018

Bill to eliminate multi-member districts passes Senate
House Bill 4002 passed the West Virginia State Senate by a 30-3 vote. HB 4002 would replace multi-member districts in the state with single-member districts following redistricting after the U.S. Census count in 2020.[6]

According to the Charleston Gazette-Mail, multi-member districts only existed for the state House, not the state Senate, and of the House's 67 districts, 20 districts had two or more members at the time of the bill's passage.[7]

Update: The governor signed HB 4002 on March 21, 2018.
See also: Electoral systems in West Virginia

March 10, 2018

Legislature approves bill eliminating state Department of Education and the Arts
The West Virginia House of Delegates approved House Bill 4006 in a 60 to 36 vote. The state Senate advanced the bill 18 to 15 with all Democrats and three Republicans in opposition on March 9. HB 4006 would transfer parts of the Department of Education and the Arts to other government agencies. For example, the department's center for professional development would become part of the state Department of Education, which focuses on pre-K through 12 education.

Opponents of the bill said it did not mention other programs and agencies within the department and questioned where they would be placed and how they would be funded if the department were eliminated. House Education Chair Paul Espinosa (R) said the programs were not mentioned by state law and would not be affected by the bill.

The bill had the support of state Superintendent Steven L. Paine, who wrote that it "provides the opportunity to restructure education programming for the sake of coordinated delivery and gaining efficiencies." Gov. Jim Justice (R) did not say whether he would sign HB 4006.[8]

At the time of HB 4006's passage, the Department of Education and the Arts was composed of six agencies and multiple programs which "seek to reinforce the rich heritage of culture, education and artistic creation in West Virginia."[9] The department was run by Gayle Manchin, wife of Democratic U.S. Senator Joe Manchin. Manchin was terminated from her position on March 12 after the governor disagreed with her reaction to the bill. Read more here.

HB 4006 failed to pass the legislature in previous sessions, according to the Charleston Gazette-Mail.[10]

Update: Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed the legislation on March 28, 2018.

March 21, 2018

Governor signs bill eliminating multi-member House districts
Republican Gov. Jim Justice signed HB 4002, which mandated that all members of the West Virginia House of Delegates be elected from single-winner districts following completion of the 2020 redistricting cycle. Prior to that point, 20 House districts elected multiple members.

The bill cleared the House on January 22, 2018, by a vote of 72 to 25, with three members not voting. The West Virginia State Senate approved an amended version of the bill on March 9, 2018, by a vote of 30 to 3, with one member absent. On March 10, 2018, the House approved the Senate version of the bill by a vote of 70 to 22, with seven members not voting.[11][12]

See also: Electoral systems in West Virginia

March 28, 2018

Gov. Justice signs bill eliminating state Department of Education and the Arts
Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed House Bill 4006, eliminating the state Department of Education and the Arts. A press release from the governor's office said the state Department of Education would be responsible for overseeing education operations that were formerly part of the Department of Education and the Arts. The statement said the elimination would result in cost savings, allow the state to grow its arts programs, and would not result in federal funding cuts to programs.[13]

Budget

2018

Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed the $4.38 billion budget for fiscal year 2019 on March 15, 2018. He vetoed four line items related to food purchases in four state departments. Justice also signed supplemental appropriations bills that transferred the following funds:

    • $23 million from the health department Medical Services to the department of corrections ($20 million) and juvenile services ($3 million) for infrastructure repairs.
    • $1.62 million from the insurance commission fund to the health department's behavioral health fund ($1.12 million) and its office of drug control policy ($500,000).
    • $10 million from the health department Medical Services to the office of drug control policy.
    • $1.13 million from the auditor's securities regulation fund and $1.13 million from the treasurer's banking services expense fund to the enterprise resource planning system fund.
    • $1.5 million from the auditor's securities regulation fund to the West Virginia commuter rail access fund.[14]

Lawmakers unanimously approved two different versions of a state budget bill on March 10, 2018—two days before the end of the regular session. The main difference between the two versions was $58 million in revenue anticipated by Gov. Justice (R), which the Senate version did not include.[15]

On March 10, 2018, the West Virginia Legislature approved a budget with $4.38 billion in general revenue for fiscal year 2019, which began July 1, 2018. According to a joint press release, the budget bill proposed $156 million more in spending than the FY 2018 budget. It included raises for teachers and state workers, did not contain new taxes, and maintained past spending levels for Medicaid. It did not include $58 million in new revenue projected by Gov. Jim Justice (R).[16]

It was the first time lawmakers passed a budget bill before the end of the regular session in 36 years, according to the Charleston Gazette-Mail.[17]

Process

See also: West Virginia state budget and finances
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The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[18]

  1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in August.
  2. State agencies submit budget requests by September 1.
  3. Agency hearings are held September through November.
  4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the West Virginia State Legislature on or before the second Wednesday in January. A newly elected governor has until the second Wednesday in February.
  5. The legislature adopts a budget in March. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.

West Virginia is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[18][19]

The West Virginia State Legislature is constitutionally required to pass a balanced budget. The budget must be balanced before the governor can sign it into law.[18]

Special session, May 20-21, 2018

The West Virginia Legislature convened for a special session on May 20, 2018, to consider nine bills. Eight bills were passed.[20][21]

House Bill 101 was the most controversial of the bills. It was approved 73-20 by the House with seven members not voting and 28-1 in the Senate with five members not voting. The bill would reestablish the Department of Arts, Culture and History, which was dissolved during the regular session. Under the bill, the commissioner of culture and history would become the curator of arts, culture, and history, and report directly to the governor. House Education Committee Chair Paul Espinosa (R) estimated the bill would save the state $2 million per year.[21] Del. Mike Pushkin (D) wondered if the regular session bill dissolving the department was "simply aimed at the head—the secretary of that department," referring to Gayle Manchin, the wife of U.S. Senator Joe Manchin (D). Manchin was terminated from her position on March 12, 2018, after she issued a statement regarding HB 4006, which eliminated her department.[22] To read more about her termination, click here.

Update: Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed HB 101 on June 7, 2018.

Special session, June 26-October 15, 2018

For our main article on this special session, see Investigation and impeachment proceedings of West Virginia Supreme Court justices (2018)

On June 25, 2018, Gov. Jim Justice (R) issued a proclamation for the West Virginia State Legislature to convene a special session to discuss:[23][24]

“ Matters relating to the removal of one or more Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, including, but not limited to, censure, impeachment, trial, conviction, and disqualification.[25] ”


HIGHLIGHTS
  • The issue: Investigation and impeachment proceedings, launched in June 2018, stemmed from the justices' alleged misuse of over $1 million in state funds, specifically relating to courthouse office renovations; misuse of state vehicles; and illegal payments to senior judges.
  • The outcome: On October 2, 2018, the Senate censured Justice Beth Walker but did not remove her from office. On October 11, temporary supreme court justices blocked the Senate from conducting an impeachment trial for Justice Margaret Workman. The ruling was later applied to Justices Robin Davis and Allen Loughry. Between July and November 2018, Justices Menis Ketchum, Davis, and Loughry resigned from the supreme court.
  • The court: The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals consists of five justices. Click here for more information.

    • Noteworthy events

    West Virginia public school teachers strike

    On February 22, 2018, about 20,000 teachers and 13,000 staff in the state's 55 counties went on strike, causing schools to close for nine days.[26] Educators were demanding higher pay and better benefits. The strike ended on March 6 when Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed a 5 percent pay raise into law.

    Background

    • The National Education Association ranked the average salary for West Virginia teachers ($45,555) in 2017 as one of the lowest (49th) out of the 50 states and Washington, D.C. Teacher salaries were lower in Oklahoma and Mississippi (ranked 50th and 51st, respectively).[27]
    • It was the second teacher strike in state history (the first took place in 1990 and lasted 11 days) and was the first to include school service personnel.[26][28]

    February 17: School teachers and staff plan statewide strike

    • On February 17, union leaders announced a statewide strike of school teachers and service personnel.[29]
    • In a statement before the strike, West Virginia Superintendent Steven L. Paine said he was working to resolve the conflict and that "work stoppages by public employees are not lawful in West Virginia and will have a negative impact on student instruction and classroom time."[30]

    February 21: Gov. Justice signs 2 percent pay raise

    • Republican Gov. Jim Justice signed legislation granting teachers a 2 percent pay raise effective July 2018, followed by a 1 percent pay raise over the next two years.
    • Christine Campbell, president of the American Federation of Teachers-West Virginia, told CNN that the bill did not address concerns about the teachers' public employees insurance program, rising healthcare costs, and payroll tax deduction options.[26]

    February 27-28: 5 percent pay raise proposed

    • On February 27, Gov. Jim Justice (R) proposed increasing the already-passed 2 percent teacher pay raise to 5 percent. The governor suggested funding for the increase could come from $58 million in extra revenue expected from measures such as the federal tax cut.
    • Senate legislative leaders expressed doubt about the availability of additional revenue. Senate Majority Leader Ryan Ferns (R) said of the governor's proposal, "I'm unsure as to why the governor has decided to make that sort of an announcement without fully vetting the financial implications, as well as having the Legislature weigh in on it."[28]
    • February 28 marked the deadline for the state Legislature to pass a bill out of its chamber of origin, with the exception of budget or supplemental appropriation bills. The House of Delegates suspended constitutional rules and immediately voted on House Bill 4145, which would raise teacher and state employee salaries by 5 percent. The bill passed 98 to 1 and was sent to the state Senate.
    • Responding to HB 4145's passage, Senate President Mitch Carmichael (R) said, "I'm disappointed that there wasn't a more thoughtful analysis placed around it."[31]
    • The Senate did not immediately take up the bill. According to The West Virginia Gazette-Mail, the Senate version of HB 4145 would allocate the revenue surplus the governor identified towards the Public Employee Insurance Agency (PEIA), a state insurance plan in poor fiscal health, according to CNN, instead of teacher pay.[32][33]

    March 1: Teacher strike, expected to end, continues

    • Public schools in West Virginia remained closed on March 1, despite anticipation that they would reopen after Gov. Jim Justice (R) proposed a 5 percent pay raise for school employees.[28]
    • The strike continued due to issues with the PEIA.[33]
    The governor issued an executive order on February 28 creating a special task force "to address and explore all avenues that will lead to a permanent fix for PEIA." He also placed a 16-month moratorium on the agency.[34]
    • In a press conference, West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey (R) said his office was prepared to take legal action against teachers should any agency, such as the West Virginia Superintendent of Schools or the state Board of Education, request it.[35]

    March 3-5: Strike continues while legislators disagree on pay raise

    • In the evening of March 3, the West Virginia State Senate approved a version of House Bill (HB) 4145 that would increase teacher pay by 4 percent, rather than the 5 percent initially passed by the state House on February 28. The House refused to concur with this version of the bill, requiring the legislature to form a joint conference committee to address the differences.[36][37]
    • The American Federation of Teachers-West Virginia, the West Virginia Education Association, and the School Service Personnel Association said in a joint statement that "our agreement was for a 5% salary increase for education employees - period!" and that schools would "remain closed until the Senate honors the agreement that was made."[38]
    • Schools were closed Monday, March 5.

    March 6: strike ends, pay raise becomes law

    • The teacher strike ended on March 6 when Gov. Jim Justice, a Republican, signed a 5 percent teacher pay raise into law—the first increase in four years, according to The New York Times. The West Virginia State Legislature unanimously approved the bill earlier that day. The governor's signature ended the strike that began on February 22.
    • Disagreement remained on the source of funding for the raise. Republican senators maintained the pay increase would be funded by reductions to programs such as Medicaid.
    Senate Finance Chair Craig Blair (R) said the 5 percent increase was the largest pay raise in state history. He also said the raise would be funded by a $20 million reduction in general services and Medicaid spending.[39]
    Gov. Justice (R) disagreed, saying, "We have cash in the balances in Medicaid that will absolutely backstop any cuts whatsoever from Medicaid."[40]
    • Rising health costs related to the Public Employees Insurance Agency were another point of contention during the strike. Gov. Justice called for a 27-member panel made up of union representatives, legislators, public employees, and at-large members, to address the issue. The governor's executive order tasked the panel with studying and analyzing the state insurance plan and submitting a final report and recommendations by December, 2018.[41]
    • After legislators announced they had reached a 5-percent pay raise deal, American Federation of Teachers-West Virginia President Christine Campbell told CNN she expected teachers to be back in the classroom on Wednesday, March 7.[39]

    Termination of Secretary Gayle Manchin

    Gayle Machin, wife of U.S. Senator Joe Manchin, was fired from her position as secretary of the state Department of Education and the Arts on March 12. In a press release, Gov. Jim Justice (R) said Manchin's employment was terminated because of a statement she issued earlier that day regarding House Bill 4006, which transferred the Department of Education and the Arts to other government agencies. The state legislature approved HB 4006 on March 10 and Gov. Justice signed it into law on March 28.

    • Manchin's statement. Manchin issued a statement through the state Department of Education and the Arts in which she said the legislation would hurt West Virginia residents and offered to "resign to remove any political pressure."[42] She added:
    “ I call on the Governor to veto this reckless and politically motivated legislation that the state legislature passed, or work with me to dissolve this agency, if that’s what he wants to do, in a responsible and compassionate way.[25] ”
    • Gov. Justice's statement. Gov. Justice issued a press release later that day announcing Manchin's termination. Justice said he had not decided whether he would sign HB 4006 and that Manchin had defied instructions from his office not to take action regarding the bill.[43] He said:
    “ If there weren't any earlier political cloud, now there surely is one. She was very critical, made it political, and put me in a very, very bad position. She was told that we accepted her resignation, she refused, and we terminated her.[25] ”

    Controversy regarding Gov. Justice's performance and residence

    On June 14, 2018, Senate Minority Leader Roman Prezioso (D) and House Minority Leader Tim Miley (D) released a statement criticizing Gov. Jim Justice's (R) performance, blaming his choice of working offsite. Miley said, "At a minimum, Governor Justice should be at work—and if he can’t be bothered to come to the Capitol to do the job that people of West Virginia elected him to do, then he should resign from office." Justice responded that he would not move to the capital and maintained that he had not stopped working from the moment he took office.

    The Democratic legislative leaders accused Justice of failing to pay taxes, refusing to place his assets in a blind trust, and making controversial hiring and firing decisions, including requesting the resignation of then-Commerce Secretary H. Woody Thrasher. Thrasher resigned in June 2018 following problems with a flood recovery effort housed within his department.

    Republican legislators also voiced concern with Justice's administration. Delegate Michael Folk (R), for example, asked for signatures to support Justice's impeachment and Rob Cornelius, a Republican party official from Wood County, released a written call in favor of impeaching the governor.[44]

    Senate President Mitch Carmichael (R) defended the governor's decision to telecommute and said the calls for his resignation and impeachment were misplaced an misguided. "The people of West Virginia elected Gov. Justice to be the governor. The results that have been forthcoming under his leadership are phenomenal," he said, pointing to the state's improved economic performance.[45]

    As of 2018, Justice lived in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, rather than the state-provided residence in West Virginia's state capital. In a press conference, Justice argued that he was saving the state money by telecommuting. General counsel for the Justice administration Brian Abraham said of the governor's mansion, "He has it available to him when he needs it. And the fact of the matter is the governor is always out traveling around the state, going to events, attending meetings. He prefers to manage that way, rather than just sitting here, as he says, signing autographs on pictures and meeting with lobbyists."[46]

    Legislatively referred constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods by which the West Virginia Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XIV of the West Virginia Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in West Virginia

    The West Virginia Constitution can be modified through constitutional conventions and legislatively referred constitutional amendments. West Virginia does not feature the power of initiative for either initiated constitutional amendments or initiated state statutes.

    Legislature

    See also: Legislatively referred constitutional amendment

    A two-thirds vote is required during one legislative session for the West Virginia State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 67 votes in the West Virginia House of Representatives and 23 votes in the West Virginia State Senate, assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.

    Convention

    See also: Convention-referred constitutional amendment

    According to Section 1 of Article XIV of the West Virginia Constitution, the state Legislature can vote to refer a constitutional convention question to voters. A simple majority vote is required in the Legislature.


    See also

    Elections West Virginia State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Governor.wv.gov, "A proclamation by the Governor," June 25, 2018
    2. ↑ U.S. News and World Report, "West Virginia House to Create 100 Districts of Equal Size," January 22, 2018
    3. ↑ The Exponent Telegram, "House passes single-member districts bill," January 22, 2018
    4. ↑ Ballot Access News, "West Virginia House Passes Bill Ending Multi-Member Legislative Districts," January 23, 2018
    5. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "Senate Bill 341," accessed April 19, 2018
    6. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "House Bill 4002," accessed April 19, 2018
    7. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "WV Senate committee passes single-member district bill," March 8, 2018
    8. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "Fate of WV Dept. of Education and Arts rests with Gov. Justice," March 10, 2018
    9. ↑ Office of the Secretary, Education and the Arts, "About Us," accessed March 12, 2018
    10. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "With teachers gone and budget passed, last night of session undramatic," March 11, 2018
    11. ↑ Ballot Access News, "West Virginia Governor Signs Two Significant Election Law Bills," March 24, 2018
    12. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "Bill Status: House Bill 4002," accessed April 1, 2018
    13. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Justice signs HB 4006, says no programs will lose federal funding, touts money savings and making state government more efficient, commits to aggressively growing the arts," March 28, 2018
    14. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Justice Signs Budget Bill," March 15, 2018
    15. ↑ Bluefield Daily Telegraph, "West Virginia Senate passes $4.4 billion budget, awaits House," March 9, 2018
    16. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "Legislature Unanimously Passes Balanced Budget in Unprecedented Fashion," March 10, 2018
    17. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "With teachers gone and budget passed, last night of session undramatic," March 11, 2018
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2021," accessed January 24, 2023
    19. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Separation of Powers: Executive Veto Powers," accessed January 26, 2024
    20. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "Nine bills introduced at special session Sunday," May 20, 2018
    21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 The Herald-Dispatch, "Legislature passes 8 bills in special session, creates new department of arts and culture," May 22, 2018
    22. ↑ WV News, "Lawmakers create new arts department after nixing old one," May 22, 2018
    23. ↑ Office of the West Virginia Governor, "Gov. Justice issues proclamation calling for special session of Legislature on Tuesday, June 26, 2018," June 25, 2018
    24. ↑ The State Journal, "Gov Justice calls for special session Loughry, other justices," June 25, 2018
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
    26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 CNN, "West Virginia teacher strike set to continue Tuesday," February 26, 2018
    27. ↑ The National Education Association, "Rankings of the States 2017 and Estimates of School Statistics 2018," April 2018
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Governing, "West Virginia Teachers Strike Scheduled to End With 5% Raises," February 28, 2018
    29. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "Statewide walkout announced for school teachers, employees on Thursday and Friday," February 17, 2018
    30. ↑ West Virginia Department of Education, "State Superintendent Issues Statement on Work Stoppage," February 20, 2018
    31. ↑ NPR, "W.Va. Teacher Walkouts, School Closures Continue Despite Governor's Deal With Unions," February 28, 2018
    32. ↑ West Virginia Gazette-Mail, "WV Senate considers putting pay raise toward PEIA as teacher strike continues," March 1, 2018
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 CNN, "West Virginia public schools closed despite deal that was to end strike," March 1, 2018
    34. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Governor Justice Issues Letter to All State Employees," February 28, 2018
    35. ↑ The Parkersburg News and Sentinel, "West Virginia schools stay closed as strike continues," March 2, 2018
    36. ↑ CNN, "West Virginia legislature can't break impasse over raises for striking teachers," March 3, 2018
    37. ↑ West Virginia Legislature, "Today in the Legislature: Teacher Pay Raise, H.B. 4145, Sent to Conference Committee," March 3, 2018
    38. ↑ Facebook, "Dedicated Teachers on March 4, 2018," accessed March 5, 2018
    39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 CNN, "West Virginia lawmakers reach deal to give striking teachers pay raise," March 6, 2018
    40. ↑ The New York Times, "West Virginia Raises Teachers’ Pay to End Statewide Strike," March 6, 2018
    41. ↑ Charleston Gazette-Mail, "Specifics on WV PEIA task force still vague," March 6, 2018
    42. ↑ West Virginia Office of Secretary, Education and the Arts, "Secretary Manchin Calls on Governor Justice to Veto Politically Motivated Legislation that Hurts WV; Offers to Resign to Protect Programs," archived March 13, 2018
    43. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Justice has terminated the employment of Gayle Manchin, Secretary of Education and the Arts," March 12, 2018
    44. ↑ Metro News, "Top legislative Democrats say Governor Justice needs to meet responsibilities or resign," June 14, 2018
    45. ↑ WV News, "State Dems sticking by calls for Justice's resignation, Republican leader say it's 'ridiculous,'" June 17, 2018
    46. ↑ Metro News, "Carmichael agrees with Nelson, Justice should be at the capitol more," June 25, 2018
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