Texas State Senate

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Texas State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:[1]   January 12, 2021
Session end:[1]   May 31, 2021
Term length:   2-4-4 year system
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislature-dominant
Salary:   $7,200/year + per diem
Members
Total:  31
Democrats:  13
Republicans:  18
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Dan Patrick (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 3, 2020
Next election:  November 8, 2022

The Texas State Senate is the upper chamber of the Texas State Legislature. Alongside the Texas House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Texas state government and works alongside the governor of Texas to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Texas State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Texas State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Austin, Texas.

  • A total of 16 seats out of the chamber's 31 seats were up for election in 2020. The chamber's Republican majority decreased from 19-12 to 18-13. Click to read more »
  • Texas has a Republican state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of May 7, 2021, there are 23 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 12 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control. In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, Texas had a Republican trifecta. There were 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments.

    • This page contains the following information on the Texas State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Texas State Senate as of May 2021:

    Party As of May 2021
         Democratic Party 13
         Republican Party 18
         Vacancies 0
    Total 31

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate. The Senate adopts rules at the beginning of each legislative session which set out how much power the president of the Senate will have.[2]

    Current leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Texas State Senate District 1 Bryan Hughes Republican January 17, 2017
    Texas State Senate District 2 Bob Hall Republican 2015
    Texas State Senate District 3 Robert Nichols Republican 2007
    Texas State Senate District 4 Brandon Creighton Republican August 26, 2014
    Texas State Senate District 5 Charles Schwertner Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 6 Carol Alvarado Democratic December 21, 2018
    Texas State Senate District 7 Paul Bettencourt Republican 2015
    Texas State Senate District 8 Angela Paxton Republican January 8, 2019
    Texas State Senate District 9 Kelly Hancock Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 10 Beverly Powell Democratic January 8, 2019
    Texas State Senate District 11 Larry Taylor Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 12 Jane Nelson Republican 1993
    Texas State Senate District 13 Borris Miles Democratic 2017
    Texas State Senate District 14 Sarah Eckhardt Democratic July 31, 2020
    Texas State Senate District 15 John Whitmire Democratic 1983
    Texas State Senate District 16 Nathan Johnson Democratic January 8, 2019
    Texas State Senate District 17 Joan Huffman Republican 2009
    Texas State Senate District 18 Lois Kolkhorst Republican 2015
    Texas State Senate District 19 Roland Gutierrez Democratic January 12, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 20 Juan Hinojosa Democratic 2002
    Texas State Senate District 21 Judith Zaffirini Democratic 1987
    Texas State Senate District 22 Brian Birdwell Republican 2010
    Texas State Senate District 23 Royce West Democratic 1993
    Texas State Senate District 24 Dawn Buckingham Republican January 9, 2017
    Texas State Senate District 25 Donna Campbell Republican 2013
    Texas State Senate District 26 Jose Menendez Democratic March 4, 2015
    Texas State Senate District 27 Eddie Lucio Democratic 1991
    Texas State Senate District 28 Charles Perry Republican September 30, 2014
    Texas State Senate District 29 Cesar Blanco Democratic January 12, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 30 Drew Springer Republican January 6, 2021
    Texas State Senate District 31 Kel Seliger Republican 2004


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislators
    SalaryPer diem
    $7,200/year$221/day. Set by ethics commission. Unvouchered.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Texas legislators assume office in January at the beginning of the legislative session.

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    To be eligible to serve in the Texas State Senate, a candidate must be:[3]

    • A U.S. citizen
    • 26 years old before the general election
    • A five-year resident of Texas before the general election
    • A district resident for 1 year prior to the general election

    Historical party control

    Between 1992 and 2020, partisan control of the Texas State Senate shifted in favor of the Republican Party. As a result of the 1992 elections, Democrats held an 18-13 majority. Republicans flipped the chamber in 1996 and, by 2020, expanded their majority to 18-13. The table below shows the partisan history of the Texas State Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2020. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Texas State Senate Party Control: 1992-2020

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20
    Democrats 18 17 15 15 15 12 12 11 12 12 12 11 11 12 13
    Republicans 13 14 16 16 16 19 19 20 19 19 19 20 20 19 18

    The movement from an 18-13 Democratic majority in 1992 to a 18-13 Republican majority in 2020 was gradual. Half of the elections between 1992 and 2018 saw no change to the partisan balance of the state Senate. In years where there was a shift in balance, those shifts were minimal. Republicans made their largest gains—three seats—in the 2002 elections. The only years Democrats made gains were 2008, 2018, and 2020 picking up one seat in each year.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government.

    Between 1992 and 2021, Texas was under the following types of trifecta control:

    • Democratic trifecta: 1992-1994
    • Republican trifecta: 2003-2021
    • Divided government: 1995-2002

    Texas Party Control: 1992-2021
    Three years of Democratic trifectas  •  Nineteen years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Texas state senators serve 2-4-4 terms, where senators serve one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. Texas holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2022

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2022

    Elections for the Texas State Senate will take place in 2022. The general election is on November 8, 2022.

    2020

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Texas State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for March 3, 2020, and a primary runoff was scheduled for July 14, 2020. The filing deadline was December 9, 2019.

    In the 2020 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate decreased from 19-12 to 18-13.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 3, 2020 After November 4, 2020
         Democratic Party 12 13
         Republican Party 19 18
    Total 31 31

    2018

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2018. An open primary election took place on March 6, 2018.[4] A primary runoff election took place on May 22, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was December 11, 2017.[5]

    In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Texas State Senate was reduced from 21-10 to 19-12.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 10 12
         Republican Party 21 19
    Total 31 31

    2016

    See also: Texas State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Texas State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 1, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 14, 2015.[6] A total of 16 seats out of the 31 seats in the Texas State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 20-11 majority. No changes occurred to the partisan balance of the chamber.

    Texas State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 11 11
         Republican Party 20 20
    Total 31 31

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Texas State Legislature, the governor must call a special election to fill the vacant seat.[13] A governor's proclamation to hold a special election must be delivered to local elections authorities representing the vacant seat no later than 36 days before the scheduled election.[14]

    The secretary of state can declare a candidate duly elected in a special election if there is no opposition.[15]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Texas Elec. Code § 203.001 et. seq.

    District map

    See also: Texas state legislative districts

    The state of Texas has 31 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Texas

    In Texas, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Texas State Legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[16]

    If the state legislature is unable to approve a state legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines (the backup commission is not involved in congressional redistricting). This backup commission, established in 1948, comprises the following members:[16]

    1. Lieutenant governor
    2. Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives
    3. Attorney general
    4. State comptroller
    5. Commissioner of the General Land Office

    The Texas Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and "that they preserve whole counties when population mandates permit."[16]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Texas after the 2020 census

    Upon completion of the 2020 census, Texas will draft and enact new district maps. The following timeline represents the projected 2020 redistricting schedule in Texas.[17]

    Projected redistricting timeline for Texas, 2020 cycle
    Date Event
    April 1, 2020 Census Day
    November 3, 2020 Last congressional and state legislative elections held under previous maps
    January 12, 2021 87th Legislature convenes
    February 2021 Expected delivery of census data to Texas
    March 12, 2021 60-day bill filing deadline; includes redistricting bills
    May 31, 2021 Legislative Review Board (LRB) assumes responsibility for house and senate plans if bills have not passed or have been vetoed
    June 20, 2021 Last day for governor to sign or veto regular session bills
    August 29, 2021 Last day that LRB could convene
    October 28, 2021 Last day that LRB could meet
    December 13, 2021 Filing deadline for 2022 primary elections
    March 1, 2022 First elections held under new districts

    2010

    Texas received its local census data on February 17, 2011. The state grew 20.6%, with Hispanics making up at least 2/3 of that growth. As far as the large cities, Houston grew by 7.5 percent, San Antonio grew by 16.0 percent, Dallas grew by 0.8 percent, Austin grew by 20.4 percent, and Fort Worth grew by 38.6 percent. However, Harris County -- of which Houston is the seat -- grew by 20%, suggesting suburban growth.[18]

    In 2012, Texas held elections under interim maps drawn by a federal court after the legislature's passed maps were thrown out by a panel of three federal judges on Voting Rights Act grounds. The panel drew up its own maps, but the federal court struck down those as well, substituting its own so that the elections could proceed.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Texas State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Texas by year

    2021

    See also: 2021 Texas legislative session and Dates of 2021 state legislative sessions

    In 2021, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 12, 2021, and adjourn on May 31, 2021.


    2020

    See also: Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

    In 2020, the legislature did not hold a regular session.

    2019

    See also: 2019 Texas legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

    In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 8, 2019, through May 27, 2019.

    2018

    See also: Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

    In 2018, the legislature did not hold a regular session.


    About legislative sessions in Texas

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[48] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the Texas Constitution establishes when the Texas State Legislature, of which the Senate is a part, is to be in session. Section 5 of Article III states that the legislature shall meet every two years at times to be established by law. Section 5 goes on to say that the legislature can also be convened by the governor of Texas.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Texas are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 100 of the 150 members in the Texas House of Representatives and 21 of the 31 members in the Texas State Senate. Texas is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    Authority: Article 4, Section 14 of the Texas Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the Legislature shall be presented to the Governor for his approval. If he approve he shall sign it; but if he disapprove it, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the members present agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which likewise it shall be reconsidered; and, if approved by two-thirds of the members of that House, it shall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Texas state budget and finances
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    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[49]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies beginning in June.
    2. Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor between July and September.
    3. Agency hearings are held between July and October.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature by the date of the State of the State address.
    5. The legislature typically adopts a budget in May. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins in September.


    Texas is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[49]

    The legislature is constitutionally required to adopt a balanced budget. The governor must sign a balanced budget into law.[49]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Texas state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Texas State Senate has the following standing committees:

    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Texas Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article 17 of the Texas Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Texas
    Texas Constitution
    Seal of Texas.svg.png
    Preamble
    Articles
    1 • 2
    3 (1-43) • 3 (44-49) • 3 (50-67)
    4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17
    • The joint resolution can originate in either branch of the legislature. The resolution must be adopted by a vote of at least two-thirds of the membership of each house of the legislature. That amounts to a minimum of 100 votes in the House of Representatives and 21 votes in the Senate.
    • Amendments may be proposed in either regular or special sessions.
    • Joint resolutions endorsing a proposed amendment must include the text of the proposed constitutional amendment and specify an election date. These joint resolutions may include more than one proposed amendment.
    • If more than one proposition is under consideration on a ballot, the Texas Secretary of State conducts a random drawing to assign each proposition a ballot number.
    • If voters reject an amendment, the legislature can resubmit it. For example, after Proposition 2 was rejected in August 1991, the legislature re-adopted it and re-submitted it for that year's November ballot, where it was approved as Texas Proposition 13 (1991).
    • The ballot wording of a proposition is specified in the joint resolution adopted by the Legislature, which has broad discretion in this matter. Texas courts have heard challenges to proposed ballot wording but have generally ruled that "ballot language is sufficient if it describes the proposed amendment with such definiteness and certainty that voters will not be misled."[50]
    • The Legislature may call an election for voter consideration of proposed constitutional amendments on any date, as long as election authorities have sufficient time to provide notice to the voters and print the ballots.
    • A brief explanatory statement of the nature of each proposed amendment, along with the ballot wording for each amendment, must be published twice in each newspaper in the state that prints official notices. The first notice must be published 50 to 60 days before the election. The second notice must be published on the same day of the subsequent week. The secretary of state must send a complete copy of each amendment to each county clerk, who must post it in the courthouse at least 30 days prior to the election.
    • The secretary of state drafts the ballot explanation. This must be approved by the Attorney General of Texas.
    • Constitutional amendments take effect when the official vote canvass confirms statewide majority approval, unless a later date is specified. Statewide election results are tabulated by the secretary of state and must be canvassed by the governor 15 to 30 days following the election.



    2021 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2021 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2021.

    See also: Texas 2021 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures have been certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    Potential:

    The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2021.

    See also

    Elections Texas State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    Texas State Flag-Close Up.jpg
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    State Courts-Tile image.png

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 This date reflects the regularly-scheduled date and does not reflect any change made as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For more information on changes to state legislative sessions as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, click here.
    2. ↑ The Texas Senate, "Senate Rules," accessed July 9, 2019
    3. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Qualifications for All Public Offices," accessed February 16, 2021
    4. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Systems," accessed May 29, 2017
    5. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Important 2018 Election Dates," accessed September 11, 2017
    6. ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Important 2016 Election Dates," accessed December 14, 2015
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed August 2, 2013
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2008 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2006 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2004 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2002 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Texas 2000 Candidates," accessed August 2, 2013
    13. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3))
    14. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3)(b)-(c))
    15. ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 2.055 (3)(b)-(c))
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 All About Redistricting, "Texas," accessed May 7, 2015
    17. ↑ Texas.gov, "Redistricting timeline (2020s)," accessed December 15, 2020
    18. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Texas' 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," February 17, 2011
    19. ↑ texas.gov, "Proclamation by the Governor of the State of Texas," July 10, 2017
    20. ↑ texas.gov, "Supplemental Call," July 10, 2017
    21. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Texas Senate moves to fast-track special session agenda," July 18, 2017
    22. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Senate gives OK to must-pass "sunset" legislation in midnight vote," July 19, 2017
    23. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas House approves sending first two special session bills to governor," August 10, 2017
    24. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Tears and shouting on Texas House floor as Freedom Caucus delays bills to death," May 11, 2017
    25. ↑ Texas Freedom Caucus, "Abbott Must Call a Special Session," May 31, 2017
    26. ↑ Aman Batheja, Texas Tribune, "Transportation Funding Likely to Be Big Issue in 2015" accessed January 29, 2015
    27. ↑ kten.com, "Texas Lawmakers To Tackle Redistricting In Special Session," May 29, 2013
    28. ↑ Star-Telegram, "As lawmakers return to Austin this week, a heap of work awaits," January 6, 2013
    29. ↑ American Spectator, "Transparency for Thee," October 25, 2013
    30. ↑ Daily Texas Online, "Facing impeachment, Regent Wallace Hall defends actions in debate with Sen. Kirk Watson," September 28, 2013
    31. ↑ Daily Texas Online, "Former UT System vice chancellor alleges Regent Wallace Hall’s ‘clear intent to get rid of Bill Powers’," October 24, 2013
    32. ↑ Dallas Morning News, "UT regent sought 800,000 documents, official says in impeachment hearing," October 22, 2013
    33. ↑ Watchdog, "‘Witch hunt’ fallout: Speaker calls for narrower public records law," February 5, 2014
    34. ↑ Texas Tribune, "UT System Responds to Transparency Committee Directives," February 3, 2014
    35. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Cigarroa letter to the Committee on Transparency in State Agency Operations," February 1, 2014
    36. ↑ Texas Tribune, "UT Regent Wallace Hall Updates Lawsuit Disclosures," April 30, 2013
    37. ↑ Real Clear Policy, "The Campaign Against Wallace Hall," August 15, 2013
    38. ↑ Watchdog.org, "Case against UT regent Wallace Hall is a sham — here’s proof," September 6, 2013
    39. ↑ News-Journal, "University of Texas regent not worried by impeachment inquiry," September 9, 2013
    40. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Transparency Committee to Mull Impeachment of UT Regent," June 25, 2013
    41. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Perry Blasts Impeachment Probe of Wallace Hall," October 30, 2013
    42. ↑ Texas Public Radio, "UT Regent Wallace Hall Will Testify In Impeachment Hearing," November 13, 2013
    43. ↑ Texas State House Committees, "Transparency in State Agency Operations Committee Members," accessed October 31, 2013
    44. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    45. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "The Official Agenda for a New Session," May 30, 2011
    46. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 session dates for Texas legislature," December 8, 2010
    47. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2009 Legislative Sessions Calendar," March 11, 2010
    48. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Spring 2015," accessed February 16, 2021
    50. ↑ Texas Legislative Library, "Description of amendment procedure, p. 3," accessed July 13, 2015
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