Pennsylvania State Senate

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Pennsylvania State Senate
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General Information
Party control:   Republican
Session start:[1]   January 7, 2020
Session end:[1]   November 30, 2020
Term length:   4 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Commission
Salary:   $88,610/year + per diem
Members
Total:  50
Democrats:  21
Republicans:  28
Other:  1
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   John Fetterman (D)
Maj. Leader:   Jake Corman (R)
Min. Leader:   Jay Costa (D)
Elections
Last election:  November 6, 2018
Next election:  November 3, 2020

The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper chamber of the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Alongside the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Pennsylvania state government and works alongside the governor of Pennsylvania to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Pennsylvania State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Pennsylvania State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

  • A total of 25 seats out of the chamber's 50 seats were up for election in 2020. Click to read more »
  • In 2018, the chamber's Republican majority decreased from 33-16 (with one vacancy) to 29-21.
  • Pennsylvania has a divided government, and no political party holds a state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of November 15, 2020, there are 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control. In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, Pennsylvania had a divided government.

    • This page contains the following information on the Pennsylvania State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Pennsylvania State Senate as of November 2020: The following figures are from before the November 2020 election. Click here to see our election results coverage.

    Party As of November 2020
         Democratic Party 21
         Republican Party 28
         Independent 1
         Vacancies 0
    Total 50

    Members

    Leadership

    The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Senate, but has no vote except in the case of a tie. The president pro tempore is elected by the Senate from its members.[2][3]

    Current leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 50 Michele Brooks Republican January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 26 Timothy Kearney Democratic December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 8 Anthony Williams Democratic 1999
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 10 Steve Santarsiero Democratic December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 6 Robert Tomlinson Republican 1995
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 47 Elder Vogel Republican 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 13 Scott Martin Republican 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 49 Daniel Laughlin Republican 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 40 Mario Scavello Republican January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 46 Camera Bartolotta Republican January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 29 David Argall Republican 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 41 Joe Pittman Republican 2019
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 37 Pam Iovino Democratic 2019
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 4 Art Haywood Democratic January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 32 Patrick Stefano Republican January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 22 John Blake Democratic 2011
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 14 John Yudichak Independent 2011
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 35 Wayne Langerholc Republican 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 43 Jay Costa Democratic 1997
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 45 James Brewster Democratic 2011
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 17 Daylin Leach Democratic 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 33 Doug Mastriano Republican 2019
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 16 Pat Browne Republican 2005
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 1 Lawrence M. Farnese Jr. Democratic 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 11 Judy Schwank Democratic 2011
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 18 Lisa Boscola Democratic 1999
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 2 Christine Tartaglione Democratic 1995
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 24 Bob Mensch Republican 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 20 Lisa Baker Republican 2007
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 23 Gene Yaw Republican 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 31 Mike Regan Republican 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 25 Joe B. Scarnati III Republican 2001
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 39 Kim Ward Republican 2009
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 27 John Gordner Republican 2003
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 38 Lindsey Williams Democratic December 3, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 44 Katie Muth Democratic December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 48 David Arnold Republican 2020
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 21 Scott Hutchinson Republican January 1, 2013
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 5 John Sabatina Jr. Democratic June 9, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 9 Thomas Killion Republican May 11, 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 3 Sharif Street Democratic 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 36 Ryan Aument Republican January 6, 2015
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 12 Maria Collett Democratic December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 42 Wayne Fontana Democratic 2005
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 30 Judith Ward Republican December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 7 Vincent Hughes Democratic 1995
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 28 Kristin Phillips-Hill Republican December 1, 2018
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 34 Jake Corman III Republican 1999
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 15 John DiSanto Republican 2016
    Pennsylvania State Senate District 19 Andy Dinniman Democratic 2006


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislators
    SalaryPer diem
    $88,610/year$177/day

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Pennsylvania legislators' terms officially begin on December 1 the year of their election. However, legislators take the oath of office the first Tuesday in January.[4][5]

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Under Article II of the Pennsylvania Constitution, Senators shall be at least twenty-five years of age and Representatives twenty-one years of age. They shall have been citizens and inhabitants of their respective districts one year next before their election (unless absent on the public business of the United States or of this State) and shall reside in their respective districts during their terms of service.

    Historical party control

    Between 1992 and 2018, partisan control of the Pennsylvania State Senate shifted in favor of the Republican Party. The 1992 elections resulted in a split 25-25 balance. Republicans gained a majority in 1994 and held it through the 2018 elections. The table below shows the partisan history of the Pennsylvania State Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2018. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Pennsylvania State Senate Party Control: 1992-2018

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18
    Democrats 25 21 20 20 20 21 20 21 20 20 23 20 16 21
    Republicans 25 29 30 30 30 29 30 29 29 30 27 30 34 29

    Between 1992 and 2018, the elections where Republicans picked up the most state Senate seats occurred in 1994 and 2016. Republicans gained four seats in each of those elections. The 1994 elections moved the chamber from a split balance to a Republican majority. Democrats' largest gains occurred in the 2018 elections, when they picked up five seats and reduced the Republican majority to 29-21.

    Between 2010 and 2016, Republicans increased their majority from a 10-seat advantage after 2010 to an 18-seat advantage after 2016. Republicans were reduced to an 8-seat advantage after the 2018 election.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Democratic Governor Tom Wolf won election in 2014, moving Pennsylvania's state government to divided control. Prior to that, Republicans controlled a trifecta resulting from the 2010 elections. The table below shows state government trifectas in Pennsylvania from 1992 to 2019.

    Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2020
    One year of a Democratic trifecta  •  Twelve years of Republican trifectas

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
    Governor D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D
    Senate R D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Pennsylvania state senators serve staggered, four-year terms and half of the Senate is up for election every two years. Pennsylvania holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2020

    See also: Pennsylvania State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Pennsylvania State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for June 2, 2020. The filing deadline was February 18, 2020.

    2018

    See also: Pennsylvania State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Pennsylvania State Senate took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on May 15, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 6, 2018.

    In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Pennsylvania State Senate was reduced from 33-16 to 29-21.

    Pennsylvania State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 16 21
         Republican Party 33 29
         Vacancy 1 0
    Total 50 50

    2016

    See also: Pennsylvania State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Pennsylvania State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election was held on April 26, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was February 16, 2016. A total of 25 seats out of the 50 seats in the Pennsylvania State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Republicans held a 31-19 majority. Republicans gained three seats in the election, giving them a 34-16 majority.

    Pennsylvania State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 19 16
         Republican Party 31 34
    Total 50 50

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Pennsylvania General Assembly, a special election must be held to fill the vacant seat. The presiding officer in the house where the vacancy happened must call for an election. There are no deadlines set in the state constitution on when a special election can be held.[13]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Pennsylvania Cons. Art. II, §2

    District map

    See also: Pennsylvania state legislative districts

    The state of Pennsylvania has 50 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Pennsylvania

    In 37 states, legislatures are primarily responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Seven states have only one congressional district each, rendering congressional redistricting unnecessary. Four states employ independent commissions to draw the district maps. In two states, politician commissions draw congressional district lines.

    State legislative district lines are primarily the province of the state legislatures themselves in 37 states. In seven states, politician commissions draw state legislative district lines. In the remaining six states, independent commissions draw the lines.[14]

    In Pennsylvania, the statutory authority to draw congressional district boundaries is vested with the Pennsylvania General Assembly. These lines are subject to gubernatorial veto.[15]

    State legislative district lines are drawn by a politician commission. Established in 1968, the commission comprises five members:[15]

    1. The majority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
    2. The minority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
    3. The majority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
    4. The minority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
    5. The first four commissioners appoint a fifth member to serve as the commission's chair. If the commission is unable to reach an agreement, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court must appoint a commission chair.[15]

    The Pennsylvania Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. Further, state legislative districts should "respect county, city, incorporated town, borough, township and ward boundaries." There are no such requirements in place for congressional districts.[15]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Pennsylvania after the 2020 census

    Upon completion of the 2020 census, Pennsylvania will draft and enact new district maps. As of October 3, 2018, redistricting authorities in Pennsylvania had not released a projected timeline for the 2020 cycle.[16]

    2010

    Pennsylvania received its local census data on March 9, 2011. The state had a low 3.4 percent growth rate from 2000-2010. The five most populous cities showed mostly stagnation: Philadelphia grew by 0.6 percent, Pittsburgh decreased by 8.6 percent, Allentown grew by 10.7 percent, Erie decreased by 1.9 percent, and Reading grew by 8.5 percent. By county, the major standout was Forest County with a 56 percent rate of growth.[17]

    On August 17, 2011, the Commission approved the census data and went to work on a preliminary map, which it passed on October 31, 2011 by a vote of 3-2. Democrats were not happy with the plan or the negotiation process. Final maps were approved on December 12, 2011 by a 4-1 vote, moving a Senate district and five House districts from west to east. There was a 30-day window to file appeals, of which 11 were filed. The state Supreme Court threw out the maps on January 25, 2012 after appeals were heard.

    The commission met on April 12, 2012 to vote in favor of a compromise map, which contained two Senate district splits and 68 House splits. On June 8, the commission approved the final plan, which went to the state Supreme Court for final approval.

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Pennsylvania State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. Information on legislation provided below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. The tracker is fully interactive. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read its text in full and see its voting history. You can click the headings to sort the content in the column. You can also rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Finally, in the bottom-left corner of the tracker is a magnifying glass, which, when clicked, will allow you to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Pennsylvania by year

    2020

    See also: 2020 Pennsylvania legislative session and Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

    In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on January 7, 2020 and adjourn on November 30, 2020.

    Impact of coronavirus pandemic

    See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
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    Coronavirus pandemic
    Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


    Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. On March 16, 2020, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives adopted temporary rules that would allow members to cast votes remotely.[18]

    2019

    See also: 2019 Pennsylvania legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

    In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 1, 2019, through December 18, 2019.

    2018

    See also: 2018 Pennsylvania legislative session and Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

    In 2018, the legislature was in session from January 2, 2018, through November 30, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.

    2017

    See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions and State budget conflicts, 2017

    In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 3, 2017, through December 31, 2017.


    About legislative sessions in Pennsylvania

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[35] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article II of the Pennsylvania Constitution establishes when the Pennsylvania General Assembly, of which the Senate is a part, is to meet. Section 4 of Article II states that the General Assembly is to convene its regular session on the first Tuesday of January each year.

    Section 4 gives the Governor of Pennsylvania the authority to convene special sessions of the General Assembly either when he judges a special session to be in the public interest, or when a majority of each legislative House requests a special session.

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Pennsylvania are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 136 of the 203 members in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and 34 of the 50 members in the Pennsylvania State Senate. Pennsylvania is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    Vetoes can be overridden when the next regular session convenes, provided that an election has not occurred.[36]

    Authority: Article IV, Section 15 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

    "Every bill which shall have passed both Houses shall be presented to the Governor; if he approves he shall sign it, but if he shall not approve he shall return it with his objections to the House in which it shall have originated, which House shall enter the objections at large upon their journal, and proceed to re-consider it. If after such re-consideration, two-thirds of all the members elected to that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other House by which likewise it shall be re-considered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected to that House it shall be a law; but in such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each House, respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Pennsylvania state budget and finances
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    The state operates on an annual budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[37][38]

    1. Budget instruction guidelines are sent to state agencies in August of the year preceding the start of the new fiscal year.
    2. State agencies submit their requests to the governor in October.
    3. Agency hearings are held in December and January. Public hearings are held in February and March.
    4. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February.
    5. The legislature typically adopts a budget in May or June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.

    Pennsylvania is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[38]

    The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. While the legislature is not legally required to pass a balanced budget, the governor is legally required to sign a balanced budget.[38]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Pennsylvania state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Pennsylvania State Senate has 22 standing committees:

    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Pennsylvania Constitution can be amended:

    See also: Article XI of the Pennsylvania Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Pennsylvania

    The Pennsylvania Constitution is only explicit about one way to change the constitution, namely, the process of a legislatively referred constitutional amendment. The constitution does not lay out the rules for how a constitutional convention can be called, but the state has held five such conventions, most recently in 1968 when the current constitution was adopted.[39]

    • Either chamber of the Pennsylvania General Assembly can propose amendments.
    • If a simple majority of both chambers approves of a proposed amendment, that amendment must be "published three months before the next general election, in at least two newspapers in every county in which such newspapers shall be published."
    • In the next session of the legislature, the amendment must be considered again. If it is approved a second time by a simple majority of both houses, the amendment goes on a statewide ballot.
    • The statewide vote on the measure can be on any election date, as determined by the state legislature.
    • The same amendment cannot be submitted more than once in any five-year period.
    • Separate amendments must be voted on separately.
    • Pennsylvania also has a unique requirement for those times when the state legislature believes that a "major emergency threatens or is about to threaten the Commonwealth." If this happens, the proposed emergency amendment can be approved to go on a statewide ballot by two-thirds of the members of each branch of the legislature in one legislative session. Election officials must promptly publish a notice of an election on the amendment "in at least two newspapers in every county" and the election can occur quickly but "at least one month after being agreed to by both Houses." Separate emergency amendments must be voted on separately.
    • Regarding constitutional conventions, the state legislature appears to take as a matter of tradition, rather than explicit constitutional direction, that it can vote to put a constitutional convention question on the ballot. For example, Ann Livak wrote in "Pennsylvania's Constitutions and the Amendment Process — Where it Began, Where it is Now" that, "...in 1961, the Committee for State Constitutional Revision led by Milton J. Shapp got underway and in 1963 forced the legislature to call for a referendum on a constitutional convention....The 1967 legislature gave priority to constitutional revision and passed a convention enabling bill as well as the amendments awaiting second passage." This suggests that the legislature voted only once to put the convention question on the ballot.[39]

    Pennsylvania is one of the states that does not feature the power of initiated constitutional amendments.


    2020 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2020 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: 2020 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list



    See also

    Elections Pennsylvania State Government State Legislatures State Politics
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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 This date reflects the regularly-scheduled date and does not reflect any change made as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For more information on changes to state legislative sessions as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, click here.
    2. ↑ Pennsylvania General Assembly, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    3. ↑ Pennsylvania State Senate, "Officers of the Senate," accessed June 6, 2014
    4. ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 2," accessed November 19, 2012
    5. ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 19, 2012
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2012 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2008 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2006 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    10. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2004 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    11. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2002 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    12. ↑ Follow the Money, "Pennsylvania State Senate 2000 Campaign Contributions," accessed May 2, 2014
    13. ↑ State of Pennsylvania, "Pennsylvania Constitution," accessed May 22, 2014 (Article II, Section 2)
    14. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed March 25, 2015
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 All About Redistricting, "Pennsylvania," accessed May 8, 2015
    16. ↑ Pennsylvania Redistricting, "Welcome to Pennsylvania Redistricting," accessed October 3, 2018
    17. ↑ Census.gov, "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting," March 9, 2011
    18. ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer, "Pennsylvania legislature will vote remotely as coronavirus spreads," March 16, 2020
    19. ↑ The Inquirer, "S&P threatens to cut Pa. credit rating," July 6, 2017
    20. ↑ The Morning Call, "Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf to let budget become law," July 11, 201
    21. ↑ U.S. News, "Pennsylvania Budget Takes Effect Amid Fight Over Funding It," July 10, 2017
    22. ↑ U.S. News, "Pennsylvania Senate Approves Higher Taxes to Balance Budget," July 27, 2017
    23. ↑ NBC 10, "Budget Bills Are Ugly But Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf Has Little Choice But to Sign," October 28, 2017
    24. ↑ The Inquirer Daily News, "Wolf signs bills to balance Pa. budget with gambling and borrowing, hints of veto of education bill," October 30, 2017
    25. ↑ The Morning Call, "Pennsylvania's budget still not finished," July 5, 2017
    26. ↑ The Inquirer, "PA. budget talks drag on," July 5, 2017
    27. ↑ Lehigh Valley, "House, Senate send Pennsylvania budget to Gov. Wolf," June 30, 2017
    28. ↑ Penn Live, "New year, old issues: Pennsylvania legislative leaders meet on budget Tuesday," accessed January 6, 2016
    29. ↑ Law 360, "Pennsylvania Legislation And Regulation To Watch In 2015," accessed January 22, 2015
    30. ↑ Penn Live, "Pa. Senate Prez: Do away with 'obsolete, unsustainable' pensions or face budget crash: Friday Morning Coffee," January 10, 2014
    31. ↑ Post-Gazette, "Pennsylvania lawmakers start settling in," January 2, 2013
    32. ↑ The Reporter Online, "Triple-dipping loophole in Pa. unemployment law finally closed," accessed December 6, 2013
    33. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    34. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2010 session dates for Pennsylvania legislature," accessed June 6, 2014(Archived)
    35. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    36. ↑ Pennsylvania Code, "§ 9.127. Passage of vetoed bill.," accessed July 3, 2017
    37. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Experiences with Annual and Biennial Budgeting," updated April 2011
    38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Summer 2008," accessed February 21, 2014
    39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)
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