Connecticut State Senate

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Connecticut State Senate
SLP-Infobox Image-Color.png
General Information
Party control:   Democrat
Session start:[1]   February 5, 2020
Session end:[1]   May 6, 2020
Term length:   2 years
Term limits:   None
Redistricting:  Legislative control[2]
Salary:   $28,000/year
Members
Total:  36
Democrats:  22
Republicans:  14
Other:  0
Vacancies:  0
Leadership
President:   Susan Bysiewicz (D)
Maj. Leader:   Bob Duff (D)
Min. Leader:   Len Fasano (R)
Elections
Last election:  November 6, 2018
Next election:  November 3, 2020

The Connecticut State Senate is the upper chamber of the Connecticut General Assembly. Alongside the Connecticut House of Representatives, it forms the legislative branch of the Connecticut state government and works alongside the governor of Connecticut to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Connecticut State Senate include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.

The Connecticut State Senate meets in the state capitol building in Hartford, Connecticut.

  • All 36 Connecticut Senate seats were up for election in 2020. Click to read more »
  • Democrats gained five seats in 2018, shifting control of the chamber from an 18-18 split to a 23-13 Democratic majority.
  • Connecticut has a Democratic state government trifecta. A trifecta exists when one political party simultaneously holds the governor’s office and majorities in both state legislative chambers. As of November 15, 2020, there are 21 Republican trifectas, 15 Democratic trifectas, and 14 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control. In the 2020 election, Republicans had a net gain of two trifectas and two states under divided government became trifectas. Prior to that election, Connecticut had a Democratic trifecta.

    • This page contains the following information on the Connecticut State Senate.

    Party control

    Current partisan control

    The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Connecticut State Senate as of November 2020: The following figures are from before the November 2020 election. Click here to see our election results coverage.

    Party As of November 2020
         Democratic Party 22
         Republican Party 14
         Vacancies 0
    Total 36

    Members

    Current leadership and members


    Office Name Party Date assumed office
    Connecticut State Senate District 21 Kevin C. Kelly Republican January 5, 2011
    Connecticut State Senate District 11 Martin Looney Democratic 1993
    Connecticut State Senate District 26 Will Haskell Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 4 Steve Cassano Democratic January 5, 2011
    Connecticut State Senate District 14 James Maroney Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 17 George Logan Republican 2017
    Connecticut State Senate District 35 Dan Champagne Republican 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 13 Mary Daugherty Abrams Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 9 Matthew L. Lesser Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 24 Julie Kushner Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 36 Alex Kasser Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 32 Eric Berthel Republican March 3, 2017
    Connecticut State Senate District 12 Christine Cohen Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 29 Mae Flexer Democratic January 7, 2015
    Connecticut State Senate District 28 Tony Hwang Republican January 7, 2015
    Connecticut State Senate District 10 Gary Winfield Democratic February 28, 2014
    Connecticut State Senate District 15 Joan Hartley Democratic 2001
    Connecticut State Senate District 30 Craig Miner Republican 2017
    Connecticut State Senate District 19 Catherine Osten Democratic January 9, 2013
    Connecticut State Senate District 33 Norm Needleman Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 23 Dennis Bradley Democratic 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 18 Heather Somers Republican 2017
    Connecticut State Senate District 31 Henri Martin Republican January 7, 2015
    Connecticut State Senate District 27 Carlo Leone Democratic 2011
    Connecticut State Senate District 3 Saud Anwar Democratic March 1, 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 6 Gennaro Bizzarro Republican March 4, 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 8 Kevin Witkos Republican 2009
    Connecticut State Senate District 34 Leonard Fasano Republican 2003
    Connecticut State Senate District 7 John Kissel Republican 1993
    Connecticut State Senate District 1 John Fonfara Democratic 1997
    Connecticut State Senate District 22 Marilyn Moore Democratic January 7, 2015
    Connecticut State Senate District 5 Derek Slap Democratic March 1, 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 25 Bob Duff Democratic 2005
    Connecticut State Senate District 2 Douglas McCrory Democratic 2017
    Connecticut State Senate District 16 Robert C. Sampson Republican 2019
    Connecticut State Senate District 20 Paul Formica Republican January 7, 2015


    Salaries

    See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
    State legislators
    SalaryPer diem
    $28,000/yearNo per diem is paid.

    Swearing in dates

    See also: When state legislators assume office after a general election

    Connecticut legislators assume office the Wednesday following the first Monday of the January next succeeding their election.

    Membership qualifications

    See also: State legislature candidate requirements by state

    Article III, Section 3 of the Connecticut Constitution states: The senate shall consist of not less than thirty and not more than fifty members, each of whom shall be an elector residing in the senatorial district from which he is elected. Each senatorial district shall be contiguous as to territory and shall elect no more than one senator.

    Historical party control

    From 1992 to 2018, the Connecticut Senate was usually controlled by Democrats, a trend that has been in place since the 1930s. However, after the 2008 elections the Democratic majority began to decline and, by 2016, Republicans had claimed half of the chamber's seats. The table below shows the partisan history of the Connecticut Senate following every general election from 1992 to 2018. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.

    Connecticut State Senate Party Control: 1992-2018

    Year '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18
    Democrats 20 17 19 19 21 21 24 24 24 23 22 21 18* 23
    Republicans 16 19 17 17 15 15 12 12 12 13 14 15 18 13
    * Democrats maintained effective control of the chamber because Lieutenant Gov. Nancy Wyman (D) could cast tie-breaking votes

    For most of the years from the late 1800s to the early 1930s, the Connecticut Senate's partisan balance favored the Republicans. Democrats captured a slim majority in 1932—the same year that President Franklin Roosevelt (D) won all but six states, one of which was Connecticut. Despite Roosevelt's defeat in the Nutmeg State—a trend he reversed in the next three presidential elections—Democrats kept winning in the state Senate and maintained their majority in most elections prior to 2018. There were eight elections between 1930 and 2018 where Republicans won control, but each time the chamber swung back to the Democrats in the following election.

    From 1992 to 2018, Democrats maintained a majority in nearly every election. They briefly lost control after the 1994 election, but they took back the chamber in1996 and did not see their majority decline in any of the elections before 2010, in which year they lost one seat. They also lost a single seat in 2012 and then another in 2014. In 2016, Democrats saw the largest decline in their majority since 1994, losing three seats. This brought them to an 18-18 tie with Republicans. They maintained a majority only because Lieutenant Gov. Nancy Wyman (D) was able to cast tie-breaking votes when needed. The chamber's Republican gains from 2010 to 2016 were in line with a national trend toward Republican state legislatures during the presidency of Barack Obama (D). From 2009 to 2017, Democrats experienced significant losses in state legislative elections, totaling 968 seats all together. Democrats regained a 23-13 seat majority in 2018.

    Trifecta history

    A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Democrats in Connecticut gained a state government trifecta as a result of the 2010 elections, when they took control of the governor's office. The table below shows state government trifectas in Connecticut from 1992 to 2019.

    Connecticut Party Control: 1992-2020
    Ten years of Democratic trifectas  •  No Republican trifectas

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
    Governor I I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D
    Senate D D D R R D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

    Elections

    Elections by year

    Connecticut state senators serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years. Connecticut holds elections for its legislature in even years.

    2020

    See also: Connecticut State Senate elections, 2020

    Elections for the office of Connecticut State Senate took place in 2020. The general election was held on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for August 11, 2020. The filing deadline was June 11, 2020.

    2018

    See also: Connecticut State Senate elections, 2018

    Elections for the Connecticut State Senate took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on August 14, 2018. The general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was June 12, 2018.

    In the 2018 elections, Democrats increased their majority in the Connecticut State Senate from 18-18 to 23-13.

    Connecticut State Senate
    Party As of November 6, 2018 After November 7, 2018
         Democratic Party 18 23
         Republican Party 18 13
    Total 36 36

    2016

    See also: Connecticut State Senate elections, 2016

    Elections for the Connecticut State Senate took place in 2016. The primary election took place on August 9, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was June 7, 2016. All 36 seats in the Connecticut State Senate were up for election in 2016.

    Heading into the election, Democrats held a 21-15 majority. Republicans flipped three seats in the election to split the chamber at 18 seats a piece for both Democrats and Republicans. Even though the chamber was tied following the 2016 general election, Democrats did not lose their state government trifecta because Lt. Gov. Nancy Wyman (D) was the tie-breaker vote in the chamber.

    Connecticut State Senate
    Party As of November 7, 2016 After November 8, 2016
         Democratic Party 21 18[3]
         Republican Party 15 18
    Total 36 36

    Vacancies

    See also: How vacancies are filled in state legislatures

    If there is a vacancy in the Connecticut General Assembly, a special election must be conducted to fill the vacant seat. The governor must call for an election no later than 10 days after the vacancy happens. All special elections must be held no later than 46 days after a governor's declaration. If the vacancy happens with less than 125 days left before the general election, the special election must be held on the same day as the general election. No election can be called by the governor if the vacancy happens with less than 49 days before the general election.[10]

    DocumentIcon.jpg See sources: Connecticut Gen. Stat. § 9-215

    District map

    See also: Connecticut state legislative districts

    The state of Connecticut has 36 state Senate districts. Each district elects one senator.

    Use the interactive map below to find your district.

    Redistricting

    See also: Redistricting in Connecticut

    In 37 states, legislatures are primarily responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Seven states have only one congressional district each, rendering congressional redistricting unnecessary. Four states employ independent commissions to draw the district maps. In two states, politician commissions draw congressional district lines.

    State legislative district lines are primarily the province of the state legislatures themselves in 37 states. In seven states, politician commissions draw state legislative district lines. In the remaining six states, independent commissions draw the lines.[11]

    In Connecticut, the state legislature is primarily responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines. Maps must be approved by a two-thirds vote in each chamber. If the state legislature is unable to approve new maps, a backup commission is convened to draw congressional and state legislative district boundaries. The commission consists of nine members. The four legislative leaders (i.e., the majority and minority leaders of each chamber of the legislature) appoint two members each. The ninth member is selected by the eight previously selected commissioners.[12][13]

    The Connecticut Constitution requires that all districts, whether congressional or state legislative, be contiguous. In addition, state House districts must "not divide towns except where necessary to comply with other legal requirements."[11]

    2020

    See also: Redistricting in Connecticut after the 2020 census

    Upon completion of the 2020 census, Connecticut will draft and enact new district maps. As of September 18, 2018, Connecticut officials had not yet published a projected timeline for the 2020 redistricting cycle.[14]

    Sessions

    Legislation

    The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Connecticut State Senate has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the Senate to the House and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. Information on legislation provided below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. The tracker is fully interactive. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read its text in full and see its voting history. You can click the headings to sort the content in the column. You can also rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Finally, in the bottom-left corner of the tracker is a magnifying glass, which, when clicked, will allow you to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50.

    Dates of legislative sessions in Connecticut by year

    2020

    See also: 2020 Connecticut legislative session and Dates of 2020 state legislative sessions

    In 2020, the legislature was scheduled to convene on February 5, 2020 and adjourn on May 6, 2020.

    Impact of coronavirus pandemic

    See also: Changes to state legislative session dates in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
    Covid vnt.png
    Coronavirus pandemic
    Select a topic from the dropdown below to learn more.


    Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The Connecticut State Legislature suspended its session, effective March 12, 2020. The suspension was originally scheduled to lift at the end of March. It was then extended to April 13, 2020. It was extended again to April 23, 2020. On April 21, 2020, legislative leaders announced that the legislature would not reconvene in advance of its constitutional adjournment on May 6, 2020. The legislature convened a special session on July 21, 2020. The special session adjourned on July 27, 2020.[15][16][17][18]

    2019

    See also: 2019 Connecticut legislative session and Dates of 2019 state legislative sessions

    In 2019, the legislature was in session from January 9, 2019, through June 5, 2019.

    2018

    See also: 2018 Connecticut legislative session and Dates of 2018 state legislative sessions

    In 2018, the legislature was in session from February 7, 2018, through May 9, 2018. To read about notable events and legislation from this session, click here.

    2017

    See also: Dates of 2017 state legislative sessions and Potential government shutdowns

    In 2017, the legislature was in session from January 4, 2017, through June 7, 2017. The legislature held a veto session on July 24, 2017. The legislature held its first special session on July 31, 2017. The legislature held its second special session from September 14 to September 16. The legislature held another special session on October 3. State lawmakers held their fourth special session from October 25 to October 26. The legislature met again in special session from November 14 to November 15.


    About legislative sessions in Connecticut

    The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people.[63] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, and bills that become law.

    Article III of the Connecticut Constitution establishes when the Connecticut State Legislature, which the Senate is a part of, is to be in session. Section 2 of Article III states that, in odd-numbered years, the Legislature shall convene its regular session on the Wednesday after the first Monday in January. Section 2 requires regular sessions in odd-numbered years to adjourn by the Wednesday after the first Monday in June.

    The Constitution does not establish when the Legislature is supposed to meet in even-numbered years, so these dates are established by law. In even-numbered years, the Legislature convenes on the Wednesday following the first Monday in February, pending the decision of the Legislature, and it must adjourn by the Wednesday after the first Monday in May.[64][65]

    Legislative roles and procedures

    Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides, the role of the legislature in the state budget, and procedures for filling membership vacancies.

    Veto overrides

    Veto Override Graphic-No party.png

    See also: Veto overrides in state legislatures

    State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Connecticut are listed below.

    How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members present in both chambers.

    Two-thirds of members present in both chambers must vote to override a veto. If all members are in attendance, this is 101 of the 151 members in the Connecticut House of Representatives and 24 of the 36 members in the Connecticut State Senate. Connecticut is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.

    How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?

    According to Article III, Section 2 of the Connecticut Constitution, any bill that the governor vetoes after the legislature adjourns or that was vetoed during the session but not taken up by the legislature can be overridden at an automatic veto session called by the secretary of state. The automatic veto session occurs two weeks after the governor's bill signing period ends.

    Authority: Article IV, Section 15 of the Connecticut Constitution.

    "If the governor shall approve a bill, he shall sign and transmit it to the secretary of the state, but if he shall disapprove, he shall transmit it to the secretary with his objections, and the secretary shall thereupon return the bill with the governor's objections to the house in which it originated. After the objections shall have been entered on its journal, such house shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, that house shall again pass it, but by the approval of at least two-thirds of its members, it shall be sent with the objections to the other house, which shall also reconsider it. If approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the second house, it shall be a law and be transmitted to the secretary; but in such case the votes of each house shall be determined by yeas and nays and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively."

    Role in state budget

    See also: Connecticut state budget and finances
    Connecticut on Public Policy Logo-one line-on Ballotpedia.png
    Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
    Budgets • Civil liberties • Education • Elections • Energy • Environment • Healthcare • Pensions

    The state operates on a biennial budget cycle. The sequence of key events in the budget process is as follows:[66][67]

    1. Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in July.
    2. State agencies submit their budget requests to the governor in September.
    3. Agency hearings are held in January.
    4. Public hearings are held from February through June.
    5. The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February.
    6. The legislature adopts a budget in May or June. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.

    Connecticut is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority.[67]

    The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget. Likewise, the legislature must adopt a balanced budget.[67]

    Committees

    See also: List of committees in Connecticut state government

    Every state legislature and state legislative chamber in the country contains several legislative committees. These committees are responsible for studying, amending, and voting on legislation before it reaches the floor of a chamber for a full vote. The different types of committees include standing committees, select or special, and joint.

    • Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
    • Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
    • Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.

    Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. Unique among the 50 state legislatures, in Connecticut, all legislative committees are joint committees of the upper house and lower house. Permanent committees are authorized and required by state statute to be continued each session. No separate chamber committees are established.

    Constitutional amendments

    In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures.

    The methods in which the Connecticut Constitution can be amended:

    Connecticut Constitution
    Seal of Connecticut.png
    Preamble
    Articles
    I • II • III • IV • V • VI • VII • VIII • IX • X • XI • XII • XIII • XIV
    See also: Article XII and Article XIII of the Connecticut Constitution and Laws governing ballot measures in Connecticut

    The Connecticut Constitution can be amended in these ways:

    • If an amendment is approved by a majority (but less than 75 percent) of the total membership of each chamber, it is then carried over to the next session of the legislature. If the amendment is again approved by a majority, it is then put to a statewide vote of the people. If the voters approve it by a simple majority vote, it becomes part of the state's constitution.
    • If the proposed amendment is approved by a vote of 75 percent or more in both chambers of the legislature, it doesn't have to be considered in two consecutive legislative sessions and can, instead, be put to a vote of the people at the next November general election.
    • Elections on proposed amendments are to take place in Novembers of even-numbered years.
    • Two-thirds of each legislative chamber must vote for a convention.
    • The legislature is not allowed to call for a convention more than once in a 10-year period.
    • Any proposed amendments that arise out of a convention are to be put to a statewide vote where, if they are approved by a simple majority of those voting, they become part of the state's constitution.
    • Article XIII provides for an automatic ballot referral to the state's electors concerning whether to hold a constitutional convention; these questions are to be put before the voters at least once every 20 years.

    Connecticut does not feature the power of initiative for either initiated constitutional amendments or initiated state statutes.

    Historical context:


    Between 1996 and 2018, the following occurred in Connecticut:

    • Ballots featured seven ballot measures.
    • An average of zero to one measure appeared on statewide even-year election ballots.
    • Voters approved 71 percent (5 of 7) and rejected 29 percent (2 of 7) of the ballot measures.
    • The last election to feature ballot measures was 2018, when voters decided two constitutional amendments.
    Ballot measures in Connecticut, 1996-2018
    Type Total number Approved Percent approved Defeated Percent defeated Average Median Minimum Maximum
    All measures 7 5 71.43% 2 28.57% 0.6 0.0 0 2

    2020 measures:

    Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2020 ballot by the legislature.

    See also: Connecticut 2020 ballot measures

    Certified:

    The following measures were certified for the ballot.

    No measures to list


    See also

    Elections Connecticut State Government State Legislatures State Politics
    Ballotpedia Elections Badge-VOTE-no shadow-Square.jpg
    Connecticut State Flag-Close Up.jpg
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    State Courts-Tile image.png

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 This date reflects the regularly-scheduled date and does not reflect any change made as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For more information on changes to state legislative sessions as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, click here.
    2. ↑ In Connecticut, the state legislature is primarily responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines. Maps must be approved by a two-thirds vote in each chamber. If the state legislature is unable to approve new maps, a backup commission is convened to draw congressional and state legislative district boundaries. The commission consists of nine members. The four legislative leaders (i.e., the majority and minority leaders of each chamber of the legislature) appoint two members each. The ninth member is selected by the eight previously selected commissioners.
    3. ↑ Tie-breaking votes are cast by the lieutenant governor.
    4. ↑ Follow the Money: "Connecticut Senate 2010 Campaign Contributions"
    5. ↑ Follow the Money, "Connecticut 2008 Candidates," accessed July 5, 2013
    6. ↑ Follow the Money, "Connecticut 2006 Candidates," accessed July 5, 2013
    7. ↑ Follow the Money, "Connecticut 2004 Candidates," accessed July 5, 2013
    8. ↑ Follow the Money, "Connecticut 2002 Candidates," accessed July 5, 2013
    9. ↑ Follow the Money, "Connecticut 2000 Candidates," accessed July 5, 2013
    10. ↑ Connecticut General Assembly, "Connecticut General Statutes," accessed May 22, 2014 (Statute 9-215(a), Connecticut General Statutes)
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed March 25, 2015
    12. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Connecticut," accessed April 22, 2015
    13. ↑ Connecticut Constitution, "Article XXVI, Section 2.b," accessed April 22, 2015
    14. ↑ Connecticut General Assembly Redistricting Project, "2011 Timeline," accessed September 18, 2018
    15. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Capitol Closed, Legislative Business Suspended Until March 30," March 12, 2020
    16. ↑ News 8, "Lawmakers postpone legislative activities until April 13 due to coronavirus pandemic," March 24, 2020
    17. ↑ Hartford Courant, "Coronavirus short-circuits Connecticut’s legislative session: 'All bills are probably dead,'" April 10, 2020
    18. ↑ Hartford Courant, "Coronavirus forces early adjournment of Connecticut’s legislative session," April 21, 2020
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Wall Street Journal, "Connecticut Budget Deal Unlikely Before July 18, Governor Says," July 5, 2017
    20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 The Connecticut Mirror, "House, Senate Democrats unable to agree on provisional budget," June 27, 2017
    21. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Budget Stalemate Causes Pain For Cities And Towns," July 30, 2017
    22. ↑ The Hartford Courant, Malloy's New State Education Aid Plan Cuts Or Eliminates Funding To 139 Municipalities," August 18, 2017
    23. ↑ The Connecticut Mirror, "State school aid: How would your town fare under Malloy’s plan?" August 18, 2017
    24. ↑ CT News Junkie, "General Assembly Fails To Convene To Pass 90-Day Budget," June 29, 2017
    25. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Malloy Says Budget Could Be Delayed Until Fall," July 26, 2017
    26. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Malloy Urges House Leaders To Approve Temporary Budget Plan As Deadline Looms," June 28, 2017
    27. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "As House Republicans Present Budget Plans, Democrats Hopeful Of Deal By Late July," July 11, 2017
    28. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Up Next? A $3.5 Billion Budget Deficit," August 1, 2017
    29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 The Hartford Courant, "With Deadline Looming, Malloy Signs Portions of the Budget Bill," October 31, 2017
    30. ↑ The Connecticut Mirror, "House gives final approval to CT budget fix," November 15, 2017
    31. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Connecticut State Senate Approves Changes To State Budget," November 14, 2017
    32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 The Hartford Courant, "Senate Overwhelmingly Backs Bipartisan State Budget, House Votes Later Thursday," October 26, 2017
    33. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "House Approves Bipartisan Budget With Veto-Proof Majority," October 26, 2017
    34. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Gov. Malloy Says Newly-Adopted State Budget Contains $1 Billion Error," October 26, 2017
    35. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Connecticut Legislators Announce Another Budget Deal That General Assembly May Vote on Wednesday," October 24, 2017
    36. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Republicans, Democrats Agree On Compromise Budget, But Malloy Hasn't Seen It," October 18, 2017
    37. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Wall Street Sends Connecticut A Warning," October 13, 2017
    38. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Wall Street Issues Connecticut Another Warning," October 16, 2017
    39. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Moody's: State Budget Crisis Threatens Financial Health Of Dozens Of Connecticut Municipalities," October 16, 2017
    40. ↑ U.S. News and World Report, "House Chooses Not to Bring Budget Veto Override to a Vote," October 3, 2017
    41. ↑ NBC Connecticut, "Schools Bracing for October 1 After Budget Vetoed," September 29, 2017
    42. ↑ Reuters, "Connecticut's deep spending cuts in effect as new deadline passes," October 1, 2017
    43. ↑ Fox Business, "Connecticut's Biggest Teachers Union Sues State Over Spending Cuts," October 11, 2017
    44. ↑ Education Law Center, "Connecticut," accessed October 12, 2017
    45. ↑ The Connecticut Mirror, "Malloy vetoes budget, seeks ‘honest dialogue’," September 28, 2017
    46. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Both House and Senate Approve GOP Budget; Malloy Vows Veto," September 16, 2017
    47. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Senate Votes In Favor Of Republican Budget Proposal, Bill Sent To House," September 15, 2017
    48. ↑ CT News Junkie, "With 5 More Democrat Votes, House Forwards GOP Budget to Malloy; Veto Expected," September 16, 2017
    49. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Connecticut At A Turning Point As Republicans Gain Upper Hand In Budget Crisis," September 17, 2017
    50. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "Wyman Casts Tiebreaking Vote To Approve Union Concessions Deal," July 31, 2017
    51. ↑ The Hartford Courant, "House Narrowly Approves State Worker Labor Concessions," July 24, 2017
    52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 The Hartford Courant, "Employee Unions Endorse Concession Deal by Huge Margin, 83 to 17 Percent," July 18, 2017
    53. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Unions Ratify Labor Savings, General Assembly Up Next," July 18, 2017
    54. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Wage Contracts Released To Republicans," July 19, 2017
    55. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Malloy Says Lawmakers Need To ‘Check Their Egos At the Door’," July 17, 2017
    56. ↑ CT News Junkie, "Down To The Wire, Republican Leader’s Request For Contracts Is Ignored," July 18, 2017
    57. ↑ The Hartford Courant "Connecticut 4th Most Unionized State," January 27, 2017
    58. ↑ The Register Citizen, "Connecticut budget deficit, transportation among top session issues," January 4, 2015
    59. ↑ Washington Examiner, "Expected issues for 2014 Conn. legislative session," February 2, 2014
    60. ↑ ctmirror.org, "Winners and Losers from the 2013 legislative session," June 6, 2013
    61. ↑ ncsl.org, "2011 Legislative Sessions Calendar," accessed April 22, 2015
    62. ↑ Stateline, "Connecticut governor, lawmakers agree to package of tax hikes," April 21, 2011
    63. ↑ Find Law, "Tenth Amendment - U.S. Constitution," accessed May 20, 2017
    64. ↑ Connecticut General Assembly, "Session Scheduling Rules," accessed April 22, 2015
    65. ↑ Ballotpedia, "Article III, Connecticut Constitution," accessed April 22, 2015(Article III, Section 2)
    66. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Experiences with Annual and Biennial Budgeting," updated April 2011
    67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 National Association of State Budget Officers, "Budget Processes in the States, Summer 2008," accessed February 21, 2014
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