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Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Democratic primary)
- Primary date: May 3
- Mail-in registration deadline: April 4
- Online reg. deadline: April 4
- In-person reg. deadline: April 4
- Early voting starts: April 5
- Early voting ends: May 2
- Poll times: 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
- Absentee/mail-in deadline: May 2
2024 →
← 2020
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| Ohio's 11th Congressional District |
|---|
| Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
| Election details |
| Filing deadline: March 4, 2022 |
| Primary: May 3, 2022 General: November 8, 2022 |
| How to vote |
| Poll times: 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Voting in Ohio |
| Race ratings |
Cook Political Report: Solid Democratic Inside Elections: Solid Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic |
| Ballotpedia analysis |
| U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2022 |
| See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 15th Ohio elections, 2022 U.S. Congress elections, 2022 U.S. Senate elections, 2022 U.S. House elections, 2022 |
Incumbent Rep. Shontel Brown defeated Nina Turner in the Democratic primary for Ohio's 11th Congressional District on May 3, 2022. This was a rematch. Brown defeated Turner 50% to 45% in the August 3, 2021, special primary election.
Brown assumed office in November 2021, succeeding Rep. Marcia Fudge (D), who resigned that year to become U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Brown said she had progressive bona fides and a commitment to bipartisanship.[1] Brown said she kept her promise to voters to work with President Joe Biden (D) by voting for the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021. She said the bill would "repair the bridge on Martin Luther King, replace every lead pipe, create thousands of jobs, and finally, every home in Cleveland will have access to high-speed internet."[2] Brown also campaigned on legislation she introduced to reduce class sizes and a separate bill she cosponsored to raise the minimum wage.[1] Before joining the House, Brown was on the Cuyahoga County Council. As of the primary election, she chaired the county Democratic Party.
Turner said Brown had not done enough to change the material conditions for poor and low-income residents.[3] Turner said, "Voting the right way is one thing, but using the full force and weight of the office to fight for things is another. ... And that is a primary difference between me and the person that holds that office."[4] Turner referred to her work on Sen. Bernie Sanders' (I-Vt.) Democratic presidential campaigns and said she would fight for Medicare for All, a living wage, and good union jobs.[5][6] Turner served in the state Senate from 2008 to 2015 and is a former chair of party engagement for the Ohio Democratic Party.
The Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC endorsed Brown, a change from 2021 when it endorsed Turner.[7] Brown became a member of the caucus after she took office. Brown's other endorsers included President Joe Biden (D), House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D), Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb (D), and the Democratic Majority for Israel PAC.[8][9][10] Turner's endorsers included Sanders, former Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson (D), and the Cleveland.com editorial board.[11][12][13]
Three election forecasters rated the general election Safe or Solid Democratic as of the primary.
This page focuses on Ohio's 11th Congressional District Democratic primary. For more in-depth information on the district's Republican primary and the general election, see the following pages:
- Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Republican primary)
- Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022
Candidates and election results
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Incumbent Shontel Brown defeated Nina Turner in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on May 3, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Shontel Brown | 66.3 | 44,841 | |
| Nina Turner | 33.7 | 22,830 | ||
| Total votes: 67,671 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office:
- U.S. House of Representatives, OH-11 (Assumed office: 2021)
- Cuyahoga County Council (2015-2021)
- Warrensville Heights City Council (2012-2014)
Biography: Brown received an associate degree from Cuyahoga Community College. She founded Diversified Digital Solutions, a printing and promotions company, in 2009. Brown was elected chairwoman of the Cuyahoga County Democratic Party in 2017. As of her 2022 campaign, Brown served on the House Agriculture Committee and the House Oversight and Reform Committee.
Show sources
Sources: Shontel Brown's 2022 campaign website, "Home," accessed April 21, 2022; Shontel Brown's 2022 campaign website, "Accomplishments," accessed April 21, 2022; Facebook, "Shontel Brown on April 11, 2022," accessed April 21, 2022; Shontel Brown's 2022 campaign website, "Meet Shontel," accessed April 21, 2022; LinkedIn, "Shontel M. Brown," accessed April 21, 2022; Cuyahoga Community College, "County Democratic Party Chair Started Her Path at Tri-C" March 15, 2019; House.gov, "Shontel Brown, Committees and Caucuses," accessed April 21, 2022
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Ohio District 11 in 2022.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
- Ohio State Senate, District 25 (2008-2015)
- Cleveland City Council (2006-2008)
Biography: Turner received an associate degree from Cuyahoga Community College and bachelor's and master's degrees from Cleveland State University. Turner was an assistant professor of history at Cuyahoga Community College and chairwoman of party engagement for the Ohio Democratic Party. Turner was a national surrogate for Sen. Bernie Sanders' (I-Vt.) 2016 Democratic presidential campaign. She was president of Our Revolution before co-chairing Sanders' 2020 presidential campaign.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Ohio District 11 in 2022.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
No candidate in this race completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey.
Campaign advertisements
This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.
Shontel Brown
Have a link to Brown's campaign ads on YouTube? Email us.
Nina Turner
| April 20, 2022 |
| April 12, 2022 |
| January 26, 2022 |
View more ads here:
News and conflicts in this primary
This race was featured in The Heart of the Primaries, a newsletter capturing stories related to conflicts within each major party. Click here to read more about conflict in this and other 2022 Democratic U.S. House primaries. Click here to subscribe to the newsletter.
- Heart of the Primaries 2022, Democrats-Issue 21 (May 5, 2022)
- Heart of the Primaries 2022, Democrats-Issue 20 (April 28, 2022)
- Heart of the Primaries 2022, Democrats-Issue 19 (April 21, 2022)
- Heart of the Primaries 2022, Democrats-Issue 12 (March 3, 2022)
- Heart of the Primaries 2022, Democrats-Issue 8 (February 3, 2022)
Noteworthy endorsements
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.
Election competitiveness
Polls
We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.
General election race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[14]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[15][16][17]
| Race ratings: Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
| November 8, 2022 | November 1, 2022 | October 25, 2022 | October 18, 2022 | ||||||
| The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
| Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
| Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | |||||
| Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. | |||||||||
Election spending
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[18] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[19] Click here to view the reporting schedule for candidates for U.S. Congress in 2022.
| U.S. Congress campaign reporting schedule, 2022 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Report | Close of books | Filing deadline |
| Year-end 2021 | 12/31/2021 | 1/31/2022 |
| April quarterly | 3/31/2022 | 4/15/2022 |
| July quarterly | 6/30/2022 | 7/15/2022 |
| October quarterly | 9/30/2022 | 10/15/2022 |
| Pre-general | 10/19/2022 | 10/27/2022 |
| Post-general | 11/28/2022 | 12/08/2022 |
| Year-end 2022 | 12/31/2022 | 1/31/2023 |
| Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shontel Brown | Democratic Party | $4,695,917 | $4,322,102 | $373,815 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Nina Turner | Democratic Party | $7,693,038 | $7,693,038 | $0 | As of December 12, 2022 |
|
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2022. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
|||||
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[20][21][22]
If available, links to satellite spending reports by the Federal Election Commission and OpenSecrets.org are linked below. Any satellite spending reported in other resources is displayed in a table. This table may not represent the actual total amount spent by satellite groups in the election. Satellite spending for which specific amounts, dates, or purposes are not reported are marked "N/A." To help us complete this information, or to notify us of additional satellite spending, email us.
Note that data linked below includes spending in the 2021 special election.
| By candidate | By election |
|---|---|
Election context
Primary election competitiveness
This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Ohio.
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Ohio in 2022. Information below was calculated on April 6, 2022, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
In 2022, 70 candidates filed to run for Ohio’s 15 U.S. House districts, including 39 Republicans, 29 Democrats, and two independents. That's 4.7 candidates per district, more than the 4.4 candidates per district in 2020 and fewer than the 5.5 in 2018.
This was the first candidate filing deadline under new district lines adopted as part of Ohio's decennial redistricting process. Ohio was apportioned 15 seats in the House of Representatives, one less than it received after the 2010 census. The Ohio Redistricting Commission approved a redrawn congressional map on March 2 in a 5-2 vote along party lines. On March 18, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that it did not have jurisdiction to overturn the map as part of the legal challenge that overturned the initial congressional map.
Two incumbents announced their departures from the House. Rep. Bob Gibbs (R) originally filed for re-election, but announced on April 6 that he would instead retire, though his name would remain on the ballot. Rep. Tim Ryan (D) chose to run for election to the U.S. Senate instead of seeking re-election. In the race to replace Ryan, seven candidates filed to seek the Republican nomination with the winner facing state Rep. and former House minority leader Emilia Sykes (D), who drew no primary challengers.
In all, candidate filings created 19 contested U.S. House primaries—10 Republicans and nine Democratic. Six incumbents seeking re-election drew no primary challengers. At the time of the filing deadline, all 15 districts were set to be contested in the general election with at least one Democrat and Republican filing in each.
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Ohio in the 2022 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Ohio, click here.
| Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2022 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
| Ohio | U.S. House | Major party | 50 | $85.00 | 2/2/2022 | Source |
| Ohio | U.S. House | Minor party | 25 | $85.00 | 2/2/2022 | Source |
| Ohio | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 1% of the vote cast for governor in the district in the last election | $85.00 | 5/2/2022 | Source |
District election history
2021
General election
Special general election for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Shontel Brown defeated Laverne Gore in the special general election for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on November 2, 2021.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Shontel Brown (D) | 78.9 | 82,913 | |
| Laverne Gore (R) | 21.1 | 22,198 | ||
| Total votes: 105,111 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Special Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
The following candidates ran in the special Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on August 3, 2021.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Shontel Brown | 50.1 | 38,505 | |
| Nina Turner | 44.6 | 34,239 | ||
| Jeffrey Johnson | 1.8 | 1,388 | ||
| John E. Barnes Jr. | 1.0 | 801 | ||
| Shirley Smith | 0.8 | 599 | ||
Seth Corey ![]() | 0.6 | 493 | ||
| Pamela Pinkney | 0.2 | 184 | ||
| Will Knight | 0.2 | 182 | ||
| Tariq Shabazz | 0.2 | 134 | ||
| Martin Alexander | 0.1 | 105 | ||
James Jerome Bell ![]() | 0.1 | 101 | ||
| Lateek Shabazz | 0.1 | 61 | ||
| Isaac Powell | 0.1 | 52 | ||
| Total votes: 76,844 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Bryan Flannery (D)
- Daniel Corrigan (D)
Republican primary election
Special Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Laverne Gore defeated Felicia Ross in the special Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on August 3, 2021.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Laverne Gore | 74.0 | 4,009 | |
| Felicia Ross | 26.0 | 1,405 | ||
| Total votes: 5,414 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Incumbent Marcia Fudge defeated Laverne Gore in the general election for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Marcia Fudge (D) | 80.1 | 242,098 | |
| Laverne Gore (R) | 19.9 | 60,323 | ||
| Total votes: 302,421 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Incumbent Marcia Fudge defeated Tariq Shabazz, Michael Hood, and James Jerome Bell in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on April 28, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Marcia Fudge | 90.5 | 70,379 | |
Tariq Shabazz ![]() | 3.6 | 2,813 | ||
Michael Hood ![]() | 3.4 | 2,641 | ||
James Jerome Bell ![]() | 2.5 | 1,963 | ||
| Total votes: 77,796 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Laverne Gore defeated Jonah Schulz and Shalira Taylor in the Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on April 28, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Laverne Gore | 47.3 | 4,589 | |
Jonah Schulz ![]() | 41.5 | 4,027 | ||
| Shalira Taylor | 11.2 | 1,083 | ||
| Total votes: 9,699 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Incumbent Marcia Fudge defeated Beverly Goldstein in the general election for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Marcia Fudge (D) | 82.2 | 206,138 | |
Beverly Goldstein (R) ![]() | 17.7 | 44,486 | ||
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.0 | 36 | ||
| Total votes: 250,660 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Incumbent Marcia Fudge advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on May 8, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Marcia Fudge | 100.0 | 65,905 | |
| Total votes: 65,905 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11
Beverly Goldstein defeated Gregory Dunham in the Republican primary for U.S. House Ohio District 11 on May 8, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | Beverly Goldstein ![]() | 52.5 | 7,017 | |
| Gregory Dunham | 47.5 | 6,336 | ||
| Total votes: 13,353 | ||||
= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. Incumbent Marcia Fudge (D) defeated Beverly Goldstein (R) in the general election. Both ran unopposed in their respective primaries.[23]
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 80.3% | 242,917 | ||
| Republican | Beverly Goldstein | 19.7% | 59,769 | |
| Total Votes | 302,686 | |||
| Source: Ohio Secretary of State | ||||
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See also
- Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022 (May 3 Republican primary)
- Ohio's 11th Congressional District election, 2022
- United States House elections in Ohio, 2022 (May 3 Democratic primaries)
- United States House elections in Ohio, 2022 (May 3 Republican primaries)
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2022
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2022
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2022
- U.S. House battlegrounds, 2022
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shontel Brown's 2022 campaign website, "Accomplishments," accessed April 22, 2022
- ↑ Facebook, "Shontel Brown on April 11, 2022," accessed April 22, 2022
- ↑ WKYC, "Nina Turner announces bid for Congress; previews primary rematch versus Rep. Shontel Brown in interview with 3News’ Russ Mitchell," January 26, 2022
- ↑ Spectrum News 1, "Nina Turner launches rematch bid in OH-11," January 26, 2022
- ↑ YouTube, "Why I'm Running," January 26, 2022
- ↑ Nina Turner's 2022 campaign website, "Meet Nina Turner," accessed April 22, 2022
- ↑ Shontel Brown's 2022 campaign website, "Congressional Progressive Caucus PAC Endorses Rep. Shontel Brown For Congress," accessed April 22, 2022
- ↑ WKYC, "U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi backs Congresswoman Shontel Brown in 11th Congressional District primary," April 19, 2022
- ↑ Cleveland Jewish News, "Pro-Israel Democrat PAC endorses Rep. Shontel Brown," January 31 2022
- ↑ cleveland.com, "Justin Bibb endorses Shontel Brown in congressional re-election bid," February 22, 2022
- ↑ Common Dreams, "'Nina Is a Real Leader Who Fights': Sanders Endorses Turner for Congress," April 13, 2022
- ↑ Twitter, "Nina Turner on April 15, 2022," accessed April 22, 2022
- ↑ cleveland.com, "Nina Turner in the Democratic primary for the 11th Congressional District," April 17, 2022
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Ohio Secretary of State, "Ohio 2016 March Primary Candidate List," accessed March 11, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "2012 Election Map, Ohio," accessed November 11, 2012
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013
= candidate completed the