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Noteworthy state legislative walkouts

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State legislatures require a specific number of members to be present in order to conduct official business, such as debating or voting on legislation. The minimum number of members required to conduct official business is known as quorum.[1] When a coordinated group of legislators — typically consisting primarily of those in the minority party — leaves the state capitol to prevent a quorum, this is called a state legislative walkout.

  • Forty-six states define a quorum as a majority of members, meaning the majority party can typically maintain a quorum without any minority party assistance.
  • Four states — Indiana, Oregon, Tennessee, and Texas — define a quorum as two-thirds of members, which means the presence of majority and minority party members is typically required to conduct legislative activity unless members from one party hold a two-thirds majority on their own.

Additionally, some states might require a majority quorum for most activities but have a different quorum requirement for other types of bills. For example, Wisconsin has a two-thirds quorum requirement when dealing with budget bills.

Ballotpedia has identified 15 noteworthy state legislative walkouts since 1924. Noteworthy walkouts are those where extended absences denied quorum and disrupted chamber business. These walkouts happened in seven states. Democrats initiated nine walkouts, while Republicans initiated six. Eleven of these were in one of the four states with a two-thirds quorum requirement. Oregon has had the most noteworthy state legislative walkouts with six, followed by Texas with four, and one each in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin.

On this page you will find:

Noteworthy walkouts by state

Noteworthy state legislative walkouts
Year State Party in control of chamber Legislators needed for quorum Partisan balance at time of walkout Party of governor Length of walkout
1924 Rhode Island Ends.png Republican 20 18 Democratic Party - 22 Republican Party Democratic PartyDemocratic Six months
2001 Oregon Ends.png Republican 40 27 Democratic Party - 32 Republican Party - 1 Independent Democratic PartyDemocratic Five days
2003 Texas Ends.png Republican 21 (Senate), 100 (House) 11 Democratic Party - 20 Republican Party (Senate), 52 Democratic Party - 98 Republican Party (House) Republican PartyRepublican 36 days
February 2011 Wisconsin Ends.png Republican 22 14 Democratic Party - 19 Republican Party Republican PartyRepublican 32 days
March 2011 Indiana Ends.png Republican 67 40 Democratic Party - 60 Republican Party Republican PartyRepublican 29 days
2019 Oregon Electiondot.png Democratic 20 18 Democratic Party - 11 Republican Party Democratic Party Democratic Nine days
2020 Oregon Electiondot.png Democratic 20 18 Democratic Party - 12 Republican Party Democratic Party Democratic 13 days
February 2021 Oregon Electiondot.png Democratic 20 18 Democratic Party - 11 Republican Party - 1 Independent Democratic Party Democratic Six days
May 2021 Texas Ends.png Republican 100 67 Democratic Party - 83 Republican Party Republican Party Republican One day
July 2021 Texas Ends.png Republican 100 67 Democratic Party - 83 Republican Party Republican Party Republican 38 days
September 2021 Oregon Electiondot.png Democratic 40 37 Democratic Party - 23 Republican Party Democratic Party Democratic Two days
2023 Oregon Electiondot.png Democratic 20 17 Democratic Party - 12 Republican Party - 1 Independent Democratic Party Democratic 43 days
2024 Michigan Electiondot.png Democratic 56 56 Democratic Party - 54Republican Party Democratic Party Democratic Six days
January 2025 Minnesota Purple.png Divided 68 66 Democratic Party - 67 Republican Party Democratic Party Democratic 22 days
August 2025 Texas Ends.png Republican 100 62 Democratic Party - 88 Republican Party Republican Party Republican 15 days  

Noteworthy walkouts by year

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2025

Minnesota

See also: 2025 Minnesota legislative session
Party in control of chamber: Divided
Legislators needed for quorum: 68
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 66 Democratic Party - 67 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Majority control
Length of walkout: 22 days
Resolution: Both parties came to a power-sharing agreement
See also: Minnesota House of Representatives elections, 2024

On November 5, 2024, Democrats and Republicans each won 67 seats in the Minnesota House of Representatives, evenly splitting the chamber. The last time the chamber was evenly split was in 1978. [2] However, legal challenges against the general election results in two districts led to a disagreement between House Democrats and Republicans regarding how to conduct chamber business. Click here for more information about the legal challenges to the election results in the districts at the center of this conflict.

Before the representatives were sworn in, a judge ruled that the general election result in House District 40B was invalid.[3] This ruling shifted the partisan balance to a 67-66 Republican majority with one vacancy, and a special election was scheduled on January 28, 2025. Republicans said their 67-66 majority authorized them to elect a speaker and control committee assignments.[4] However, Democrats said the majority was temporary, and lawmakers can take no action without 68 votes.[4]

On January 12, 2025, House Democrats held a swearing-in ceremony at the Minnesota History Center for Democratic representatives.[5][6] Democratic leader Rep. Melissa Hortman (D) said the ceremony was to ensure that Democratic representatives were legally sworn into office if Democratic representatives decided to deny a quorum.[7] Republican leader Rep. Lisa Demuth (R) said the ceremony was not legitimate.[8]

Democrats boycotted the first day of the session on January 14, 2025, after Demuth indicated that Republicans would use their majority vote to refuse to seat the general election winner for House District 54A.[9] Secretary of State Steve Simon (D) — acting as presiding officer — adjourned the meeting after a roll call determined that 67 members present were not enough to start the session.[10] Republicans appealed the order, moving to replace Simon as presiding officer with Rep. Paul Anderson (R).[10] Republicans then overturned Simon’s order, declared a quorum, and elected Demuth as speaker.[10]

In response, House Democrats petitioned the Minnesota Supreme Court, arguing that House Republicans’ actions after Simon gaveled the meeting closed were unlawful.[11] Simon filed a separate petition asking the court to weigh in on how many members need to be present to conduct business.[11] He also argued that Demuth illegally usurped his role as the presiding officer.[11]

The court heard oral arguments regarding the case on January 23, 2025.[12] On January 24, the court ruled that 68 members must be present to declare a quorum in the chamber.[13]

On February 4, the Minnesota Republican Party announced they would start circulating recall petitions for all House Democrats.[14] For more information on the recall laws in Minnesota, click here.

The walkout ended on February 5, 2025, with an agreement that Lisa Demuth (R) would be named speaker of the House and that Democrats and Republicans would co-chair committees if Democrats won a special election for District 40B, which would make the House a tie.[15] On March 10, David Gottfried (D) won the special election, creating a 67-67 tie, triggering the power-sharing agreement.[16]

Texas

See also: 2025 Texas legislative session and Redistricting ahead of the 2026 elections
Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 100
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 62 Democratic Party - 88 Republican Party
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Congressional redistricting plan
Length of walkout: 15 days
Resolution: New maps passed

On June 9, 2025, The New York Times' J. David Goodman and Shane Goldmacher reported that President Donald Trump (R)'s team had reached out to Texas Republicans to add redistricting to the state's special session.[17] On July 9, 2025, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott (R) announced that the legislature would take up redistricting as part of a special legislative session. In the proclamation for the session, Abbott wrote he would bring up redistricting "in light of constitutional concerns raised by the U.S. Department of Justice."[18]

According to The Texas Tribune's Eleanor Klibanoff, the Department of Justice wrote the state concerning four districts. Klibanoff wrote that the DOJ said "the 9th, 18th and 33rd, were unconstitutional 'coalition districts,' where Black and Hispanic voters combine to form a majority. The 29th, while majority Hispanic, was also unconstitutional, the letter said, because it was created by its two neighbors being coalition districts."[19]

In response, Democrats considered a walkout to deny the House a quorum.[20] House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D) said, "We will make clear that we're going to do everything possible to support the Texas legislators as they consider the best ways to push back. It's an all-hands-on-deck moment, and all options should be on the table to protect the people of Texas."[21] In an X statement, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton (R) wrote, "If Democrats ignore their duty to their constituents by breaking quorum, they should be found and arrested no matter where they go. The people of Texas elected them to do a job, not run away and hide like cowards."[22]

On August 3, Democratic members of the Texas House of Representatives left the state to prevent changes to the state's congressional maps.[23] In a statement on X, Rep. James Talarico (D) wrote, "My Democratic colleagues and I just left the state of Texas to break quorum and stop Trump’s redistricting power grab... It’s time to fight back."[24] In a statement, House Speaker Dustin Burrows (R) wrote, "If a quorum is not present then, to borrow the recent talking points from some of my Democrat colleagues, all options will be on the table."[25]

In response to the walkout, Gov. Abbott and Attorney General Paxton called for the arrest of the House Democrats.[26] On August 4, the House issued civil arrest warrants.[27] On August 5, Abbott filed a lawsuit to the state supreme court to remove House Minority Leader Gene Wu (D) from office.[28] On August 7, Sen. John Cornyn (R) said that the Federal Bureau of Investigation agreed to assist in retreiving the members.[29] On August 8, Paxton asked the state supreme court to remove 13 representatives, saying they had vacated their seats.[30]

On August 14, the Texas Democrats said they would only return once the special session adjourned, and once California began their own redistricting process, which California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) did that day.[31] On August 15, the special session ended, and Gov. Abbott called for a second one.[32] Shortly after, some Democrats announced their plans to return the following Monday.[33] On August 18, the walkout ended with the return of the Texas Democrats.[34] On August 29, Gov. Abbott signed new congressional maps into law.[35]

2024

Michigan

See also: 2024 Michigan legislative session
Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 55
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 56 Democratic Party - 54 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Minimum wage and paid sick leave
Length of walkout: Six days
Resolution: Legislation session ended

On December 13, 2024, Michigan Republicans announced their intent to walk out over proposed Democratic changes to the state's minimum wage and sick leave laws. In a press conference, House Minority Leader Matt Hall (R) asked Democrats to modify legislation over earned sick time rules for employers and to preserve the state’s tipped credit for restaurant workers.[36] Hall said, "My message in this caucus is message to Speaker Tate is put up legislation right now to keep the earned sick leave policies alive and to protect our restaurant workers, and we aren't going to come back on the floor today until that happens."[37]

Additionally, Democratic representative Karen Whitsett (D) also did not show up to vote, criticizing the minimum wage laws and sick leave laws, and wanting to see additional funding for roads and water affordability. Whitsett said, "I’m staying home for my constituents. ... We’re not going to be voting on garbage bills that do nothing for our community and have a negative impact."[38]

The walkout ended on December 19, when Speaker Joseph Tate (D) called for the House to adjourn for the remainder of the session.[39]

2023

Oregon

See also: 2023 Oregon legislative session

May

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 20
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 17 Democratic Party - 12 Republican Party - 1 Independent
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Parental consent for abortion, firearms, and social, psychological, and medical treatments for transgender adults and minors
Length of walkout: 43 days
Resolution: Legislation amended, passed

On May 3, 2023, all but two members of the Republican Senate caucus were absent from the legislative session, preventing a quorum. The walkout ended 43 days later, on June 15, making it the longest in state history.[40] The next-longest walkout lasted nine days in 2019.[41]

At the outset of the walkout, Minority Leader Tim Knopp (R) said Democrats broke chamber rules on the plain wording of bills. "When the majority of bill summaries written demand a post-graduate degree to understand what the bills do, we disenfranchise Oregonians across the state and violate the law in the process," he said. Majority Leader Kate Lieber (D) said Republicans walked out because of the content of the bills. "It is no coincidence that Republicans are employing these embarrassing antics as the Senate is about to vote on bills that protect reproductive health freedom and establish common sense gun safety laws," she said.[42]

The walkout ended after Democrats and Republicans reached a series of compromises on bills and chamber rules:

  • House Bill 2002 dealt with abortion access and medical treatments for transgender adults and minors. Initially, the bill allowed minors under the age of 14 to receive an abortion without parental consent. In the compromise, those minors still retained that ability, but only after an assessment from a healthcare provider. The compromise bill also removed provisions funding reproductive healthcare and abortion access centers in rural communities and on public university campuses. The provisions regarding medical treatments for transgender adults and minors were not substantively changed.[40]
  • House Bill 2005 dealt with firearm laws. Initially, it prohibited the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms, raised the purchase age for firearms in most cases from 18 to 21, and allowed local governments to prohibit firearms in public spaces. The compromise bill retained the prohibition on the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms.[40]
  • Readability laws were mentioned throughout the walkout, with Republican senators saying bills before that chamber did not comply with a 1979 law, which KGW8's Jamie Parfitt described as "a long-forgotten law requiring that bill summaries be readable at an 8th-grade level as established by the Flesch readability test." In a statement released following the walkout, Republicans wrote they had secured guarantees that "bill summaries will be redrafted to comply with House Rules, Senate Rules, Oregon statute, and the state Oregon Constitution."[40]

For more information about the multiple compromises reached at the end of the walkout, use the links below:

On June 1, during the walkout, Senate Democrats voted to fine members $325 every day their absence prevented a quorum, the same amount as each senator's per diem allowance.[43] Following the walkout, Senate President Rob Wagner (D) indicated the rule would remain in place.[40]

In 2022, voters approved Measure 113, a ballot measure that makes legislators ineligible to be re-elected to a subsequent term if they accrue 10 or more unexcused absences. By the end of the walkout, 10 lawmakers involved met that threshold:

On August 8, Secretary of State LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D) announced an administrative rule clarifying that any lawmaker with 10 or more unexcused absences during the 2023 session would be unable to run for re-election in 2024.[47] On August 25, Sens. Bonham, Weber, Findley, Knopp, and Linthicum filed a lawsuit challenging that rule.[48] In a February 1, 2024, ruling, the Oregon Supreme Court said that the 10 senators could not run for re-election, upholding the secretary of state's August 8 administrative rule.[49]

In a separate lawsuit filed in federal court, Sens. Boquist and Linthicum argued that the walkout was constitutionally protected free speech. On December 13, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Ann Aiken rejected the argument, while a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed her decision on February 29, 2024.[50][51] The judges said, "Actions have consequences. When those actions might be described as expressive in nature, the First Amendment sometimes protects us from the repercussions that follow. This is not one of those instances."[52] As of March 4, 2024, Ballotpedia had not identified a response from Sens. Boquist and Linthicum.


2021

Oregon

See also: 2021 Oregon legislative session

February

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 20
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 Democratic Party - 11 Republican Party - 1 Independent
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: COVID-19 policies
Length of walkout: Six days
Resolution: Republicans returned to chamber

On Feb. 25, 2021, all 11 members of the Republican Senate caucus were absent from the legislative session and sent a letter to Gov. Kate Brown (D) saying the governor had ignored their proposals related to COVID-19. "Our previous efforts to bring these issues to your attention have gone unacknowledged. Thus, we are protesting today’s floor session. In this show of solidarity with Oregonians who are being failed by the current direction of your policies, we hope this action conveys the importance of these issues," the group wrote. The Oregonian reported that Republicans wanted Brown to reopen schools and increase vaccine availability to older residents in more rural areas.[53]

The walkout ended on March 2, 2021. Senate Minority Leader Fred Girod (R) said that the walkout accomplished his goals of highlighting the issues of school reopenings and vaccinations.[54]

September

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 40
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 37 Democratic Party - 23 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Redistricting
Length of walkout: Two days
Resolution: Republicans returned to chamber

On September 25, 2021, Republican members of the House did not join a session discussing the redistricting plan for the state's congressional districts. Thirty-four legislators were present, with 40 needed for a quorum. Of those absent, 18 had excused absences and eight did not.[55] The Republicans returned to the chamber on September 27, establishing a quorum. The House passed the redistricting plan the same day.[56]

Texas

See also: 2021 Texas legislative session

May

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 100
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 67 Democratic Party - 83 Republican Party
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Senate Bill 7
Length of walkout: One day
Resolution: Legislation not passed

On May 30, 2021, all 67 members of the Democratic caucus left the chamber during consideration of Senate Bill 7, a package of voting-related legislation. Legislators left the chamber around 10:30 p.m., leaving the chamber without a quorum ahead of a midnight deadline for passing legislation for the session. The walkout came following a meeting between the Democratic caucus and Speaker Dade Phelan (R). "We weren't getting satisfactory answers about why the bill had gotten so much worse. Most of us walked away from that meeting understanding that this was our only option," state Rep. Gina Hinojosa (D) said.[57]

Following the closure of the regular session, Gov. Greg Abbott (R) said he would call a special session to take up the legislation again and threatened to veto the part of the state budget that funds legislative salaries.[57] On June 21, Abbott issued his veto of the part of the state budget that funds legislative salaries.[58]

July-August

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 100
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 67 Democratic Party - 83 Republican Party
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: House Bill 3 and Senate Bill 1 voting related legislation
Length of walkout: 38 days
Resolution: Democrats returned to chamber

On July 12, 2021, enough members of the Democratic caucus left the state during consideration of House Bill 3 and Senate Bill 1 to break quorum.[59][60] The bills being considered were packages of voting-related legislation.

Texas House Democratic Caucus Chair Chris Turner, Mexican American Legislative Caucus Chair Rafael Anchía (D), Texas Legislative Black Caucus Chair Nicole Collier (D), Legislative Study Group Caucus Chair Garnet Coleman (D), and Dean Senfronia Thompson (D) released a joint statement on the decision to break quorum and go to Washington D.C. saying, "Today, Texas House Democrats stand united in our decision to break quorum and refuse to let the Republican-led legislature force through dangerous legislation that would trample on Texans’ freedom to vote. We are now taking the fight to our nation’s Capitol. We are living on borrowed time in Texas. We need Congress to act now to pass the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act to protect Texans — and all Americans — from the Trump Republicans’ nationwide war on democracy."[61]

Governor Greg Abbott (R) responded to the walkout saying, "Texas Democrats’ decision to break a quorum of the Texas Legislature and abandon the Texas State Capitol inflicts harm on the very Texans who elected them to serve," and that, "The Democrats must put aside partisan political games and get back to the job they were elected to do. Their constituents must not be denied these important resources simply because their elected representative refused to show up to work."[62]

On July 15, Speaker Dade Phelan (R) announced the removal of Joseph Moody (D) from his position as speaker pro tem of the chamber. Moody was one of the Democratic legislators to leave the state. Phelan issued no statement but said the removal was effective immediately. Moody issued the following statement: "The most important titles in my life will never change: Dad, Husband, El Pasoan. Nothing political has ever even cracked the top three, so nothing has changed about who I am or what my values are." The speaker pro tem performs the duties of the speaker in his or her absence, and Moody had served in the position for two sessions. The Texas Tribune said Moody was "one of Phelan's top allies in the Democratic Party," citing their work together on bills relating to the state's criminal justice system.[63]

On July 26, Phelan signed a civil warrant for the arrest of Philip Cortez (D). Cortez returned to Austin from Washington, D.C., a week earlier to rejoin the legislature. On July 25, he traveled back to Washington, D.C. The Texas Tribune noted that the warrant, the first issued as a result of the walkout, would likely not have any impact as Texas law enforcement does not have jurisdiction outside the state.[64]

The initial special session concluded on August 6. On August 5, Abbott announced an additional 30-day special session scheduled to convene on August 7.[65] At the start of the special session, the chamber did not have a quorum. According to CBS News, at least 26 Democrats of the initial 50 that left in June were expected to stay in Washington, D.C. State Rep. Eddie Lucio (D), who returned to Texas, said he expected enough of the caucus to return to Austin to have a quorum within a week.[66]

On August 10, Phelan signed civil arrest warrants for all 52 Democratic legislators not in attendance for the special session. The Texas Supreme Court initially stayed and then overturned a lower court ruling that blocked the arrest warrants.[67] The warrants called for the detention of the legislators and a return to the state capitol, and any legislators arrested would not face criminal charges or fines. Similar to the warrant issued by Phelan in July, this round was only enforceable in Texas because state law enforcement does not have jurisdiction outside the state.[68]

The walkout ended on August 19 when three Democratic representatives from the Houston area returned to the chamber, and there were enough members to establish a quorum. House Speaker Phelan gaveled the session to order, and the chamber referred the voting-related legislation to committee. State Reps. Garnet Coleman, Armando Walle, and Ana Hernandez released a statement upon their return, saying, in part, "We are proud of the heroic work and commitment we and our fellow Democratic caucus members have shown in breaking quorum in May and again over the summer. We took the fight for voting rights to Washington, D.C. and brought national attention to the partisan push in our state to weaken ballot access. ... COVID-19 is ravaging our state and overwhelming our health care system worse than at any other point during this pandemic. ... It is time to move past these partisan legislative calls, and to come together to help our state mitigate the effects of the current COVID-19 surge."[69]

2020

Oregon

See also: 2020 Oregon legislative session
Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 20
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 Democratic Party - 12 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: SB 1530 cap-and-trade legislation
Length of walkout: 13 days
Resolution: Legislation killed, executive order

On Feb. 24, 2020, 11 of the 12 Republican members of the Oregon State Senate did not attend the regularly scheduled morning Senate floor session amid disagreements on SB 1530, a bill to cap greenhouse gas emissions.[70] Democrats held 18 seats, two short of the 20 members needed for a quorum. In a statement, Senate Minority Leader Herman Baertschiger, Jr. said, "Instead of referring this legislation to let the people decide, the Democrats are willfully ignoring 26 counties and one district, representing nearly 2 million Oregonians that have signed proclamations against cap and trade, to push their agenda.”[71] Senate Majority Leader Ginny Burdick (D) wrote, "I am infuriated that Republicans are walking off the job while collecting a salary, receiving benefits, and even a daily per diem. ... We must acknowledge the walkout for what it is: subversion of democracy and a dereliction of duty. To call walking out on your oath of office 'leadership' is insulting."[72]

The final day of the legislative session was March 8. On March 5, Senate President Peter Courtney (D) and House Speaker Tina Kotek (D) adjourned their respective chambers early due to the lack of quorum. On March 8, Republicans returned to the Senate, ending the walkout without the passage of SB 1530.[73]

On March 10, Gov. Kate Brown (D) signed Executive Order No. 20-04 on greenhouse gas emissions, which, according to Jurist's M. Tyler Gillet, "largely imposes the same measures that the senate bill would have achieved."[74] Brown's office said the legislature was "incapable of acting ... and that the executive branch is the only branch capable of acting on climate."[74]

2019

Oregon

See also: 2019 Oregon legislative session
Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 20
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 Democratic Party - 11 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: HB 2020 cap-and-trade legislation
Length of walkout: Nine days
Resolution: Legislation killed

On June 20, 2019, the 11 Republican members of the Oregon State Senate did not come to a scheduled legislative session amid disagreements on a cap-and-trade climate bill. Democrats held 18 seats, two short of the 20 members needed for quorum. In a statement following the walkout, Republicans said they believed the bill should be referred to the ballot rather than decided by the legislature.[75]

Gov. Kate Brown (D) directed state police to find the Republican senators and bring them back to the capitol. In response, the Republican senators traveled to Idaho and Montana, out of the state police's jurisdiction. Brown said she would not negotiate with Republicans until they returned to the capitol to conduct legislative business.[76]

On June 25, 2019, Senate President Peter Courtney announced that Democrats did not have the votes in order to pass HB 2020. The Republican senators returned to the capitol on June 29, 2019, ending the state legislative walkout after nine days.[77]

2011

Indiana

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 67
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 40 Democratic Party - 60 Republican Party
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Right-to-work legislation
Length of walkout: 29 days
Resolution: Legislation killed

In February 2011, 37 Democratic members of the Indiana House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent the passage of right-to-work legislation. Leaders said they would not return unless the governor and speaker promised that the legislation would not be brought to the floor during the remainder of the legislative session.[78] Republicans held 60 seats, seven short of the 67 members needed for quorum.

Gov. Mitch Daniels (R) did not request that state police find and return the absent lawmakers, saying that acting on such contentious legislation could potentially impact the rest of his legislative agenda. The Democratic caucus remained in Urbana, Illinois, for the duration of the walkout.[78]

The walkout ended after six weeks, with House Speaker Brian Bosma (R) and House Minority Leader Patrick Bauer (D) agreeing to remove three of 12 disputed bills from the legislative calendar.[79]

Wisconsin

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 22
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 14 Democratic Party - 19 Republican Party
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Right-to-work legislation
Length of walkout: 32 days
Resolution: Legislation passed

In February 2011, 14 Democratic members of the Wisconsin State Senate did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent a vote on right-to-work legislation. The walkout came amid protests by 25,000 people at the state capitol over the legislation.[80] Republicans held 19 seats, three short of the 22 members needed for quorum on legislation with fiscal implications.

Wisconsin Senate Republicans ordered the arrest of the absent lawmakers, issuing warrants and giving state police the authority to detain and return the senators. The Democratic caucus remained in Illinois for the duration of the walkout, out of the state police's jurisdiction.[81]

The walkout ended after five weeks when Republicans removed fiscal provisions from the right-to-work legislation to lower the quorum needed for a vote and pass the legislation. The Democrats returned three days after the legislation passed.[82]

2003

Texas

See also: Redistricting in Texas
Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 21 (Senate), 100 (House)
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 11 Democratic Party - 20 Republican Party (Senate), 52 Democratic Party - 98 Republican Party (House)
Party of governor: Republican Party Republican
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Congressional redistricting plan
Length of walkout: 36 days
Resolution: Redistricting plan passed

In May 2003, 11 Democratic members of the Texas State Senate and 51 Democratic members of the Texas House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent the passage of a redistricting plan they said would have benefited Republicans. In the Senate, Republicans held 20 seats, one short of the 21 members needed for quorum. Republicans held 98 seats in the House, two short of the 100 needed for quorum.[83][84]

Gov. Rick Perry (R) directed the Texas Rangers to find the missing lawmakers and return them to the capitol. The Democratic state senators went to Albuquerque, New Mexico, out of the Rangers' jurisdiction. They remained in Albuquerque for 46 days.[83] The Democratic representatives went to Ardmore, Oklahoma, where they remained for a week.[84]

The Democratic senators spent the entirety of the 30-day session related to redistricting out of state. Thirty-six days after the walkout began, state Sen. John Whitmire returned to the chamber, and quorum was reached.[85] The state Senate approved the Congressional redistricting plan.[83] The state House approved the redistricting plan following the return of the chamber's Democrats.[84]

2001

Oregon

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 40
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 27 Democratic Party - 32 Republican Party - 1 Grey.png
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Congressional redistricting plan
Length of walkout: Five days
Resolution: Redistricting plan killed

In June 2001, 25 Democratic members of the Oregon House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session in order to prevent Republicans from passing their redistricting plan as a resolution, rather than a bill. A resolution, unlike a bill, would not have been subject to a veto by Democratic Gov. John Kitzhaber. Republicans held 32 seats, eight short of the 40 members needed for quorum.[86]

Democrats ignored summons to return to the capitol, staying away for five days. By the time they returned, it was too late for Republicans to pass the resolution due to the redistricting deadline on June 30. Because the deadline was not met, the task fell to Democratic Secretary of State Bill Bradbury.[87]

1924

Rhode Island

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party
Legislators needed for quorum: 20
Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 Democratic Party - 22 Republican Party
Party of governor: Democratic Party Democratic
Topic being considered at time of walkout: Constitutional convention proposal
Length of walkout: Six months
Resolution: Constitutional convention proposal killed

In June 1924, the Democratic minority in the Rhode Island State Senate refused to vote on an annual appropriations bill unless Republicans agreed to pass a referendum allowing for a constitutional convention. Lt. Gov. Felix Toupin, also serving as Senate president, refused to recognize any Republicans attempting to make motions on the floor unless it was a motion to call for a constitutional convention. In response, the chamber's 22 Republicans left the state and went to Rutland, Massachusetts, where they stayed for six months. Republican victories in the 1924 elections ended the dispute.[88]

Quorum requirements by state

The table below shows quorum requirements for official business to be conducted in state legislatures as laid out in state constitutions. In many states, there are statutory requirements for quorum if a bill involves taxes or state finances. Those requirements are not reflected in this table.

Of the 50 states, 46 states require a majority of legislators present for quorum. Four states require two-thirds of legislators be present for quorum.

Quorum requirements by state
State Legislators required State Legislators required
Alabama 1/2 Montana 1/2
Alaska 1/2 Nebraska 1/2
Arizona 1/2 Nevada 1/2
Arkansas 1/2 New Hampshire 1/2
California 1/2 New Jersey 1/2
Colorado 1/2 New Mexico 1/2
Connecticut 1/2 New York 1/2
Delaware 1/2 North Carolina 1/2
Florida 1/2 North Dakota 1/2
Georgia 1/2 Ohio 1/2
Hawaii 1/2 Oklahoma 1/2
Idaho 1/2 Oregon 2/3
Illinois 1/2 Pennsylvania 1/2
Indiana 2/3 Rhode Island 1/2
Iowa 1/2 South Carolina 1/2
Kansas 1/2 South Dakota 1/2
Kentucky 1/2 Tennessee 2/3
Louisiana 1/2 Texas 2/3
Maine 1/2 Utah 1/2
Maryland 1/2 Vermont 1/2
Massachusetts 1/2 Virginia 1/2
Michigan 1/2 Washington 1/2
Minnesota 1/2 West Virginia 1/2
Mississippi 1/2 Wisconsin 1/2
Missouri 1/2 Wyoming 1/2


Noteworthy events

Oregon approves ballot measure seeking to limit legislative walkouts (November 2022)

See also: Oregon Measure 113, Exclusion from Re-election for Legislative Absenteeism Initiative (2022)

On November 8, 2022, Oregon voters approved Measure 113, which disqualifies legislators from re-election following the end of their term if they are absent from 10 legislative floor sessions without permission or excuse. Oregon Public Broadcasting's Dirk VanderHart wrote that Measure 113 "was conceived as a way to get around Oregon’s constitutional quorum requirement, which requires two-thirds of lawmakers in a chamber to be present in order to conduct business. ... The two-thirds quorum rule has allowed a 'nuclear' option that both parties have used in the past to buck legislation they found particularly toxic. By refusing to attend floor sessions — and often leaving the state to avoid being corralled by Oregon State Police — lawmakers in the minority have successfully stymied bills."[89]

On May 3, 2023, all but two members of the Republican Senate caucus were absent from the legislative session, preventing a quorum. The walkout ended 43 days later, on June 15, making it the longest in state history.[40] The next-longest walkout lasted nine days in 2019.[90]

At the outset of the walkout, Minority Leader Tim Knopp (R) said Democrats broke chamber rules on the plain wording of bills. "When the majority of bill summaries written demand a post-graduate degree to understand what the bills do, we disenfranchise Oregonians across the state and violate the law in the process," he said. Majority Leader Kate Lieber (D) said Republicans walked out because of the content of the bills. "It is no coincidence that Republicans are employing these embarrassing antics as the Senate is about to vote on bills that protect reproductive health freedom and establish common sense gun safety laws," she said.[91]

The walkout ended after Democrats and Republicans reached a series of compromises on bills and chamber rules:

  • House Bill 2002 dealt with abortion access and medical treatments for transgender adults and minors. Initially, the bill allowed minors under the age of 14 to receive an abortion without parental consent. In the compromise, those minors still retained that ability, but only after an assessment from a healthcare provider. The compromise bill also removed provisions funding reproductive healthcare and abortion access centers in rural communities and on public university campuses. The provisions regarding medical treatments for transgender adults and minors were not substantively changed.[40]
  • House Bill 2005 dealt with firearm laws. Initially, it prohibited the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms, raised the purchase age for firearms in most cases from 18 to 21, and allowed local governments to prohibit firearms in public spaces. The compromise bill retained the prohibition on the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms.[40]
  • Readability laws were mentioned throughout the walkout, with Republican senators saying bills before that chamber did not comply with a 1979 law, which KGW8's Jamie Parfitt described as "a long-forgotten law requiring that bill summaries be readable at an 8th-grade level as established by the Flesch readability test." In a statement released following the walkout, Republicans wrote they had secured guarantees that "bill summaries will be redrafted to comply with House Rules, Senate Rules, Oregon statute, and the state Oregon Constitution."[40]

For more information about the multiple compromises reached at the end of the walkout, use the links below:

On June 1, during the walkout, Senate Democrats voted to fine members $325 every day their absence prevented a quorum, the same amount as each senator's per diem allowance.[92] Following the walkout, Senate President Rob Wagner (D) indicated the rule would remain in place.[40]

In 2022, voters approved Measure 113, a ballot measure that makes legislators ineligible to be re-elected to a subsequent term if they accrue 10 or more unexcused absences. By the end of the walkout, 10 lawmakers involved met that threshold:

On August 8, Secretary of State LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D) announced an administrative rule clarifying that any lawmaker with 10 or more unexcused absences during the 2023 session would be unable to run for re-election in 2024.[94] On August 25, Sens. Bonham, Weber, Findley, Knopp, and Linthicum filed a lawsuit challenging that rule.[95] In a February 1, 2024, ruling, the Oregon Supreme Court said that the 10 senators could not run for re-election, upholding the secretary of state's August 8 administrative rule.[96]

In a separate lawsuit filed in federal court, Sens. Boquist and Linthicum argued that the walkout was constitutionally protected free speech. On December 13, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Ann Aiken rejected the argument, while a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed her decision on February 29, 2024.[97][98] The judges said, "Actions have consequences. When those actions might be described as expressive in nature, the First Amendment sometimes protects us from the repercussions that follow. This is not one of those instances."[99] As of March 4, 2024, Ballotpedia had not identified a response from Sens. Boquist and Linthicum.

State constitutional articles governing state legislatures

State constitutions are responsible for laying out the quorum requirements for that state legislature. You can view those provisions by state by clicking the links below.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ NCSL, "Glossary of legislative terms," accessed June 27, 2019
  2. ↑ CBS News, "Here's what it looked like the last time Minnesota House was divided in 1979," November 8, 2025
  3. ↑ The Minnesota Star Tribune, "Judge rules DFL House candidate ineligible, throwing majority to GOP for now," December 20, 2024
  4. ↑ All Democratic members of the Minnesota House of Representatives were involved in the January 12, 2025 swearing-in ceremony except one who was sworn in on January 10, 2025.
  5. ↑ Minnesota House of Representatives, "DFL state representatives sworn into office early," January 13, 2025
  6. ↑ Minnesota House of Representatives, "DFL state representatives sworn into office early," January 13, 2025
  7. ↑ CBS News, "House Democrats take oath of office in secret 2 days before legislative session starts, sparking outrage," January 13, 2025
  8. ↑ Threads, "Melissa Hortman on Janauary 14, 2025," accessed on January 14, 2025
  9. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 MPR News, "Minnesota House DFLers boycott opening session; Republicans elect their own speaker," January 14 2025
  10. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Minnesota Reformer, "House Democrats, secretary of state ask Supreme Court to weigh in on quorum question," January 15, 2025
  11. ↑ MPR News, "State Supreme Court weighs what to do about ‘dysfunctional’ Minnesota House," January 23, 2025
  12. ↑ Fox 9, "MN Supreme Court quorum ruling sides with DFL, says 68 members needed," January 24, 2025
  13. ↑ CBS News, "Minnesota Republican Party launches recall election effort targeting all House Democrats boycotting the legislative session," February 4, 2025
  14. ↑ Minnesota Star Tribune, "Democrats and Republicans reach deal to end Minnesota House stalemate," February 5, 2025
  15. ↑ Fox 9, "40B special election won by DFL, power balance shifts in MN House," March 11, 2025
  16. ↑ The New York Times, "White House Pushes Texas to Redistrict, Hoping to Blunt Democratic Gains," June 9, 2025
  17. ↑ Texas State Government, "PROCLAMATION," accessed July 9, 2025
  18. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas’ proposed congressional map dismantles districts flagged by DOJ," August 1, 2025
  19. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrats Broach Potential Walkout to Block Texas Redistricting," July 15, 2025
  20. ↑ FOX 7, "Hakeem Jefferies joins Texas democrats to help fight redistricting effort," July 31, 2025
  21. ↑ X, "Ken Paxton on X, July 15, 2025
  22. ↑ {https://apnews.com/article/texas-democrats-walkout-quorum-legislators-maps-8bb099ee19c0638c86b27143ef70d268 Associated Press, "Texas Democrats fleeing state to block redistricting vote follows strategy that’s had mixed results," August 3, 2025]
  23. ↑ The Hill, "Texas legislator James Talarico on Democratic walkout: ‘It’s time to fight back’," August 3, 2025
  24. ↑ Daily Herald, "Texas Democrats flee to the suburbs to block GOP-backed redistricting," August 3, 2025
  25. ↑ Fox 4, "Gov. Abbott orders arrest of Texas Democrats in legislative standoff," August 4, 2025
  26. ↑ KUT, "Arrest warrants issued for Texas Democrats who fled the state to break quorum." August 4, 2025
  27. ↑ FOX 7, "Gov. Abbott files suit to remove Rep. Wu from office over quorum break," August 5, 2025
  28. ↑ The New York Times, "Cornyn Says F.B.I. Will Help Find Texas Lawmakers Who Left State," August 7, 2025
  29. ↑ The New York Times, "Texas Attorney General Moves to Oust Democrats From Office Over Walkout," August 8, 2025
  30. ↑ KUT, "Texas House Democrats say they'll end quorum break once California begins redistricting," August 14, 2025
  31. ↑ Governor of Texas, "Governor Abbott Announces Special Session #2," August 15, 2025
  32. ↑ KUT, "Texas Legislature's second special session begins as quorum-breaking Democrats plan return," August 5, 2025
  33. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Texas House Democrats return to Capitol, ending walkout over redistricting plan," August 18, 2025
  34. ↑ Fox News, "Abbott signs Texas redistricting map into law, securing major GOP victory ahead of 2026 midterms," August 29, 2025
  35. ↑ Bridge Michigan, "Republicans walk out of Michigan House, demand action on tipped wage and sick leave laws," December 13, 2024
  36. ↑ FOX 17, "Republicans walk out of Michigan House over tipped wage scale, paid sick leave," December 13, 2024
  37. ↑ Detroit News, "Michigan House sends members home after boycotts, policy demands scuttle session," December 17, 2024
  38. ↑ Bridge Michigan, "Michigan lame-duck Legislature: House ends year with tears, fingerpointing," December 19, 2024
  39. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 KGW8, "In ending the walkout, what did Oregon Senate Republicans and Democrats agree to?" June 15, 2023
  40. ↑ KGW8, "Yes, this is the longest legislative walkout in Oregon's history," June 7, 2023
  41. ↑ KGW, "Oregon Senate Republicans stage walkout," May 3, 2023
  42. ↑ Associated Press, "Oregon Democrats vote to fine absent senators amid GOP walkout," June 2, 2023
  43. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon’s Republican-led Senate walkout enters crucial 10th day, meaning penalties for 3 lawmakers," May 15, 2023
  44. ↑ 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 45.11 KGW8, "10 Oregon senators now ineligible for re-election as GOP-led walkouts continue," May 18, 2023
  45. ↑ The Oregonian, "Republican walkout of state Senate continues as 4th senator gets 10 unexcused absences," May 16, 2023
  46. ↑ Oregon.gov, "Legislators Disqualified Under Measure 113 Will Not Be Allowed to File to Run in 2024," Aug. 8, 2023
  47. ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Republican senators sue Oregon secretary of state, saying walkout doesn’t block them from seeking reelection," Aug. 25, 2023
  48. ↑ Politico, "Oregon high court says 10 GOP state senators who staged long walkout can’t run for reelection," February 1, 2024
  49. ↑ OPB, "Ninth Circuit: First Amendment doesn’t protect Oregon state senators who walked out from consequences," March 1, 2024
  50. ↑ Oregon Capital Chronicle, "Federal judge denies Republican senators’ request to run after walkout," December 14, 2023
  51. ↑ KOIN 6, "'Actions have consequences': Oregon Republicans lose appeal over reelection eligibility after walkout," March 1, 2024
  52. ↑ The Oregonian, "Oregon Senate Republicans walk out for 3rd straight year, citing governor’s COVID-19 restrictions," February 25, 2021
  53. ↑ The Center Square, "Oregon Senate Republicans to resume floor work after walkout protest," March 2, 2021
  54. ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon House Republicans boycott redistricting session, claim maps are unfair," September 25, 2021
  55. ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregon lawmakers pass plans for new political maps, after Republicans end boycott," September 27, 2021
  56. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Chron, "'Leave the building': Texas walkout escalates voting battles," May 31, 2021
  57. ↑ Latin Post, "Gov. Greg Abbott Defunds Texas Legislature After Democrats Walkout to Block Election Reform Bill," June 21, 2021
  58. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas House Democrats flee the state in move that could block voting restrictions bill, bring Legislature to a halt," accessed July 12, 2021
  59. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Texas Democrats to Stage Walkout to Kill Voting Bill," accessed July 12, 2021
  60. ↑ Texas House Democratic Caucus, "STATEMENT: Texas House Democrats Break Quorum," accessed July 12, 2021
  61. ↑ Office of the Texas Governor | Greg Abbott, "Governor Abbott Statement On Texas House Democrats Decision To Break Quorum," accessed July 12, 2021
  62. ↑ Texas Tribune, "El Paso Democrat Joe Moody stripped of leadership position in Texas House after leaving state with Democrats," July 15, 2021
  63. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Speaker Dade Phelan signs civil arrest warrant for Texas House Democrat who returned to Washington," July 26, 2021
  64. ↑ Twitter, "Patrick Svitek on August 5, 2021," accessed August 6, 2021
  65. ↑ CBS News, "Texas House Democrats still absent as new special session begins," August 7, 2021
  66. ↑ Texas Courts, "No. 21-0667: On Petition For Write of Mandamus," August 17, 2021
  67. ↑ Texas Tribune, "Texas House Speaker Dade Phelan signs 52 arrest warrants for absent Democrats in bid to end chamber’s weekslong stalemate," August 10, 2021
  68. ↑ The Washington Post, "Texas House reaches quorum after Democrats had blocked voting bill for weeks by leaving state," August 19, 2021
  69. ↑ Sen. Tim Knopp (R) did not participate in the 2020 walkout
  70. ↑ KATU, "Republican senators walk out over Oregon's cap-and-trade bill," Feb. 24, 2020
  71. ↑ The Oregonian, "Opinion: Republicans’ walkout is a dereliction of duty," March 1, 2020
  72. ↑ The Register-Guard, "Oregon Republicans return to Senate floor after walkout, but it’s too late," March 8, 2020
  73. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Jurist, "Oregon governor signs executive order fighting climate change," March 11, 2020
  74. ↑ CNN, "Oregon GOP state senators again fail to show up for legislative session amid climate bill protest," June 23, 2019
  75. ↑ The Washington Times, "Oregon governor refuses to negotiate with Republicans in walkout," June 24, 2019
  76. ↑ KTVZ, "Oregon GOP senators return after 9-day walkout," June 29, 2019
  77. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Indianapolis Business Journal, "Democratic lawmakers leave Indiana, block labor bill," February 22, 2011
  78. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Indiana Democrats Come Home," March 29, 2011
  79. ↑ NPR, "Wis. Democrats Flee To Prevent Vote On Union Bill," February 17, 2011
  80. ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Senate orders arrest of missing Democrats," March 4, 2011
  81. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Democratic senators return to Madison to tell crowd fight isn't over," March 12, 2011
  82. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Albuquerque Journal, "Remember the Texas Eleven?" February 23, 2011
  83. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 The Washington Times, "Texas' 11 runaway senators hold out," August 4, 2013
  84. ↑ The New York Times, "In Texas Fight, One Democrat Finally Blinks," September 4, 2003
  85. ↑ Fairvote.org, "Oregon's Redistriting News (June 13, 2001-July 22, 2001)," accessed June 27, 2019
  86. ↑ Fairvote.org, "Oregon's Redistricting News (June 13, 2001-July 22, 2001)," accessed June 27, 2019
  87. ↑ The Thicket at State Legislatures, "An Expert's "Favorite" Filibuster: The Rhode Island Senate in 1923-24," March 17, 2011
  88. ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Oregonians limit legislative walkouts as Measure 113 passes easily in unofficial returns," November 9, 2022
  89. ↑ KGW8, "Yes, this is the longest legislative walkout in Oregon's history," June 7, 2023
  90. ↑ KGW, "Oregon Senate Republicans stage walkout," May 3, 2023
  91. ↑ Associated Press, "Oregon Democrats vote to fine absent senators amid GOP walkout," June 2, 2023
  92. ↑ The Oregonian, "Republican walkout of state Senate continues as 4th senator gets 10 unexcused absences," May 16, 2023
  93. ↑ Oregon.gov, "Legislators Disqualified Under Measure 113 Will Not Be Allowed to File to Run in 2024," Aug. 8, 2023
  94. ↑ Oregon Public Broadcasting, "Republican senators sue Oregon secretary of state, saying walkout doesn’t block them from seeking reelection," Aug. 25, 2023
  95. ↑ Politico, "Oregon high court says 10 GOP state senators who staged long walkout can’t run for reelection," February 1, 2024
  96. ↑ OPB, "Ninth Circuit: First Amendment doesn’t protect Oregon state senators who walked out from consequences," March 1, 2024
  97. ↑ Oregon Capital Chronicle, "Federal judge denies Republican senators’ request to run after walkout," December 14, 2023
  98. ↑ KOIN 6, "'Actions have consequences': Oregon Republicans lose appeal over reelection eligibility after walkout," March 1, 2024
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