Texas House of Representatives District 28 special election, 2019 (January 28, 2020 runoff)
- Special election: November 5, 2019
- Runoff election: January 28, 2020
- Early voting: January 21, 2020 - January 24, 2020
- Online registration: No
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Photo ID required
- Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
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Gary Gates (R) defeated Elizabeth Markowitz (D) 58-42 in a special runoff election on January 28, 2020, for the District 28 seat in the Texas House of Representatives. The seat became vacant after Rep. John Zerwas (R) resigned on September 30, 2019, to take an executive position with the University of Texas System.[1]
The two candidates advanced from a field of seven in a November 5, 2019, general election. Markowitz, the lone Democrat in the race, received 39.1 percent of the vote. Gates received 28.4 percent of the vote, while three other Republican candidates split another 30 percent of the vote. The Hayride, a conservative political commentary site, described the race as "a test case to see if [Republicans] can hold turf in the 'urban suburbs' of Houston."[2] ABC 13 said that Democrats could use this race to "create a domino effect that alters more seats, which shifts control in Austin."[3] In the 2018 general election, Zerwas defeated Meghan Scoggins (D) 54-46.
Heading into the election, Republicans held an 82-64 majority in the House with three seats vacant. All 150 seats in the chamber were up for election in November 2020. Houston Public Media wrote that Democrats were targeting this race to pick up the seat ahead of a bigger push to gain control of the chamber in the 2020 elections.[4]
Candidates and election results
General runoff election
Special general runoff election for Texas House of Representatives District 28
Gary Gates defeated Elizabeth Markowitz in the special general runoff election for Texas House of Representatives District 28 on January 28, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Gary Gates (R) | 58.1 | 17,484 |
 | Elizabeth Markowitz (D)  | 41.9 | 12,629 | |
| Total votes: 30,113 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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General election
Special general election for Texas House of Representatives District 28
The following candidates ran in the special general election for Texas House of Representatives District 28 on November 5, 2019.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Elizabeth Markowitz (D) | 39.1 | 11,356 |
| ✔ | | Gary Gates (R) | 28.5 | 8,275 |
 | Tricia Krenek (R) | 18.1 | 5,272 | |
 | Anna Allred (R) | 9.3 | 2,705 | |
 | Gary Hale (R) | 2.4 | 712 | |
| Sarah Laningham (R) | 1.7 | 503 | ||
| Clinton Purnell (R) | 0.9 | 256 | ||
| Total votes: 29,079 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Candidate profiles
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "Dr. Eliz Markowitz is a native Texan, raised in Sugar Land by a teacher and an oil worker. Dr. Eliz is an expert on healthcare technology and education and has spent her career advocating for reforms to Texas standardized testing. She currently works as an instructor and textbook author with the Princeton Review, where she trains other teachers across the nation. Dr. Eliz earned her Bachelor's in Computer Science from Trinity University, two Master Degrees in Technology and Healthcare from UT San Antonio and UT Health Science Center Houston, and her doctorate in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of Houston."
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Texas House of Representatives District 28 in 2019.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Biography: Gates began his career as a truck driver before beginning to buy, renovate and rent homes and apartments. He founded a property management company and at the time of his campaign, his website said that the company had more than 500 employees.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Texas House of Representatives District 28 in 2019.
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
If you are aware of polls conducted in this race, please email us.
Campaign finance
The chart below contains data from financial reports analyzed by Transparency Texas.
Satellite spending
Satellite spending, commonly referred to as outside spending, describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[5][6][7]
This section lists satellite spending in this race reported by news outlets in alphabetical order. If you are aware of spending that should be included, please email us.
- The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee spent $195,000 in support of Markowitz.[8]
- Forward Majority spent $100,000 on digital, cable, and mail ads supporting Markowitz and opposing Gates.[9]
- The Republican State Leadership Committee said it was investing an unspecified amount to advertise in support of Gates.[10]
Noteworthy endorsements
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.
Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available.
| Noteworthy runoff election endorsements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endorsement | Markowitz (D) | Gates (R) | ||||
| Elected officials | ||||||
| U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D)[11] | ✔ | |||||
| Gov. Greg Abbott (R)[4] | ✔ | |||||
| Former Vice President Joe Biden (D)[12] | ✔ | |||||
| Former U.S. Rep. Beto O'Rourke (D)[13] | ✔ | |||||
Timeline
2020
2019
Campaign advertisements
This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.
Elizabeth Markowitz
Supporting Markowitz
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Opposing Gates
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Gary Gates
Supporting Gates
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Campaign themes
Elizabeth Markowitz
| “ | Education All Texans have the right to receive high-quality, publicly-funded education from pre-kindergarten through either college or vocational programs. High-quality public schools that meet the needs of all individuals should be accessible. -STAAR Testing Studies show that standardized testing is an ineffective metric of both student and teacher performance, discourages higher-level critical thinking and creativity, and penalizes underserved populations. The problems associated with standardized testing are so great that the Texas Education Agency has been sued over flaws in the STAAR test, and many parents have determined that the best approach to testing is to have their children "opt-out" of the experience. Accordingly, high-stakes standardized tests should be replaced with alternative performance measures that address the strengths and weaknesses of students, educators, and institutions. Furthermore, the use of a statewide, test-based "Value Added Measure" as a teacher evaluation metric should be uniformly rejected, as such measures have been proven invalid. Students with disabilities must take assessments designated in individual education plans and no longer be subject to inappropriate testing. The state should immediately establish a school finance system with sufficient revenue to provide every individual with accessible, high-quality education. Comprehensive reform of the Texas public school system includes not only the rejection of approaches that lead to persistent failure, but also the adoption of new strategies that improve the state of education. Institutions should be held accountable for student progress, meet established standards of educational excellence, and repeal "home rule" and "innovation" statutes that allow institutions to lower standards and simply push students through the system. Public charter schools must be held to identical standards of accountability in order to receive financial support. Above all, the $5.4 billion of public school funding that was eliminated by the Republican legislature in 2011 must be restored to fund improvements in Texas education. The success of our children is dependent upon the success of our teachers, counselors, librarians, aides, and other support staff. Due to meager wages, deficient funding, and the increased emphasis on standardized testing, which is improperly used as a teacher performance metric and monopolizes class time, educational institutions suffer from low teacher retention rates and are often forced to staff unqualified individuals. If we wish to recruit superior, certified teachers that have the training and tools necessary to support all students throughout their educational journey, we must increase teacher pay and provide quality, affordable healthcare and retirement options. -Vocational Training College is not for every student. For students who do not wish to attend college, vocational education programs can provide high school students with occupational training, unrelated to traditional academic skills. Accordingly, it is imperative that every Texas school provide and fund high-quality career and technical educational programs. The implementation of hands-on training programs will prepare students for a specific career or trade. The establishment of career programs has been shown to reduce the number of students who drop out of high school and benefit at-risk students, while also providing all students with an alternative to college or university. -Special Education Individuals of all abilities are entitled to receive a high-quality education at any publicly-funded Texas educational institution. Both gifted students and those with disabilities are entitled to receive appropriate, high-quality early, secondary, and postsecondary education and access to all services and support indicated in their individual education plans. Furthermore, we believe that all institutions should provide a safe-haven for students of all abilities, and disparities in instruction or discipline based on such factors should be eliminated. -School Choice The state should not support "school choice" schemes that use public school funds to support either private or sectarian schools. Indeed, public tax money should only be used to support a system of free public schools. Furthermore, we should oppose the implementation of any school voucher or tax credit program that would financially and academically harm the Texas public school system. Disaster Management Every Texan should be assured that the state has comprehensive plans for handling the occurrence and aftermath of natural and man-made disasters. Following the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, many counties in Texas were left without sufficient support. The state must develop, fund, and implement processes to ensure the welfare of Texan residents, including plans to manage emergency transportation, both the temporary and permanent housing of displaced individuals, both the short-term and long-term health care needs of displaced individuals, the educational needs of displaced students, debris and hazardous material removal, testing physical locations prior to repopulation, and securing funding to rebuild. The state must also pass legislation that will prohibit the sale of residential land located in a flood-plain without the buyer's knowledge. Health Care Health care is a human right and every Texan should have access to high-quality, affordable health care. As a state, we must ensure that we provide comprehensive health care options to all Texans, including the most vulnerable, our children, veterans, and seniors. No individual should be denied access because of a pre-existing condition or inability to pay an exorbitant hospital bill. Texans should support legislation that expands upon the principles of the Affordable Care Act, providing preventative and primary care treatment for medical, dental, and vision issues. We must support a system that allows Texans to choose their providers, yet replaces high insurance premiums, deductibles, and co-pays with progressive financing. We must also ensure that Texans have access to quality, affordable prescription drugs. No individual should be the victim of a corporation's desire to manipulate the cost of health care treatment. Texans must ensure that women have autonomy over their own bodies and are provided access to medically sound reproductive health services. In turn, crisis pregnancy centers that misrepresent their services should be stripped of funding and designation as a licensed medical facility. Every woman should have the opportunity to make her own decision regarding childbirth and should have access to contraception, counseling, family planning services, pre-natal and post-natal care, affordable childcare, and all forms of reproductive care. Texas is a diverse state and we must work to eliminate the health disparities that exist amongst minority populations. In order to ensure that all Texans live long, healthy lives, we must support policy and legislation that will reduce the disparities that exist among racial, socioeconomic, and geographic lines. Gerrymandering In Texas, gerrymandering has compromised the ability to hold fair elections. Gerrymandering is the process where district lines are drawn in a way that provides an advantage to a single party. The result is that the party that draws the district line ends up with more elected officials than they would if the district lines were fairly drawn. In turn, politicians are choosing their voters instead of voters choosing their politicians. A US District Court found that Texas districts are drawn with racially discriminatory intent, to minimize the power of minority populations. The Texas legislature must also establish an independent redistricting committee that will remove the redistricting process from the hands of political parties and put voters in control. An independent redistricting committee will make elections more competitive and, in turn, allow constituents to hold their elected officials accountable. Criminal Justice Reform We must reform the broken criminal justice system and put an end to mass incarceration. Specifically, we must end the failed "war on drugs," which disproportionately affects minority populations. We must be proactive when handling drug incidents and substance abuse cases by prioritizing prevention and treatment over prison. We must implement drug courts, veterans' courts, and diversionary programs that provide nonviolent offenders with rehabilitation opportunities, rather than mandated incarceration. We must eliminate for-profit prisons and detention centers in the state of Texas, which have been found to be corrupt, racist, and inhumane in their treatment. By ending both the "war on drugs" and eliminating for-profit prisons and detention centers, we can end the school-to-prison pipeline by investing in jobs and education, rather than in jails and incarceration. We must invest in educational training for officers in order to end racial profiling that targets individuals on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion. Officers must also be required to wear body cameras, taught methods of de-escalation, and trained on the appropriate use of force. All of the above will work to improve police-community relations. Environment In order to ensure that we pass on a viable earth to our children, we must take immediate action to stem the negative impacts of pollution, fossil fuel use, and climate change. First and foremost, we must reduce energy waste within our existing infrastructure by implementing energy-efficient alternatives, modernizing our current power systems, and investing in mass transit options across our state. We must also invest in clean energy research and development, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and providing incentives for companies and households that minimize carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. We must also ensure that our public lands and waterways are protected from pollution and fossil fuel extraction in order to maintain the unique levels of biodiversity and ensure that our natural resources are available for future generations. Gun Reform Individuals should not worry whether or not they will return home safely or end up as a victim of gun violence. We can reduce the scourge of gun violence, while still allowing responsible gun owners the right to bear arms. Texas should immediately institute universal background checks when an individual goes to purchase a gun, and close the gun-show loophole, in order to ensure that such weapons are not acquired by violent criminals, abusers, or terrorists. We must institute red-flag laws that will allow action to be taken to remove weapons from the hands of individuals who have exhibited behavior that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Our state should eliminate campus carry, abandon the idea of arming educators, and invest more money in providing mental health services to our students in order to reduce the possibility of another school shooting. Furthermore, we must address gun violence as a public health crisis and invest in understanding the causes of, and stemming, further gun violence. Immigration The state of Texas is great because of the contributions of immigrants. The multitude of cultural and ethnic backgrounds only contribute to the economic prosperity and richness of our state. As a state that shares its southern border with an ally, it would be in our best interests to enact fair and equitable immigration reform. As Texans we must support a secure border that protects Texans, and Americans, from bad actors. However, we must balance that by treating immigrants humanely, considering the pleas of asylum seekers and refugees with the utmost seriousness. We must support the passage of the DREAM Act, which will allow those here under DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) to achieve their citizenship and their American dream. We cannot allow the current policies of child separation, 'tender age' shelters, and a zero-tolerance approach to immigration to continue. We should not support using taxpayer money to build a border wall, which experts have stated will be ineffective. We must repeal Senate Bill 4, or the "Show Me Your Papers" law, which has simply led to an increase in xenophobic, racist, and bigoted behavior. We must value the power that is associated with the diverse skillsets of our immigrant population. Voting Rights We believe that voting is a fundamental right, and all Texans must be guaranteed the right to vote and be assured that their vote counts. Texans must adopt laws to eliminate barriers to voting and ensure that all citizens have the right to cast their votes. We must adopt regulations for automatic voter registration, same-day voter registration, and online voter registration. Furthermore, we must repeal the restrictive Texas photo Voter ID law, which requires voters to show a government-issued photo ID and has been found to penalize minority populations. The state must also pass legislation that penalizes those found guilty of voter intimidation tactics, which includes questioning an individual's voter qualifications, falsely presenting oneself as an elections official, spreading false information regarding voter requirements, or harassing voters of color, those with disabilities, or non-English speakers. [15] |
” |
| —Elizabeth Markowitz[16] | ||
Gary Gates
| “ | Protecting Taxpayers Fighting skyrocketing property taxes are a priority to Gary. He knows high property taxes make it harder and harder for younger families to achieve the dream of owning their home. Gary support reforming the appraisal process that has been the main culprit in higher property taxes. Gary is also asking all Texas voters to join him and vote for the constitutional amendment banning a state income tax once and for all. Supporting Our Schools Gary supports Governor Abbott’s plan to provide comprehensive security funding and emergency response training for school personnel with the goal for making Texas schools the safest in the nation. Emergency Preparedness Gary wants all Texans prepared for natural disasters. He wants to make sure the state is equipped and can more quickly respond to and recover from natural disasters. Border Security & Human Trafficking Gary knows the importance of protecting our borders. He supports the effort to deployed 1,000 additional National Guard Troops to help secure the border, in addition to increasing penalties for drug and human trafficking operations. Pro-Life Gary is 100% pro-life. In fact, Gary and his wife Melissa believe every life is precious, they have opened their home and adopted children that the system left behind. Gary will fight in the state house to protect each life. Religious Liberty The protection of freedom of religion is never far from Gary’s mind. We cannot allow liberal governments deny business opportunities to Texans based on their religious affiliations, like what happened to Chick-Fil-A in San Antonio. [15] |
” |
| —Gary Gates[17] | ||
District election history
2018
General election
General election for Texas House of Representatives District 28
Incumbent John Zerwas defeated Meghan Scoggins in the general election for Texas House of Representatives District 28 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | John Zerwas (R) | 54.2 | 44,414 |
 | Meghan Scoggins (D) | 45.8 | 37,584 | |
| Total votes: 81,998 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for Texas House of Representatives District 28
Meghan Scoggins defeated Durward White in the Democratic primary for Texas House of Representatives District 28 on March 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Meghan Scoggins | 81.0 | 5,224 |
| Durward White | 19.0 | 1,225 | ||
| Total votes: 6,449 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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Republican primary election
Republican primary for Texas House of Representatives District 28
Incumbent John Zerwas advanced from the Republican primary for Texas House of Representatives District 28 on March 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | John Zerwas | 100.0 | 9,739 |
| Total votes: 9,739 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
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2016
Elections for the Texas House of Representatives took place in 2016. The primary election was held on March 1, 2016, and the general election was held on November 8, 2016. The candidate filing deadline was December 14, 2015.[18]
Incumbent John Zerwas ran unopposed in the Texas House of Representatives District 28 general election.[19]
| Texas House of Representatives, District 28 General Election, 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican |  John Zerwas Incumbent (unopposed) |
100.00% | 56,822 | |
| Total Votes | 56,822 | |||
| Source: Texas Secretary of State | ||||
Incumbent John Zerwas ran unopposed in the Texas House of Representatives District 28 Republican Primary.[20][21]
| Texas House of Representatives, District 28 Republican Primary, 2016 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | |
| Republican | John Zerwas Incumbent (unopposed) | |
2014
Elections for all 150 seats in the Texas House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on March 4, 2014. Those candidates who did not receive 50 percent or more of the vote in their party primary on March 4 faced an additional May 27 primary runoff. The general election was held on November 4, 2014. The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in these elections was December 9, 2013. Incumbent John Zerwas was unopposed in the Republican primary and was unchallenged in the general election.[22][23][24]
2012
Elections for the office of Texas House of Representatives consisted of a primary election on May 29, 2012, and a general election on November 6, 2012. John Zerwas (R) was unchallenged in the general election. Zerwas was unopposed in the Republican primary election.[25]
Background
How vacancies are filled in Texas
If there is a vacancy in the Texas State Legislature, the governor must call a special election to fill the vacant seat.[26] A governor's proclamation to hold a special election must be delivered to county judges in the legislative district no later than 36 days before the scheduled election.[27]
The secretary of state can declare a candidate duly elected in a special election if there is no opposition.[28]
See sources: Texas Elec. Code § 203.001 et. seq.
About the legislature
The Texas State Legislature consists of the House of Representatives and the State Senate. In Texas, the legislature is considered "the dominant branch of state government," according to the Texas State Historical Association.[29] The boxes below show the partisan composition of both chambers directly before and after the November 2018 general election. For the most up-to-date numbers on partisan composition in this legislature, see here (Senate) and here (House).
Partisan breakdown
The boxes below show the partisan composition of both chambers directly before and after the most recent general elections in 2018. For the most up-to-date numbers on partisan composition in this legislature, see here (Senate) and here (House).
| Texas State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
| Democratic Party | 10 | 12 | |
| Republican Party | 21 | 19 | |
| Total | 31 | 31 | |
| Texas House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
| Democratic Party | 55 | 67 | |
| Republican Party | 93 | 83 | |
| Vacancy | 2 | 0 | |
| Total | 150 | 150 | |
State profile
- See also: Texas and Texas elections, 2019
Partisan data
The information in this section was current as of May 7, 2019
Presidential voting pattern
- Texas voted Republican in all seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
Congressional delegation
- Following the 2018 elections, both U.S. senators from Texas were Republicans.
- Twenty-three of Texas' 36 U.S. representatives were Republicans and 13 were Democrats.
State executives
- Republicans held seven of Texas' nine state executive offices. The other two offices were nonpartisan.
- Texas' governor was Republican Greg Abbott.
State legislature
- Republicans controlled the Texas State Senate with a 19-12 majority.
- Republicans controlled the Texas House of Representatives with a 83-67 majority.
Texas Party Control: 1992-2025
Three years of Democratic trifectas • Twenty-three years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
|
|
| Demographic data for Texas | ||
|---|---|---|
| Texas | U.S. | |
| Total population: | 27,429,639 | 316,515,021 |
| Land area (sq mi): | 261,232 | 3,531,905 |
| Race and ethnicity** | ||
| White: | 74.9% | 73.6% |
| Black/African American: | 11.9% | 12.6% |
| Asian: | 4.2% | 5.1% |
| Native American: | 0.5% | 0.8% |
| Pacific Islander: | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Two or more: | 2.5% | 3% |
| Hispanic/Latino: | 38.4% | 17.1% |
| Education | ||
| High school graduation rate: | 81.9% | 86.7% |
| College graduation rate: | 27.6% | 29.8% |
| Income | ||
| Median household income: | $53,207 | $53,889 |
| Persons below poverty level: | 19.9% | 11.3% |
| Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Texas. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. | ||
See also
- Texas state legislative special elections, 2019
- State legislative special elections, 2019
- State legislative special elections, 2018
- State legislative special elections, 2017
- State legislative special elections, 2016
- Texas State Legislature
Footnotes
- ↑ The Texas Tribune, "State Rep. John Zerwas to join UT System as executive vice chancellor," August 1, 2019
- ↑ The Hayride, "3 Texas House Runoffs Set For January: Here’s What To Expect," November 22, 2019
- ↑ ABC 13, "How a local election in Ft. Bend Co. could impact political balance in DC," January 22, 2020
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Houston Public Media, "In Race To Replace Zerwas In Texas House, Democrat Eliz Markowitz And Republican Gary Gates Head To A Runoff," November 7, 2019
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed September 22, 2015
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed September 22, 2015
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," November 6, 2015
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee, "DLCC Invests Further $125,000 in Texas Special Election," January 22, 2020
- ↑ Politico, "The Democratic debate squeeze," January 7, 2020
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Politico, "House GOP sounds the alarm on Q4 fundraising," January 22, 2020
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Twitter, "Patrick Svitek on January 21, 2020," accessed January 22, 2020
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Texas Tribune, "Joe Biden endorses Democrat in battleground Texas House special election," January 6, 2020
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 The Hill, "O'Rourke says he'll focus on flipping Texas state House in 2020," December 17, 2019
- ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Democrats confront bellwether expectations as Texas House special election reaches end," January 26, 2020
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ eliz4tx.com, "Platform," accessed December 13, 2019
- ↑ gatesfortexas.com, "Issues," accessed December 13, 2019
- ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "Important 2016 Election Dates," accessed December 14, 2015
- ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "2016 General Election," accessed December 2, 2016
- ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "2016 March Primary Election Candidate Filings by County," accessed August 22, 2016
- ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "1992 - Current Election History results," accessed August 22, 2016
- ↑ Texas Secretary of State, "1992 - Current ELECTION HISTORY," accessed December 2, 2014
- ↑ The Libertarian Party of Texas, "2014 Texas Representative Candidate List," accessed July 30, 2014
- ↑ Green Party of Texas, "Greens Release Candidate List," accessed July 30, 2014
- ↑ Office of the Secretary of State, "State of Texas 2012 General Election," November 6, 2012
- ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3))
- ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 3.003 (3)(b)-(c))
- ↑ Texas Legislature, "Election Code," accessed February 16, 2021 (Statute 2.055)
- ↑ TSHA, "Texas Legislature," accessed October 12, 2018
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