Your feedback ensures we stay focused on the facts that matter to you most—take our survey.

John Roberts (Supreme Court)

From Ballotpedia
Jump to: navigation, search
John Roberts
Image of John Roberts

Nonpartisan

Supreme Court of the United States
Tenure

2005 - Present

Years in position

19

Predecessor
Prior offices
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Predecessor: James Buckley

Education

Bachelor's

Harvard University, 1976

Law

Harvard Law, 1979

Personal
Birthplace
Buffalo, N.Y.

John Glover Roberts, Jr. is the chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was first nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States by President George W. Bush (R) on July 19, 2005, to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor as an associate justice, following her assumption of senior status on January 31, 2006. President Bush withdrew Roberts' nomination following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist on September 3, 2005, in order to renominate Roberts as the 17th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The full U.S. Senate confirmed Roberts by a vote of 78-22, on September 29, 2005.[1] At the time of his nomination, Roberts was the youngest person to serve as chief justice in a century.[2]

Roberts began his legal career clerking for Judge Henry Friendly on the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, and for Justice William Rehnquist on the U.S. Supreme Court. Roberts spent two decades working in Washington, D.C., under the administrations of Ronald Reagan (R) and George H.W. Bush (R) and in private practice at Hogan & Hartson.[2]

Before joining the Supreme Court, Roberts served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2003 to 2005.[2]

In 2007, Roberts described his vision as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court as building more unanimity among the justices and working to issue fewer 5-4 decisions.[3][4] According to SCOTUSblog, 20 percent of all cases decided during The Roberts Court—the 2005-2024 Terms—have been decided in 5-3 or 5-4 decisions, and 45 percent of the cases were decided unanimously.[5] In 2025, Dr. Adam Feldman's analysis of term data concluded that unanimity had declined over the course of Roberts' tenure as chief justice, "From 2010 to 2016, unanimous rulings often made up half of the court’s decisions or more. The high-water mark for this period—64 percent—came in the 2013 term. Today, that number is falling slowly but perceptibly–down from 50 percent in 2022 to 44 percent in 2023 to 42 percent in the 2024-25 term."[6]

Over time, Roberts has expressed his view that the Court is not a political branch of government. In 2009, Roberts said of the Court, "The most important thing for the public to understand is that we are not a political branch of government. They don’t elect us. If they don’t like what we are doing, it’s more or less just too bad, other than impeachment...”[7] In 2022, Associated Press Reporter Colleen Slevin covered Roberts' first public appearance after the Court's ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) striking down the constitutional right to abortion, writing, "Roberts has spoken out repeatedly about the importance of the judiciary’s independence and to rebut perceptions of the court as a political institution not much different than Congress or the presidency."[8]

Roberts’ notable opinions include cases concerning the Affordable Care Act,[9] racial discrimination in school admissions,[10] the President of the United States' appointment and removal powers,[11] tax breaks for religiously-affiliated schools,[12] the right to abortion under the U.S. Constitution,[13] the Voting Rights Act,[14] and Native American tribal nations’ health care funding.[15] Click here to read more about Chief Justice Roberts' noteworthy opinions.

Judicial nominations and appointments

United States Supreme Court (2005-present)

Nomination Tracker
Fedbadgesmall.png
Nominee Information
Name: John G. Roberts, Jr.
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Progress
Confirmed 23 days after nomination.
ApprovedANominated: September 6, 2005
ApprovedAABA Rating: Unanimously Well Qualified
Questionnaire:
ApprovedAHearing: September 12-15, 2005
Hearing Transcript: Hearing Transcript
QFRs: (Hover over QFRs to read more)
ApprovedAReported: September 22, 2005 
ApprovedAConfirmed: September 29, 2005
ApprovedAVote: 78-22


Roberts was first nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States by President George W. Bush (R) on July 19, 2005, to fill the vacancy of Sandra Day O'Connor, who retired in 2005. President Bush withdrew his nomination of Roberts when Chief Justice William Rehnquist passed away on September 3, 2005, in order to renominate Roberts to become the 17th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. President Bush renominated Roberts on September 6, 2005. President Bush asked the U.S. Senate to expedite his nomination to fill the vacancy prior to the start of the Supreme Court's October Term 2005.[2]

During his Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Roberts stated that if confirmed to the post, he would approach cases with an open mind. He compared his role as chief justice to a baseball umpire, stating, "My job is to call balls and strikes, not pitch or bat."[16]

On September 22nd, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved Roberts' nomination by a vote of 13-5, with Senators Ted Kennedy (D-Mass.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), Joe Biden (D-Del.), and Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.) casting the dissenting votes. The full U.S. Senate confirmed Roberts on September 29th with a vote of 78-22.[17]

District of Columbia Court of Appeals (2003-2005)

Roberts was first nominated by President George H.W. Bush (R) to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1992. His nomination was never taken up for a vote, and he returned to private practice after President Bush lost the 1992 presidential election to President Bill Clinton (D).[18][19]

In May 2001, Roberts was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by President George W. Bush (R). His nomination never received a vote by the Senate Judiciary Committee, so it did not progress to the full U.S. Senate.[2][18][19]

President Bush renominated Roberts in January 2003, after Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. Senate, and he was unanimously confirmed on May 8, 2003.[2][18][19]

During his two years on the bench, Roberts authored 49 opinions, two of which elicited dissents from other judges. Roberts authored three dissenting opinions. Roberts left the court upon his elevation to the Supreme Court of the United States in 2005.[2][18][19]

Biography

Early life and education

Roberts was born in Buffalo, New York, on January 27, 1955. His religion is Roman Catholic. He attended private schools as a child and graduated from La Lumiere School—at the time an all-boys Roman Catholic boarding school—in LaPorte, Indiana, in 1973.[20][21][22][23][24]

Roberts attended Harvard University for both his undergraduate and law degrees. He received his undergraduate degree from Harvard College in 1976. He wrote his thesis on British liberalism in the early 20th century and graduated summa cum laude. He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1979. At Harvard Law School, he served as managing editor of the Harvard Law Review and graduated magna cum laude.[25][26]

Professional career


Executive branch service

Upon his graduation, Roberts clerked for Judge Henry Friendly on the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, and then clerked for Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Afterward, Roberts was appointed to serve in the executive branch during the administrations of Republican presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.[2]

Reagan administration

Roberts served as special assistant to U.S. Attorney General William French Smith from 1981 to 1982. His work in that position included advising the attorney general, writing speeches, and representing the attorney general in meetings with executive branch and state and local government officials.[2][18][19]

From 1982 to 1986, Roberts served as associate counsel to President Ronald Reagan's (R) White House Office of Counsel under Fred F. Fielding. In this position, he reviewed bills submitted to the president by Congress, drafted and reviewed executive orders, and performed general legal reviews of presidential activities.[27][26]

George H.W. Bush administration

Roberts served as principal deputy solicitor general in the United States Department of Justice from 1989 to 1993. As principal deputy solicitor general, Roberts briefed and argued a variety of cases before the Supreme Court of the United States on behalf of the U.S. government.[26]

Private practice

From 1986 to 1989, Roberts practiced law in Washington, D.C. as an associate at Hogan & Hartson LLP. He made partner in 1988 while building a civil litigation practice focused on appellate matters. Roberts left the firm in 1989 to serve as principal deputy solicitor general in President George H.W. Bush's (R) administration. He returned in 1993 to lead the firm's appellate practice group.[28]

Roberts argued his first case before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1989. As a court-appointed attorney, he successfully represented his client against the United States government in United States v. Halper (1989), a double jeopardy case decided by a unanimous court.[29] Roberts would ultimately argue a total of 39 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, with successful rulings in 25 of those cases.

In 2000, Roberts provided legal counsel and expertise to then-presidential candidate George W. Bush's (R) legal team—including his brother and then-Governor of Florida Jeb Bush (R)—related to the 2000 presidential election recount and pending U.S. Supreme Court case deciding whether the recount was permissible. Future SCOTUS justices Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett—appointed to the Court by President Donald Trump (R) in 2018 and 2020, respectively—also provided legal assistance to Bush's team during the recount case. Ultimately, SCOTUS ruled that Florida's vote recount order was unconstitutional and George W. Bush became 43rd President of the United States.[30][31] Click here to learn more about the U.S. Supreme Court case Bush v. Gore (2000) concerning the disputed election results in Florida.

Approach to the law

Generally considered to be a practitioner of judicial restraint, Roberts most often votes with the conservative wing of the court. As chief justice, Roberts has described his approach as trying to build more unanimity and working to issue fewer 5-4 decisions.[32][33] Oyez, a law project created by Cornell’s Legal Information Institute, Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Law, said that Roberts is an "avid supporter of the belief that the role of the court is an umpire, meaning that the role is to interpret the rules, not create them."[34] Although considered a conservative member of the court, Politico noted that Roberts has sometimes sided with the court's liberal justices. Josh Gerstein wrote that "Roberts’ tendency to side with liberals in some cases embraced by many Republican activists seems to grate on many conservative lawyers, including some who helped lead the fight to confirm him."[35]

Martin-Quinn score

Roberts' Martin-Quinn score following the 2023-2024 term was 0.51, making him the sixth-most conservative justice on the court at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Court along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the scale, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice. The chart below details every justice's Martin-Quinn score for the 2023-2024 term. These are preliminary scores provided by Kevin Quinn that may differ slightly from the final version of the scores that Martin and Quinn will make publicly available at a later date.

Video discussion

Roberts spoke at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in April 2017 about his approach to the law, the role of the Supreme Court, and the confirmation process. The video of that event is embedded below.

Supreme Court statistics

Opinions by year

Below is a table of the number of opinions, concurrences, and dissents that Roberts has issued since joining the Supreme Court, according to the data from Cornell University’s Legal Information Institute and from the annual Stat Pack produced by the website SCOTUSBlog. This information is updated annually at the end of each term.[36][37] Information for the 2022 term is from a dataset provided by Dr. Adam Feldman, author of Empirical SCOTUS. Data for the 2022-2023 term does not include concurrences and dissents in part. Information for the 2023 term is from the Empirical SCOTUS 2023 Stat Review.


Opinions written by year, Roberts
2022 - 2023 2023 - 2024
Opinions 7 7
Concurrences 0 1
Dissents 0 1
Totals 7 9




Justice agreement

In the 2023-2024 term, Roberts had the highest agreement rate with Brett Kavanaugh. Roberts had the lowest agreement rate with Ketanji Brown Jackson.[38] In the 2022-2023 term, Roberts had the highest agreement rate with Brett Kavanaugh. He had the lowest agreement rates with Clarence Thomas.[39] This does not include agreements in part.[40]

The table below highlights Roberts' agreement rate with each justice on the court during that term.[41][42]


John Roberts agreement rates by term, 2017 - Present
Justice 2017 - 2018 2018 - 2019 2019 - 2020 2020 - 2021 2021 - 2022 2022 - 2023 2023 - 2024
Anthony Kennedy 90% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Clarence Thomas 79% 76% 72% 75% 79% 75% 80%
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 68% 63% 70% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Stephen Breyer 70% 69% 74% 73% 62% N/A N/A
Samuel Alito 77% 89% 77% 83% 89% 78% 83%
Sonia Sotomayor 66% 65% 69% 66% 54% 76% 71%
Elena Kagan 72% 69% 78% 72% 63% 82% 71%
Neil Gorsuch 83% 68% 85% 81% 73% 76% 76%
Brett Kavanaugh N/A 94% 93% 94% 100% 95% 95%
Amy Coney Barrett N/A N/A N/A 84% 89% 89% 88%
Ketanji Brown Jackson N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 78% 69%

Frequency in majority

In the 2023-2024 term, Roberts was in the majority in 97 percent of decisions. He was in the majority more often than the eight other justices.[38]In the 2022-2023 term, Roberts was in the majority in 95 percent of decisions. He and Justice Brett Kavanaugh, who was in the majority in 96 percent of decisions, were in the majority more often than the seven other justices.[39][43][44]

Since the 2011-2012 term, Roberts has been in the majority at least 80 percent of the time each term, and been in the majority more than 90 percent of the time ten times. Across those terms, he has been in the majority for 91 percent of all cases.[44][38]



Noteworthy cases

See also: Noteworthy cases heard by current justices on the U.S. Supreme Court

The noteworthy cases listed in this section include any case where the justice authored a 5-4 majority opinion or an 8-1 dissent. Other cases may be included in this section if they set or overturn an established legal precedent, are a major point of discussion in an election campaign, receive substantial media attention related to the justice's ruling, or based on our editorial judgment that the case is noteworthy. For more on how we decide which cases are noteworthy, click here.


Since he joined the court through the 2023-2024 term, Roberts authored the majority opinion in a 5-4 decision 34 times and authored one dissent in an 8-1 decision. The table below details these cases by year.[45]

John Roberts noteworthy cases
Year 5-4 majority opinion 8-1 dissenting opinion
Total 34 1
2023-2024 1 0
2022-2023 1 0
2021-2022 2 0
2020-2021 2 1
2019-2020 4 0
2018-2019 4 0
2017-2018 2 0
2016-2017 0 0
2015-2016 0 0
2014-2015 2 0
2013-2014 1 0
2012-2013 2 0
2011-2012 1 0
2010-2011 3 0
2009-2010 2 0
2008-2009 2 0
2007-2008 1 0
2006-2007 3 0
2005-2006 1 0


U.S. Supreme Court noteworthy opinions


Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit opinions


About the courts

U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the country and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. It is often referred to by the acronym SCOTUS.[74]

The Supreme Court consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The justices are nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate per Article II of the United States Constitution. As federal judges, the justices serve during "good behavior," which means that justices have tenure for life unless they are removed by impeachment and subsequent conviction.[75]

On January 27, 2022, Justice Stephen Breyer officially announced he would retire at the start of the court's summer recess.[76][77] Breyer assumed senior status on June 30, 2022.[78] Ketanji Brown Jackson was confirmed to fill the vacancy by the Senate in a 53-47 vote on April 7, 2022.[79] Click here to read more.

The Supreme Court is the only court established by the United States Constitution (in Article III); all other federal courts are created by Congress.

The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. The court generally releases the majority of its decisions in mid-June.[75]

To read opinions published by this court, click here.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

District of Columbia Circuit
Court of Appeals
US-CourtOfAppeals-DCCircuit-Seal.png
Judgeships
Posts: 11
Judges: 11
Vacancies: 0
Judges
Chief: Sri Srinivasan
Active judges:
Julianna Michelle Childs, Bradley Garcia, Karen Henderson, Greg Katsas, Patricia Ann Millett, Florence Pan, Cornelia T. L. Pillard, Neomi Rao, Srikanth Srinivasan, Justin Walker, Robert Leon Wilkins

Senior judges:
James Buckley, Harry Edwards, Douglas Ginsburg, Arthur Randolph, Judith Rogers, David Sentelle, David Tatel


The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is a federal appellate court with appellate jurisdiction. It hears appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and its rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.

This court should not be confused with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which is equivalent to a state supreme court in the District of Columbia, or with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, whose jurisdiction is limited by subject matter. Appeals are heard in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse in Washington, D.C.

Eight judges of the District of Columbia Circuit went on to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States: Fred M. Vinson, Wiley Rutledge, Warren Burger, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, and Brett Kavanaugh.

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard by the D.C. Circuit. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. Appeals of rulings by the D.C. Circuit are petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States.

To read opinions published by this court, click here.


See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ United States Senate, "Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789," archived July 28, 2025
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Oyez, "John G. Roberts, Jr.," accessed July 28, 2025
  3. ↑ The Atlantic, "Roberts's rules," January 1, 2007
  4. ↑ New York Times, "Compromise at the Supreme Court veils its rifts," July 1, 2014
  5. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Download the SCOTUSblog Stat Pack for the 2024-25 term," archived July 29, 2025
  6. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "How the 2024 term fits into the history of the Roberts court," July 9, 2025
  7. ↑ C-SPAN, “Most important thing for the public to understand is that we are not a political branch of government. They don’t elect us. If they don’t like what we’re doing, it’s just too bad … other than impeachment," October 9, 2009
  8. ↑ AP News, "Chief Justice John Roberts defends legitimacy of court," September 10, 2022
  9. ↑ King v. Burwell (2015) and National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
  10. ↑ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (2007)
  11. ↑ Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2019)
  12. ↑ Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
  13. ↑ Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)
  14. ↑ Allen v. Milligan (2023)
  15. ↑ Becerra v. San Carlos Apache Tribe (2024)
  16. ↑ CNN, "I come with 'no agenda,' Roberts tells hearing," September 13, 2005
  17. ↑ U.S. Senate, "On the Nomination (Confirmation John G. Roberts, Jr., of Maryland, to be Chief Justice of the United States )," September 29, 2005
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 The White House - George W. Bush, "Judicial Nominations: Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.," archived December 13, 2012
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Justia, "Chief Justice John Roberts, archived July 31, 2025
  20. ↑ Wargs.com, "Ancestry of John G. Roberts compiled by William Addams Reitwiesner," accessed July 30, 2025
  21. ↑ Oyez, "John G. Roberts, Jr.," accessed July 30, 2025
  22. ↑ La Lumiere "Notable alumni of La Lumiere School," archived March 22, 2014
  23. ↑ New York Times, "Court nominee's life is rooted in faith and respect for law," July 21, 2005
  24. ↑ As of September 2020, La Lumiere School was a coed school.
    Ballotpedia staff, "Email communication with Brett Balhoff, La Lumiere School science department chair," September 17, 2020
  25. ↑ The Harvard Crimson, "Two alums may be tapped for court," July 8, 2005
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 White House Archives, "Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr.," accessed July 11, 2014
  27. ↑ Time, "Bush picks a replacement for Harriet Miers," January 8, 2007
  28. ↑ Hogan & Hartson, "Former Hogan & Hartson partner John G. Roberts, Jr. confirmed as chief justice of the United States," archived October 9, 2008
  29. ↑ Justia, "United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435 (1989)," decided May 15, 1989
  30. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Confirmation path may run through Florida," July 21, 2005
  31. ↑ CNN, "Supreme Court is about to have 3 Bush v. Gore alumni sitting on the bench," October 17, 2020
  32. ↑ The Atlantic, "Roberts's rules," January 1, 2007
  33. ↑ New York Times, "Compromise at the Supreme Court veils its rifts," July 1, 2014
  34. ↑ Oyez, "John G. Roberts, Jr.," accessed August 12, 2019
  35. ↑ Politico, "Conservatives blast Roberts as turncoat," June 27, 2019
  36. ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2016 and key takeaways," accessed April 16, 2018
  37. ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2017 and key takeaways," accessed October 4, 2018
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Empirical SCOTUS, "2023 Stat Review," July 1, 2024
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Empirical SCOTUS, "Another One Bites the Dust: End of 2022/2023 Supreme Court Term Statistics," November 16, 2023
  40. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "STAT PACK for the Supreme Court’s 2021-22 term," July 2, 2021
  41. ↑ Due to a change in the 2020 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
  42. ↑ Due to a change in the 2021 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
  43. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "2020-21 Stat pack: Frequency in the majority," July 2, 2021
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 SCOTUSblog, "STAT PACK for the Supreme Court's 2021-22 term," July 1, 2022
  45. ↑ The Supreme Court Database, "Analysis," accessed December 18, 2023
  46. ↑ U.S. Supreme Court, "Perttu v. Richards," June 17, 2025
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 47.12 47.13 47.14 47.15 47.16 47.17 47.18 47.19 47.20 47.21 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 U.S. Supreme Court, Becerra v. San Carlos Apache Tribe, decided June 6, 2024
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Supreme Court of the United States, Allen, Alabama Secretary of State, et al. V. Milligan et al., "Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama," accessed June 8, 2023
  50. ↑ SCOTUSblog, Supreme Court upholds Section 2 of Voting Rights Act, accessed June 8, 2023
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 U.S. Supreme Court, Shoop v. Twyford, decided June 21, 2022
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 U.S. Supreme Court, PennEast Pipeline Co. v. New Jersey, decided June 29, 2021
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 United States Supreme Court, United States v. Arthrex, Inc., decided June 21, 2021
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 U.S. Supreme Court, Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California, decided June 18, 2020
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Supreme Court of the United States, Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org Inc., decided April 28, 2020
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, decided June 30, 2020
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 U.S. Supreme Court, "Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau," June 29, 2020
  58. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Department of Commerce v. New York," June 27, 2019
  59. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Department of Commerce v. New York," June 27, 2019
  60. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Rucho v. Common Cause and Lamone v. Benisek: Opinion of the Court," June 27, 2019
  61. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania, et. al.," decided June 21, 2019
  62. ↑ U.S. Supreme Court, Lamps Plus Inc. v. Varela, decided April 24, 2019
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Supreme Court of the United States, Lamps Plus, Inc., et al. v. Varela, decided April 24, 2019
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 U.S. Supreme Court, King v. Burwell, decided June 25, 2015
  65. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius," archived August 8, 2025
  66. ↑ The Atlantic Wire, "Rand Paul wants John Roberts to sign up for Obamacare," October 21, 2013
  67. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "Text of President Obama's remarks on the Supreme Court's health care ruling," June 28, 2012
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sea701
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named seaoyez
  70. ↑ U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, decided October 26, 2004
  71. ↑ United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Rancho Viejo Llc v. A Norton, decided April 1, 2003
  72. ↑ United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, Rancho Viejo Llc v. A Norton, decided July 22, 2003
  73. ↑ E&E News by POLITICO, "Garland and the case of the ‘hapless toad’," March 17, 2016
  74. ↑ The New York Times, "On Language' Potus and Flotus," October 12, 1997
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 SupremeCourt.gov, "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015
  76. ↑ United States Supreme Court, "Letter to President," January 27, 2022
  77. ↑ YouTube, "President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer," January 27, 2022
  78. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Breyer, Stephen Gerald," accessed April 13, 2023
  79. ↑ Congress.gov, "PN1783 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — Supreme Court of the United States," accessed April 7, 2022

Political offices
Preceded by
William Rehnquist 		Supreme Court of the United States
2005-Present		 Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
James Buckley 		United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2003-2005		 Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
Sandra Day O'Connor 		Supreme Court of the United States
Succeeded by
-


Retrieved from "https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=John_Roberts_(Supreme_Court)&oldid=10494377"