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Tax policy in Louisiana

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Tax policy in Louisiana
Budget Policy Logo on Ballotpedia.png
Tax rates in 2017
Personal income tax:
2% to 6%
State sales tax:
5.00%
Corporate income tax:
4.00% to 8.00%
Tax revenues in 2016
Total tax collections:
$9.31 billion
Tax collections per capita:
$1,989
Public Policy Logo-one line.png
Total state expenditures • State debt • Louisiana state budget and finances

Louisiana generates the bulk of its tax revenue by levying a personal income tax, a general sales tax and select sales taxes (otherwise known as excise taxes). The state derives its constitutional authority to tax from Article VII of the state constitution.[1][2]

Tax policy can vary from state to state. States levy taxes to help fund the variety of services provided by state governments. Tax collections comprise approximately 40 percent of the states' total revenues. The rest comes from non-tax sources, such as intergovernmental aid (e.g., federal funds), lottery revenues and fees. The primary types of taxes levied by state governments include personal income tax, general sales tax, excise (or special sales) taxes and corporate income tax.[3]

HIGHLIGHTS
  • According to the United States Census Bureau, Louisiana collected $9.31 billion in tax revenue in 2016. The state's tax revenue per capita was $1,989.

    • Tax rates

    Personal income tax

    See also: Personal income tax

    Louisiana utilized a personal income tax rate ranging from 2 percent to 6 percent in 2017. An individual's tax liability varies according to his or her tax bracket. A tax bracket is the income range to which a tax rate applies.[4]

    The table below summarizes personal income tax rates for Louisiana and neighboring states in 2017.[4]

    Personal income tax rates, 2017
    State Tax rates Number of brackets Brackets
    Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
    Louisiana 2% 6% 3 $12,500 $50,001
    Arkansas 0.9% 6.9% 6 $4,299 $35,100
    Mississippi 3% 5% 3 $5,000 $10,001
    Texas No state income tax
    Note: For complete notes and annotations, please see the source below.
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "Individual State Income Tax Rates 2000-2017," accessed October 26, 2017

    Personal exemptions

    States that collect a personal income tax allow individuals to claim personal exemptions on income taxes each year. The personal exemption indicates that only a person's income above a certain level is subject to taxation. [5]

    Exemptions work by reducing the amount of an individual's taxable income. Both state and federal taxes allow exemptions. The state exemptions for Louisiana and its neighboring states as reported by the Tax Policy Center are reported in the chart below.[6]

    Personal exemptions, 2017
    State Single Married Dependents
    Louisiana $4,500 $9,000 $1,000
    Arkansas $26 $52 $26
    Mississippi $6,000 $12,000 $1,500
    Texas No state income tax
    Note: For complete notes and annotations, please see the source below.
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "Individual State Income Tax Rates 2000-2017," accessed October 26, 2017

    Capital gains tax

    See also: Capital gains tax

    A capital gains tax is a tax levied on the profit gleaned from the sale of a capital asset. Examples of capital assets include stocks, businesses, land parcels, homes, personal items and more. Capital gains are taxable at both the federal and state levels. While the federal government taxes capital gains at a lower rate than regular personal income, states usually tax capital gains at the same rates as regular income. [7][8][9]

    The table below summarizes uppermost capital gains tax rates for Louisiana and neighboring states in 2015.

    Uppermost capital gains tax rates by state, 2015
    State State uppermost rate Combined uppermost rate
    Louisiana 6% 27.9%
    Arkansas 7% 27.9%
    Mississippi 5% 28%
    Texas 0% 25%
    Note: For complete notes and annotations, please see the source below.
    Source: Tax Foundation, "The High Burden of State and Federal Capital Gains Tax Rates," accessed October 26, 2017

    Sales tax

    See also: Sales tax

    Almost all states employ a statewide sales tax, which ranges from 2.9 percent in Colorado to 7.25 percent in California. Additionally, many states allow the levying of local sales taxes, which are then added to the state's tax.

    Louisiana's state sales tax was 5.00% percent in 2017. The average local tax was about 4.98% percent, meaning that the average combined sales tax was about 9.98% percent. The table below displays the state tax rates, average local tax rates, and average combined tax rates for Louisiana and its neighboring states.[10]

    Combined sales tax rates, 2015
    State State sales tax Average local sales tax Combined
    Louisiana 5.00% 4.98% 9.98%
    Arkansas 6.50% 2.80% 9.30%
    Mississippi 7.00% 0.07% 7.07%
    Texas 6.25% 1.94% 8.19%
    Note: For full annotations, see the source below.
    Source: The Tax Foundation, "State and local sales tax rates, 2017," accessed October 26, 2017

    The table below summarizes sales tax rates for Louisiana and neighboring states in 2017 as well as the state's policy with respect to types of items commonly exempted from sales tax (i.e., food, prescription drugs and nonprescription drugs).[11]

    Sales tax rates, 2017
    State Sales tax rate Exemption status
    Food Prescription drugs Nonprescription drugs
    Louisiana 5.0% Exempt Exempt Taxable
    Arkansas 6.5% 1.5 Exempt Taxable
    Mississippi 7.0% Taxable Exempt Taxable
    Texas 6.3% Exempt Exempt Exempt
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "Sales Tax Rates 2000-2017," accessed October 26, 2017

    Excise taxes

    See also: Excise taxes

    Excise taxes, also known as selective sales or differential commodity taxes, are levied for the sales of specific goods or services. Excise taxes are considered indirect taxes because they are not charged directly to individuals. In most cases, the excise tax is paid by the producer or seller of an item. The cost of the tax is then included in the sale price of the item and passed on to the consumer. The tables below provide excise tax rates for motor fuel, alcohol and cigarettes in Louisiana and neighboring states.[12][13][14][15]

    Fuel excise tax rates, 2017 (in cents per gallon)
    State Gasoline Diesel Gasohol
    Excise tax Other taxes Total tax Excise tax Other taxes Total tax Excise tax Other taxes Total tax
    Louisiana 20¢ 0.125¢ 20.125¢ 20¢ 0.125¢ 20.125¢ 20¢ 0.125¢ 20.125¢
    Arkansas 21.5¢ 0.3¢ 21.8¢ 22.5¢ 0.3¢ 22.8¢ 21.5¢ 0.3¢ 21.8¢
    Mississippi 18¢ 0.4¢ 18.4¢ 18¢ 0.4¢ 18.4¢ 18¢ 0.4¢ 18.4¢
    Texas 20¢ 0¢ 20¢ 20¢ 0¢ 20¢ 20¢ 0¢ 20¢
    Note: For full annotations, see the source below.
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "State Motor Fuels Tax Rates 2000-2011, 2013-2017," accessed October 26, 2017
    Alcohol excise tax rates, 2017 (in dollars per gallon)
    State Liquor Wine Beer
    Tax rate Does general sales tax apply? Tax rate Does general sales tax apply? Tax rate Does general sales tax apply?
    Louisiana $3.0 Yes $0.8 Yes $0.4 Yes
    Arkansas $2.5 Yes $0.8 Yes $0.2 Yes
    Mississippi See footnote 1 Yes $0.4 Yes $0.4 Yes
    Texas $2.4 Yes $0.2 Yes $0.2 Yes
    Note: For full annotations, see the source below.
    1"In 17 states, the government directly controls the sales of distilled spirits. Revenue in these states is generated from various taxes, fees, price mark-ups, and net liquor profits."
    2"General sales tax applies to on-premise sales only."
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "Alcohol Rates 2000-2010, 2013-2017," accessed October 26, 2017
    State cigarette taxes, 2017 (in cents per pack)
    State Tax rate National ranking
    Louisiana 108¢ 34
    Arkansas 115¢ 33
    Mississippi 68¢ 39
    Texas 141¢ 27
    Note: For full annotations, see the source below.
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "State Cigarette Taxes, 2017," accessed October 26, 2017

    Corporate income tax

    See also: Corporate income tax

    Louisiana levies a corporate income tax rate of 4.00 to 8.00 percent. The table below compares the corporate income tax rates of some of its neighboring states.[16][17]

    Corporate income tax rates, 2016
    State Tax rate Brackets Number of brackets
    Lowest Highest
    Louisiana 4.00% to 8.00% $25,000 $200,000 5
    Arkansas 1.00% to 6.5% $3,000 $100,000 6
    Mississippi 3.00% to 5.00% $5,000 $10,000 3
    Texas No corporate income tax
    Note: For complete notes and annotations, please see the source below.
    Source: Tax Foundation, "State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2015," accessed October 26, 2017

    Property tax

    See also: Property tax

    Most often, property tax applies to real estate, although some states levy property taxes on other types of personal property, such as automobiles. Generally speaking, an individual's property tax liability is determined by the tax rate and the tax base, which is "determined by both the assessed value of the property and ... the share of the assessed value that is subject to tax." To learn more about property taxes, including tabulation methods, see this page. Property tax rates can vary substantially from locality to locality within a state.[18][19][20] [18][19]

    The table below provides the mean amount of property taxes paid in 2012, as well as property tax as a mean percentage of home value for 2014, in Louisiana and neighboring states.[18]

    Mean property taxes paid per state, 2012 and 2014
    State Mean property taxes paid (2012) Property tax as a percent of home value (2014)
    Louisiana $823 0.50%
    Arkansas $901 0.64%
    Mississippi $1,004 0.65%
    Texas $2,790 1.67%
    Source: Tax Policy Center, "Residential Property Taxes in the United States," November 18, 2013
    Source: Tax Foundation, "Facts & Figures 2016: How Does Your State Compare?", accessed October 27, 2017

    The table below lists per capita state and local property tax collections for Louisiana and neighboring states for fiscal year 2013.[21]

    State and local property tax collections per capita, 2013
    State Collections per capita
    Louisiana $849
    Arkansas $659
    Mississippi $899
    Texas $1,560
    Source: Tax Foundation, "Facts and Figures 2016: How Does Your State Compare?" accessed October 26, 2017

    Estate and inheritance taxes

    See also: Estate and inheritance taxes

    Estate and inheritance taxes are levied on the property of deceased individuals (decedents). Generally speaking, an estate tax is applied to the value of a decedent's property and is paid from the estate before distribution to any heirs. By contrast, an inheritance tax is paid by the heir or heirs of a decedent's assets.[22][23][24]

    Louisiana does not levy an estate tax, although residents are liable for the federal estate tax. The table below summarizes the estate tax rates for Louisiana and neighboring states in 2016.[24]

    Estate taxes, 2016
    State Exemption threshold Minimum rate Maximum rate
    Louisiana N/A
    Arkansas N/A
    Mississippi N/A
    Texas N/A
    Note: For complete notes and annotations, please see the source below.
    Source: Tax Foundation, "Facts and Figures 2015: How Does Your State Compare?" accessed October 5, 2015

    Tax revenues

    See also: Louisiana state budget and finances

    The table below breaks down state government tax collections by source in 2016 (comparable figures from surrounding states are also provided to give additional context). Figures for all columns except "2016 population" and "Per capita collections" are rendered in thousands of dollars (for example, $2,448 translates to $2,448,000). Figures in the columns labeled "2016 population" and "Per capita collections" have not been abbreviated.[25]

    State tax collections by source ($ in thousands), 2016
    State Property taxes Sales and gross receipts Licenses Income taxes Other taxes Total 2016 population Per capita collections
    Louisiana $62,273 $5,352,907 $400,191 $3,038,035 $456,267 $9,309,673 4,681,666 $1,989
    Arkansas $1,119,958 $4,590,072 $396,891 $3,231,617 $114,345 $9,452,883 2,988,248 $3,163
    Mississippi $26,725 $4,777,794 $553,510 $2,263,164 $39,198 $7,660,391 2,988,726 $2,563
    Texas N/A $46,370,774 $3,414,335 N/A $2,347,708 $52,132,817 27,862,596 $1,871
    United States $18,364,298 $442,909,995 $52,164,396 $392,286,910 $24,538,146 $930,263,745 322,762,018 $2,882.20
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed June 26, 2017

    The table below lists 2016 tax collections by source as percentages of total collections. About 57.5 percent of Louisiana's total state tax collections came from sales taxes and gross receipts.[25]

    State tax collections by source (as percentages), 2016
    State Property taxes Sales and gross receipts Licenses Income taxes Other taxes
    Louisiana 0.7% 57.5% 4.3% 32.6% 4.9%
    Arkansas 11.8% 48.6% 4.2% 34.2% 1.2%
    Mississippi 0.3% 62.4% 7.2% 29.5% 0.5%
    Texas N/A 88.9% 6.5% N/A 4.5%
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed April 4, 2016


    Tax ballot measures

    Voting on taxes
    Taxes.jpg
    Ballot measures
    By state
    By year
    Not on ballot
    See also: Taxes on the ballot and List of Louisiana ballot measures

    Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to taxes in Louisiana.

    1. Louisiana Tax Exemptions for Jewelery, Amendment 4 (October 2007)
    2. Louisiana Tax Rates for Historical Property, Amendment 10 (October 1999)
    3. Louisiana Income Tax Revision, Amendment 2 (2000)
    4. Louisiana Sales and Use Tax Revision, Amendment 3 (2000)
    5. Louisiana Tax Exemption on Drilling Rigs, Amendment 11 (2002)
    6. Louisiana Individual and Joint Income Tax Schedule, Amendment 2 (2002)
    7. Louisiana State Board of Commerce Contract of Ad Valorem Tax, Amendment 5 (2002)
    8. Louisiana Property Tax Exemption for Drilling Rigs, Ballot Measure 8 (October 2003)
    9. Louisiana Property Tax Amendment, Question 2 (2004)
    10. Louisiana Natural Resource Severance Taxes Act, Amendment 2 (2006)
    11. Louisiana Motor Vehicle Taxes Act, Amendment 4 (2006)
    12. Louisiana Exempt Art from Ad valorem Property Tax Act, Amendment 5 (2006)
    13. Louisiana Property Tax Bidding Process, Amendment 7 (2010)
    14. Louisiana Natural Resource Severance Taxes, Amendment 2 (2010)
    15. Louisiana Property Tax Limit, Amendment 4 (2010)
    16. Louisiana Homestead Exemption for Disabled Veterans Act, Amendment 1 (2006)
    17. Louisiana Tax Exemption for Medical Equipment Act, Amendment 3 (2006)
    18. Louisiana Amendment 3 (1996)
    19. Louisiana Property Tax Exemption for Veterans, Amendment 3 (2010)
    20. Louisiana Homestead Tax Exemption, Amendment 5 (2010)
    21. Louisiana Property Tax Sales, Amendment 5 (October 2011)
    22. Louisiana Exemptions from Ad Valorem Tax, Act 47 (September 1996)
    23. Louisiana Legislature to Exempt Goods from Sales or Use Taxes, Amendment 3 (1996)
    24. Louisiana Limits on Tax Proposals Amendment (October 1995)
    25. Louisiana Prohibits Local Inheritance Tax, Amendment 9 (October 1990)
    26. Louisiana Locally Granted Inventory Tax Exemptions, Amendment 10 (October 1990)
    27. Louisiana Allocate Portion of Lignite Tax to Parish, Amendment 15 (October 1990)
    28. Louisiana Immovable Property Tax, Amendment 1 (2011)
    29. Louisiana Tax Break for Property Improvement, Amendment 11 (October 1990)
    30. Louisiana New Orleans Council to Levy Taxes for Police and Fire Department, Amendment 13 (October 1990)
    31. Louisiana Tax Exemption for Leasing Property to Nonprofit Organizations, Amendment 12 (October 1990)
    32. Louisiana Local Governments to Donate, Loan or Pledge Taxes, Amendment 14 (October 1990)
    33. Louisiana Business Property Tax Exemption, Amendment 8 (2012)
    34. Louisiana New Iberia Property Tax Exemption, Amendment 6 (2012)
    35. Louisiana Property Tax Exemption for Veterans' Spouses, Amendment 4 (2012)
    36. Louisiana Permanently Disabled Homeowners Tax Break, Amendment 9 (2014)
    37. Louisiana Tax Rebate Debate, Amendment 14 (2014)
    38. Louisiana Orleans Parish Tax for Fire and Police Protection, Amendment 6 (2014)
    39. Louisiana Tax Collector Involvement in Tax Sales, Amendment 3 (2014)
    40. Louisiana Disabled Veterans Homestead Exemption Correction, Amendment 7 (2014)
    41. Louisiana Taxation of Property Owned by Another State, Amendment 4 (2015)
    42. Louisiana Millage Roll Up Hearing Notice, Amendment 12 (October 1998)
    43. Louisiana Homestead Assessment for Seniors, Amendment 8 (October 1998)
    44. Louisiana Vidalia Property Tax Exemption, Amendment 18 (October 1998)
    45. Louisiana Property Tax Sale, Amendment 17 (October 1998)
    46. Louisiana Downtown Residential Property, Amendment 16 (October 1998)
    47. Louisiana Municipal Tax Amendment (1968)
    48. Louisiana Orleans Levee District Tax Amendment (1970)
    49. Louisiana Pontchartrain Levee District Amendment (1970)
    50. Louisiana Sewage and Water Board Amendment Three (1970)
    51. Louisiana Sewage and Water Board Bond Amendment Five (1970)
    52. Louisiana New Orleans Tax Levy Amendment (1970)
    53. Louisiana Ad Valorem Tax Amendment (1970)
    54. Louisiana License Tax Amendment (1970)
    55. Louisiana Commercial Shrimp and Oyster Boat Amendment (1970)
    56. Louisiana Bogalusa Tax Amendment (1970)
    57. Louisiana Public Improvement Assessments Amendment (1972)
    58. Louisiana Vocational Education Tax Amendment (1972)
    59. Louisiana Orleans Levee District Amendment (1972)
    60. Louisiana Levee District Tax Amendment (1972)
    61. Louisiana State Ad Valorem Property Tax Amendment (1972)
    62. Louisiana State Tax Amendment (1972)
    63. Louisiana Property Tax Relief Fund Amendment (1972)
    64. Louisiana Property Tax Valuation Amendment (1972)
    65. Louisiana Real Estate Valuation Amendment (1972)
    66. Louisiana Levee District of Orleans Amendment (1972)
    67. Louisiana Millage Amendment (1972)
    68. Louisiana Ambulance Service Amendment (1972)
    69. Louisiana Ambulance District Amendment (1972)
    70. Louisiana Shrimp and Oyster Boat Amendment (1972)
    71. Louisiana New Orleans Tax Amendment (1972)
    72. Louisiana Fire Protection Tax Amendment (1972)
    73. Louisiana First-Use Tax Amendment (1978)
    74. Louisiana Raise Ad Valorem Assessments Amendment (1979)
    75. Louisiana Homestead Property Tax Exemption Amendment (1980)
    76. Louisiana Ad Valorem Tax on Fuel Amendment (1982)
    77. Louisiana Ad Valorem Tax on Property Improvements Amendment (1982)
    78. Louisiana Ad Valorem Tax on Coal and Lignite Amendment (1982)
    79. Louisiana Homestead Property Tax Exemption Amendment (1982)
    80. Louisiana Repeal First Use Tax Fund Amendment (1982)
    81. Louisiana Vehicle Inventory Tax Amendment (1984)
    82. Louisiana Eliminate Deduction of Federal Tax Paid Amendment (1984)
    83. Louisiana Levee District Tax Amendment (September 1986)
    84. Louisiana License Tax Amendment (September 1986)
    85. Louisiana Property Tax Freeze Amendment (October 1988)
    86. Louisiana Property Taxes on Inventory Amendment (October 1989)
    87. Louisiana Municipal Property Tax Amendment (October 1989)
    88. Louisiana License Tax Amendment (October 1989)
    89. Louisiana Tax Incentive for Improvements Amendment (October 1989)
    90. Louisiana Lignite Tax Amendment (October 1989)
    91. Louisiana Local Sales Tax Collection Amendment (October 1991)
    92. Louisiana Property Tax Exemption Amendment (October 1992)
    93. Louisiana Homestead Exemption Amendment (October 1992)
    94. Louisiana Homestead Tax Exemption Amendment (October 1993)
    95. Louisiana Parish Severance Tax Allocation, Amendment 2 (October 1998)
    96. Louisiana Homestead Exemption Assessment Level, Amendment 7 (2002)
    97. Louisiana Continuation of Homestead Exemption Act, Amendment 8 (September 2006)
    98. Louisiana Extend Homestead Exemption Act, Amendment 11 (September 2006)
    99. Louisiana Severance Tax Act, Amendment 4 (2008)
    100. Louisiana Amendment 1, No Property Tax on Properties Under Construction Measure (October 2017)
    101. Louisiana Amendment 2, Property Tax Exemption for Surviving Spouses of Emergency Responders Killed Performing Duties Measure (October 2017)
    102. Louisiana Amendment 6, Phase-In of Tax Increases from Property Reappraisal Amendment (2018)
    103. Louisiana Amendment 4, New Orleans Affordable Housing Property Tax Exemption Amendment (October 2019)
    104. Louisiana Amendment 1, Property Tax Exemption for Stored Materials Routed for Outer Continental Shelf Amendment (October 2019)
    105. Louisiana Amendment 2, Reduction of the Maximum Individual Income Tax Rate Measure (2021)
    106. Louisiana Amendment 1, Creation of the State and Local Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Commission Measure (2021)
    107. Louisiana Amendment 3, Levee Districts and Regional Flood Protection Authorities Measure (September 2006)
    108. Louisiana Amendment 2, Property Tax Exemptions for Certain Disabled Veterans and Spouses Measure (2022)
    109. Louisiana Amendment 3, Property Tax Exemptions for First Responders Amendment (2023)
    110. Louisiana Amendment 4, Prohibit Property Tax Exemptions for Nonprofits Owning Damaged Residential Property Amendment (October 2023)
    111. Louisiana Amendment 4, Property Tax Payments and Tax Sales Amendment (December 2024)
    112. Louisiana Amendment 2, State Tax and Fiscal Policy Changes Amendment (March 2025)

    Recent news

    The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Louisiana taxes. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

    Tax policy in Louisiana - Google News

    See also

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Louisiana State Senate, "Constitution of Louisiana," accessed October 17, 2014
    2. ↑ Tax Policy Center, "State Tax Collection Shares by Type 2000-2013," June 20, 2014
    3. ↑ Brunori, D. (2011). State Tax Policy: A Political Perspective. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tax Policy Center, "Individual State Income Tax Rates 2000-2017," accessed October 26, 2017
    5. ↑ Tax Policy Center, "What is the personal exemption?" accessed December 14, 2015
    6. ↑ Internal Revenue Service, "3. Personal Exemptions and Dependents," accessed December 14, 2015
    7. ↑ Internal Revenue Service, "Topic 409 - Capital Gains and Losses," August 19, 2014
    8. ↑ Tax Foundation, "The High Burden of State and Federal Capital Gains Tax Rates," February 11, 2014
    9. ↑ Tax Policy Center, "Capital Gains and Dividends: How are capital gains taxed?" June 22, 2011
    10. ↑ The Tax Foundation, "State and local sales tax rates, 2017," accessed October 26, 2017
    11. ↑ Tax Policy Center, "Sales Tax Rates 2000-2017," accessed October 26, 2017
    12. ↑ Tax Policy Center, "Excise taxes," accessed October 20, 2014
    13. ↑ Investopedia, "Excise Tax," accessed October 20, 2014
    14. ↑ Tax Foundation, "Excise Taxes," accessed October 20, 2014
    15. ↑ Internal Revenue Service, "Excise Tax," accessed October 20, 2014
    16. ↑ Investopedia, "Corporate Tax," accessed September 24, 2014
    17. ↑ Tax Foundation, "State Corporate Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2015," accessed October 7, 2015
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Tax Policy Center, "Residential Property Taxes in the United States," November 18, 2013
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bankrate, "Property taxes explained," February 3, 2000
    20. ↑ Investopedia, "Property Tax," accessed September 26, 2014
    21. ↑ Tax Foundation, "Facts and Figures 2015: How Does Your State Compare?" accessed October 5, 2015
    22. ↑ About.com, "What's the Difference Between an Estate Tax and an Inheritance Tax?" accessed October 16, 2014
    23. ↑ Internal Revenue Service, "Estate Tax," updated September 29, 2014
    24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Tax Foundation, "Facts and Figures, 2015," accessed October 6, 2015
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 annual survey of state government tax collections by category," accessed June 26, 2017
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