Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2021)
Mayoral elections were held in 31 of the 100 largest U.S. cities in 2021. In most of the nation's largest cities, mayoral elections are officially nonpartisan, though many officeholders and candidates are affiliated with political parties. In 22 of the 31 cities that held elections, the incumbent was Democratic at the start of 2021. Seven incumbents were Republican, one was independent, and one was nonpartisan.
Ballotpedia uses one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.
Democratic mayors oversaw 64 of the 100 largest cities at the beginning of 2021. Republicans held 25 mayoral offices, independents held four, and seven mayors were nonpartisan. Click here to view a history of mayoral partisanship from 2016 to 2021.
This page tracks mayoral elections in the 100 largest U.S. cities in 2021 and notes partisan changes that occurred. The page includes:
- Who ran the cities?: A summary of mayoral partisanship numbers throughout 2021.
- Changes in party affiliation: A table tracking results for each 2021 mayoral election, noting partisan changes.
- Battleground election summary: Summaries of 2021 battleground mayoral races and links to further coverage.
- Mayoral partisanship: 2016-2021: A chart showing the partisan breakdown of mayors from 2016 to 2021 and a chart showing the current mayors of the 100 largest cities.
- History of local nonpartisanship: A look at the history and debate surrounding local nonpartisan elections.
Who ran the cities?
Heading into 2021, the mayors of 64 of the country's 100 largest cities were affiliated with the Democratic Party.
Note: Ballotpedia used one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.
Click here for a list of the current mayors of the 100 largest U.S. cities.
Changes in party affiliation
Mayoral elections were held in 31 of the 100 largest U.S. cities in 2021. In 22 of the 31 cities that held elections in 2021, the incumbent was Democratic at the start of 2021. Seven incumbents were Republican, one was independent, and one was nonpartisan.
This table tracks partisan changes that occurred in the 2021 mayoral elections.
Note: Ballotpedia used one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.
Battleground election summary
Mayoral partisanship: 2016-2021
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of mayors at the start of each year back to 2016.
List of mayors of the 100 largest cities
The following table contains a list of current mayors of the 100 largest cities in the U.S. by population.
Note: Ballotpedia used one or more of the following sources to identify each officeholder's partisan affiliation: (1) direct communication from the officeholder, (2) current or previous candidacy for partisan office, or (3) identification of partisan affiliation by multiple media outlets.
History of local nonpartisanship
The party system is central to state and federal politics, so it might seem puzzling that so many cities run nonpartisan elections. Why is nonpartisanship the norm at the local level when it's the exception higher up the ballot?
Nonpartisan local elections were part of a broader push for changes to municipal government during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century's Progressive Era. Concerned about corruption, one-party rule, and party bosses and machine politics in the cities, Progressives pushed to change the way cities were run. Their proposals included increasing access to citizen initiatives and the option to recall elected officials, replacing elected officials with city managers, and implementing nonpartisan elections.
Advocates of nonpartisan elections say partisanship is irrelevant to much of the work of city government. As a (possibly apocryphal) maxim commonly attributed to Progressive leader and New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia goes, "There is no Democratic or Republican way to pick up the garbage."[182] According to the National League of Cities, supporters of nonpartisan elections also think they encourage cooperation between members of different parties.[183]
Opponents of nonpartisan elections argue that they confuse voters who could otherwise use party labels to help guide their local election decision-making. As the National League of Cities notes, proponents of partisan elections worry that leaving party labels off the ballot could encourage voters to use other cues, such as the apparent ethnicity of candidates' names, to guide their votes. Partisan election supporters are also concerned that the absence of party-organized efforts to bring lower-class voters to the polls could skew local elections in favor of higher socioeconomic status candidates.[183]
See also
- Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2020)
- Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2019)
- Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2018)
- Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2017)
- Partisanship in United States municipal elections (2016)
Footnotes
- ↑ City of Anchorage, "Election Summary Report," May 25, 2021
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Bronson set to win race for Anchorage mayor; Dunbar concedes," May 23, 2021
- ↑ Municipality of Anchorage, "April 6, 2021 Regular Municipal Election Results," accessed April 20, 2021
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Anchorage Mayor Ethan Berkowitz resigns over what he calls ‘unacceptable personal conduct'", October 14, 2020
- ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Meet Austin Quinn-Davidson, Anchorage’s new acting mayor," October 24, 2020
- ↑ State of Alaska Division of Elections, "August 19, 2014 Primary Candidate List," accessed June 2, 2014
- ↑ Alaska Daily News, "A contentious election for Anchorage mayor is nearing the finish line, revealing deep divisions on how the city should move ahead," May 8, 2021
- ↑ City Charter of Anchorage, AL, Secs. 5.01-03, accessed March 15, 2021
- ↑ City Charter of Anchorage, AL, Secs. 5.01-03, accessed August 26, 2014
- ↑ A candidate must receive at least 50%+1 of the vote in order to avoid a runoff election.
- ↑ City of Arlington, "Ord. 21-006," accessed March 22, 2021
- ↑ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, "‘We live in new times’: Arlington runoffs will come down to turnout, experts say," May 19, 2021
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 While the position in Arlington is officially nonpartisan, Ballotpedia tracks the party affiliations of all mayors of the 100 largest cities. Ballotpedia identified Williams' party affiliation as a Republican using local news references such as those found here and here.
- ↑ Google Docs, "2021 Municipal & ISD Candidate Primary Voting Record : Sheet1," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ Arlington Spectator, "June 5/May 1, 2021 Election - Our Analysis," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Michael Glaspie's campaign website, "About Me," accessed March 23, 2021
- ↑ The Dallas Morning News, "Our recommendation for Arlington mayor," April 11, 2021
- ↑ Michael Glaspie's campaign website, "Endorsements," accessed March 22, 2021
- ↑ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, "Former Arlington mayoral candidates throw support behind Michael Glaspie in runoff," May 11, 2021
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jim Ross' campaign website, "Meet Jim," accessed March 23, 2021
- ↑ Jim Ross' campaign website, "Endorsements," accessed March 22, 2021
- ↑ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, "This Arlington mayor candidate is best choice to lead city on crime, economic issues," April 11, 2021
- ↑ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, "Home," accessed Jan. 7, 2021
- ↑ The Atlanta Journal-constitution, "Bottoms joins rare group of 1-term Atlanta mayors," May 7, 2021
- ↑ Our Campaigns, "Moore, Felicia," accessed Oct. 3, 2021
- ↑ Our Campaigns, "Dickens, Andre," accessed Oct. 27, 2021
- ↑ Fox 5 Atlanta, "Crime problems key issue in Atlanta mayoral race as election draws near," Oct. 2, 2021
- ↑ Atlanta Civic Circle, "Felicia Moore," Sept. 20, 2021
- ↑ Atlanta Civic Circle, "Kasim Reed," Sept. 20, 2021
- ↑ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "FBI: Homicide, manslaughter cases increased 29.4% nationwide in 2020," Sept. 29, 2021
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "Dickens, Moore split over key public safety issues ahead of mayoral runoff," Nov. 19, 2021
- ↑ Felicia Moore's campaign website, "Crime," accessed Oct. 4, 2021
- ↑ Andre Dickens' campaign website, "Public Safety one-pager," accessed Oct. 27, 2021
- ↑ Boston Globe, "With different visions for Boston, Wu and Essaibi George hit the campaign trail," September 15, 2021
- ↑ Washington Post, "Two women of color will compete to become Boston’s next mayor, marking historic shift," September 14, 2021
- ↑ Politico Massachusetts Playbook, "Progressives SPLIT in Boston mayor's race — MASK UP and VAX UP — LELLING talks ROLLINS," July 28, 2021
- ↑ Axios, "The tea leaves of Boston's historic mayoral race," August 2, 2021
- ↑ Boston.com, "Annissa Essaibi George jabs Michelle Wu in celebratory speech ahead of mayoral general election," September 15, 2021
- ↑ CBS Local, "Keller @ Large: Mayoral Candidate Michelle Wu Says Boston ‘Can’t Afford To Just Nibble Around The Edges Of The Status Quo,’" September 19, 2021
- ↑ Boston.com, "4 key policy differences that could drive the race between Michelle Wu and Annissa Essaibi George," September 15, 2021
- ↑ Boston Globe, "In an unprecedented moment, Kim Janey endorses Michelle Wu for Boston mayor," September 25, 2021
- ↑ The Boston Globe, "WAKANDA II endorses Janey for mayor," August 7, 2021
- ↑ CBS News, "Boston's next mayor will make history as Michelle Wu and Annissa Essaibi George advance to runoff," September 15, 2021
- ↑ Boston.com, "A look back at the mayors of Boston," April 14, 2013
- ↑ Erie County Board of Elections, "Official 2021 Primary Canvass Books," accessed July 23, 2021
- ↑ The New York Times, "India Walton stuns longtime incumbent in Buffalo mayoral primary." June 23, 2021
- ↑ The Buffalo News, "2021 primary election results: Buffalo mayor and Erie County sheriff," accessed June 23, 2021
- ↑ WGRZ, "Mayor Byron Brown: 'I will be a candidate for mayor, as a write-in for the November General Election,'" June 28, 2021
- ↑ Our Campaigns, "Brown, Byron W.," accessed June 23, 2021
- ↑ The New York Times, "India Walton Beat the Buffalo Mayor in a Primary. He Won’t Give Up." Sept. 27, 2021
- ↑ Jacobin, "India Walton: Byron Brown Is a “Sore Loser” Whose Pro-Corporate Policies Have Failed Buffalo," Sept. 8, 2021
- ↑ The Buffalo News, "Working Families' nod to Walton sets primary, general election challenge to Brown," Feb. 24, 2021
- ↑ India Walton's 2021 campaign website, "Endorsements," accessed June 23, 2021
- ↑ Twitter, "Chuck Schumer," Oct. 21, 2021
- ↑ WIVB, "Erie County Democrats make Walton endorsement official," Aug. 26, 2021
- ↑ WGRZ, "Mayor Byron Brown: 'I will be a candidate for mayor, as a write-in for the November General Election,'" June 28, 2021
- ↑ WGRZ, "Walton, Brown share visions for the city during Buffalo mayoral debate," Sept. 9, 2021
- ↑ Facebook, "Byron W. Brown," Oct. 9, 2021
- ↑ WKBW, "Support for Mayor Brown’s write-in," June 29, 2021
- ↑ Scribd, "Brown for Buffalo Announces Supporters of Write-In Campaign," June 29, 2021
- ↑ The Buffalo News, "The Editorial Board: Re-elect Brown, who knows how to govern, unlike the dangerously inexperienced Walton," Oct. 23, 2021
- ↑ KPVI, "Hochul marches in Buffalo Labor Day Parade," Sept. 6, 2021
- ↑ Spectrum News 1, "Police benevolent associations endorse Mayor Brown for re-election," Oct. 12, 2021
- ↑ InvestigativePost, "State realtors spend big money on Brown campaign," Oct. 13, 2021
- ↑ Twitter, "Daniel Marans," Oct. 22, 2021
- ↑ Twitter, "Ryan Grim," Oct. 19, 2021
- ↑ WLWT, "Cincinnati mayoral race: Aftab Pureval, David Mann to face off in November," May 4, 2021
- ↑ NBC News, "Third Cincinnati council member arrested on federal corruption charges," November 20, 2020
- ↑ WVXU, "Explaining Issues 1 And 2, The Anti-Corruption Amendments On Cincinnati's May Ballot," April 15, 2021
- ↑ Cincinnati Enquirer, "Cincinnati City Councilman Wendell Young charged with felony in 'Gang of 5' texting case," April 15, 2021
- ↑ The Enquirer, "Cincinnati mayor debate: Aftab Pureval and David Mann talk kites, genes, and 'lying.'" September 22, 2021
- ↑ Both candidates previously ran for election to partisan offices as Democrats: Mann for U.S. House in the 1990s and Pureval for Hamilton County Clerk of Courts in 2017.
- ↑ WLWT5, "2021 will bring changing of the guard to Cincinnati politics," January 1, 2021
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Cleveland.com, "Justin Bibb, Kevin Kelley emerge victorious from Cleveland mayoral primary, setting up showdown for November general election," Sept. 14, 2021
- ↑ LinkedIn, "Justin M. Bibb," accessed July 30, 2021
- ↑ Twitter, "Our Revolution Ohio," June 15, 2021
- ↑ WKYC, "Former Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White set to endorse Justin Bibb as next mayor of Cleveland," Aug. 17, 2021
- ↑ Facebook, "Justin Bibb for Mayor," Sept. 23, 2021
- ↑ WKYC, "'Let's get to work': Justin Bibb elected mayor of Cleveland; Kevin Kelley concedes," Nov. 2, 2021
- ↑ Cleveland City Council, "Kevin J. Kelley Ward 13," accessed Aug. 10, 2021
- ↑ PorterWright, "Kevin J. Kelley," accessed Aug. 10, 2021
- ↑ Ideastream Public Media, "Frank Jackson Endorses Kevin Kelley To Succeed Him As Cleveland Mayor," Aug. 11, 2021
- ↑ Facebook, "Kevin Kelley," Aug. 5, 2021
- ↑ YouTube, "2021 CCPC Cleveland Mayoral Candidates Forum." July 27, 2021
- ↑ Detroit Free Press, "Duggan 3.0: In a time of crisis, Detroit's mayor has earned a third term," July 4, 2021
- ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "A Tale of Two Motor Cities," January 20, 2020
- ↑ Money Inc., "10 Things You Didn't Know About Mike Duggan," May 26, 2020
- ↑ Duggan for Detroit, "Home," accessed May 26, 2021
- ↑ Duggan for Detroit, "Home," accessed May 26, 2021
- ↑ Detroit Free Press, "The campaign for Detroit's next mayor is underway. Here are the issues to watch.," May 25, 2021
- ↑ Anthony Adams for Mayor, "His Story," accessed May 26, 2021
- ↑ City of Fort Worth, "Ordinance No. 24687-01-2021," accessed March 29, 2021
- ↑ WFAA, "Fort Worth Mayor Betsy Price will not seek re-election," January 5, 2021
- ↑ Mattie Parker's campaign website, "About Mattie," accessed March 25, 2021
- ↑ Deborah Peoples' campaign website, "About," accessed March 25, 2021
- ↑ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, "First millennial mayor or first Black mayor? Fort Worth voters have a historic choice," May 2, 2021
- ↑ City of Fort Worth, "Election History," accessed March 25, 2021
- ↑ Fort Worth Star-Telegram, "Think Fort Worth is a GOP city? It’s not, and here’s what that means for mayor runoff," May 21, 2021
- ↑ The Texan, "10 Candidates Vie to Replace Betsy Price as Mayor of Fort Worth," February 25, 2021
- ↑ City of Fort Worth, "Population," accessed March 29, 2021
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "U.S. Population Up 5.96% Since 2010," December 20, 2018
- ↑ Mattie Parker's campaign website, "Issues," accessed March 25, 2021
- ↑ The Texan, "10 Candidates Vie to Replace Betsy Price as Mayor of Fort Worth," February 25, 2021
- ↑ Deborah Peoples' campaign website, "Priorities," accessed March 25, 2021
- ↑ Miami Herald, "Hialeah mayoral, city council race kicks off as deadline to qualify for the ballot passes," July 27, 2021
- ↑ Florida Politics, "Steve Bovo Jr. officially running for Hialeah Mayor," July 7, 2021
- ↑ CBS Miami, "Former Miami-Dade Commissioner Esteban Bovo Officially Running For Mayor Of Hialeah," July 8, 2021
- ↑ Miami Herald, "In ‘civil war’ for Hialeah mayor’s seat, familiar faces battle over a powerful job," September 29, 2021
- ↑ South Florida Media Network, "Hialeah’s future will be in the hands of a new mayor soon," April 9, 2021
- ↑ Miami Herald, "In ‘civil war’ for Hialeah mayor’s seat, familiar faces battle over a powerful job," September 29, 2021
- ↑ Miami Herald, "In ‘civil war’ for Hialeah mayor’s seat, familiar faces battle over a powerful job," September 29, 2021
- ↑ Miami Herald, "In ‘civil war’ for Hialeah mayor’s seat, familiar faces battle over a powerful job," September 29, 2021
- ↑ Florida Politics, "Donald Trump endorses Esteban ‘Steve’ Bovo for Hialeah Mayor," October 8, 2021
- ↑ Cuban Studies Institute, "Esteban L. Bovo, Jr," accessed October 18, 2021
- ↑ City of Minneapolis, "Common questions about filing for office," accessed September 10, 2025
- ↑ StarTribune, "Minneapolis elections highlight divide between progressive, moderate Democrats," September 11, 2021
- ↑ The Minnesota Daily, "Yes 4 Minneapolis public safety amendment explained," September 12, 2021
- ↑ CBS Minnesota, "Frey’s Veto Of 1 Rent Control Charter Amendment Stands, Other Goes To Ballot," August 13, 2021
- ↑ MPR News, "What to know about the ‘strong mayor’ ballot amendment in Minneapolis," August 31, 2021
- ↑ Kare 11, "Minneapolis city council overrides mayor's veto of ballot language to replace MPD," August 20, 2021
- ↑ AJ Awed for Mayor, "September 14, 2021 post," September 14, 2021
- ↑ Kate Knuth 2021 campaign website, "Vision," accessed September 21, 2021
- ↑ Sheila for the People, "A Just Transition," accessed September 20, 2021
- ↑ Star Tribune, "Minneapolis elections highlight divide between progressive, moderate Democrats," September 11, 2021
- ↑ MPR News, "The man who was mayor of Minneapolis for just one day," November 7, 2017
- ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "2020 General Election for U.S. President: Biden-Trump Margin by County," accessed September 19, 2021
- ↑ The New York Times, "New York Primary Election Results," June 22, 2021
- ↑ The New York Times, "The Mayoral Race Heats Up for Top Contenders," April 15, 2021
- ↑ Politico, "Adams closes in on Yang according to new poll in NYC mayor's race," April 29, 2021
- ↑ NBC New York, "Race for NYC Mayor: Yang, Wiley, Stringer and Adams Emerge as Early Front-Runners," March 16, 2021
- ↑ City & State New York, "The endorsements for NYC mayoral candidates," April 20, 2021
- ↑ The New York Times, "Kathryn Garcia for Mayor," May 10, 2021
- ↑ Emerson College Polling, "Adams Takes Back Lead as Wiley Emerges in NYC Mayor Race," accessed June 14, 2021
- ↑ Douglas County Election Commission, "Official Results," May 27, 2021
- ↑ Omaha World-Herald, "Stothert dominated Omaha's mayoral primary. Can Neary overcome the deficit?" April 22, 2021
- ↑ RJ Neary's campaign website, "About RJ," accessed March 16, 2021
- ↑ Omaha World-Herald, "Jean Stothert says Omaha needs her experience, tenacity to continue building 'dynamic' city," April 25, 2021
- ↑ Omaha World-Herald, "RJ Neary says his experience in business, civic life prepares him to lead Omaha forward," April 25, 2021
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," Nov. 19, 2020
- ↑ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, "Tony Moreno wins GOP nomination for Pittsburgh mayor via write-ins, could face Ed Gainey in November general election," May 26, 2021
- ↑ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, "Tony Moreno accepts Republican nomination for Pittsburgh mayor, will challenge Ed Gainey in November," June 29, 2021
- ↑ Bill Peduto, "Accomplishments," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ Bill Peduto, "Allegheny County Labor Council Endorses Mayor Peduto for Reelection," March 8, 2021
- ↑ Facebook, "32BE SEIU Members Proudly Show Support for Mayor Bill Peduto," March 4, 2021
- ↑ WESA, "Gainey Says It ‘Speaks Volumes’ That Democratic Committee Endorsed Him As Mayoral Candidate," March 7, 2021
- ↑ CBS Pittsburgh, "Pittsburgh Mayoral Candidate Ed Gainey Receives Endorsement From SEIU Healthcare Pennsylvania," February 20, 2021
- ↑ The Washington Examiner, "Primary in Pittsburgh," May 2, 2021
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 Real Steel Mayor, "TONY'S PLAN," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ Facebook, "Tony Moreno for Pittsburgh Mayor," March 24, 2021
- ↑ Just Harvest, "2021 Primary Election: Mayor of Pittsburgh," April 19, 2021
- ↑ The Appeal, "How policing is shaping the Pittburgh Mayoral race," April 27, 2021
- ↑ Gainey for Mayor, "PRIORITIES," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ Pittsburgh City Paper, "2021 Mayoral candidates on Pittsburgh policies: Ed Gainey," April 2, 2021
- ↑ Real Steel Mayor, "TONY'S PLAN," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ Mike Thompson for Mayor, "Issues," accessed May 4, 2021
- ↑ The Digs, "The last Republican mayor of Pittsburgh," November 6, 2013
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," Nov. 19, 2020
- ↑ KSAT, "Bexar Facts poll: Mayor Ron Nirenberg leads challenger Greg Brockhouse 56-21 among likely San Antonio voters," April 6, 2021
- ↑ Politico, "The mayoral races to watch in 2021," April 19, 2021
- ↑ KSAT, "What you missed in San Antonio mayoral forum featuring Ron Nirenberg, Greg Brockhouse, Denise Gutierrez-Homer," April 20, 2021
- ↑ Forbes, "Biden Slams Texas And Mississippi’s ‘Neanderthal Thinking’ In Dropping Covid-19 Restrictions And Mask Mandate," March 3, 2021
- ↑ KSAT, "What you missed in San Antonio mayoral forum featuring Ron Nirenberg, Greg Brockhouse, Denise Gutierrez-Homer," April 20, 2021
- ↑ City of San Antonio, "Mayor," accessed April 20, 2021
- ↑ The Seattle Times, "Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan won’t run for reelection," December 7, 2020
- ↑ Associated Press, "Seattle mayoral primary sets up fight between liberal camps," august 4, 2021
- ↑ 166.0 166.1 Capitol Hill Seattle Blog, "First count in primary looks good for Harrell-González race for Seattle Mayor — UPDATE," August 3, 2021
- ↑ City of Seattle, "Elected Officials," accessed September 15, 2014
- ↑ KSDK, "St. Louis passes Prop D, establishing non-partisan primary elections for citywide races," November 3, 2020
- ↑ According to the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason University, the core concept of focused deterrence is "that police can increase the certainty, swiftness, and severity of punishment in a number of innovative ways, often by directly interacting with offenders and communicating clear incentives for compliance and consequences for criminal activity. These approaches all focus on high rate offenders, often gang members or drug sellers."
- ↑ St. Louis Public Radio, "Krewson Will Not Seek Second Term As Mayor, Announces Retirement From Public Office," November 18, 2020
- ↑ City of St. Louis, "St. Louis Mayors," accessed December 21, 2020
- ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "St. Petersburg’s election season begins. So who’s running?," January 22, 2021
- ↑ LinkedIn, "Ken Welch," accessed September 15, 2021
- ↑ St. Petersburg, "District 1: Robert Blackmon," accessed September 15, 2021
- ↑ 175.0 175.1 Tampa Bay Times, "How Robert Blackmon can win the St. Petersburg mayor’s race," September 14, 2021
- ↑ 176.0 176.1 Tampa Bay Times, "How Ken Welch can win the St. Petersburg mayor’s race," September 14, 2021
- ↑ WFLA on Facebook, "St. Pete mayoral debate between Ken Welch, Robert Blackmon," October 11, 2021
- ↑ Florida Politics, "Darden Rice endorses Ken Welch to be St. Pete’s next Mayor," September 8, 2021
- ↑ Tampa Bay Times, "St. Petersburg mayor’s race: It’s now between Ken Welch and Robert Blackmon," August 24, 2021
- ↑ Florida Politics, "Former Mayor Bill Foster backs Ken Welch in St. Pete mayoral race," July 23, 2021
- ↑ The mayor of Santa Clarita, California, is selected by the members of the Santa Clarita City Council each December.
- ↑ Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Series, "Why is There no Partisan Competition in City Council Elections?: The Role of Election Law," 2007
- ↑ 183.0 183.1 National League of Cities, "Partisan vs. Nonpartisan Elections," accessed August 15, 2017
|